Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Friday hailed the strengthening ties between India and Germany, citing recent collaborations as evidence of their deepening friendship.

Rate increase is one of the largest requested by the utility On December 15, 2022, Delmarva Power filed an application with the Public Service Commission to increase its electric distribution rates by $72.3 million. Pursuant to state law, this increase will become effective on a temporary basis on July 15, 2023, subject to refund, pending […]

Delaware small businesses who are seeking support in selling around the world may now apply for a Compass Grant from Export Delaware. The Compass Grant helps Delaware small businesses navigate international business development through grant funding to support marketing and sales activities around the world. Grant funds can be used to reimburse Delaware businesses for […]

Minimum Wage increases January 1st Wilmington, DE. December 18, 2018– Minimum wage will be increasing for most individuals in Delaware twice in 2019. On January 1, it will be $8.75 and then on October 1, it will be $9.25. But, for the first time in Delaware history, we will now have a multi-tiered minimum wage. […]

DOVER, Del. (October 4, 2022) – The Delaware Forest Service has detected approximately 825 acres of defoliation around the Cypress Swamp, Gumboro, and the Nanticoke Wildlife Area due to gypsy moths, as compared to 2021 with only about 12 acres impacted by this invasive pest. Trees most threatened from defoliation by the gypsy moth, also […]

Delaware has been experiencing a significant increase in potbellied pigs running at large in residential and rural areas, including on state lands. Running at large, these pigs pose a nuisance to landowners, increase the threat of establishing feral pig populations, damage natural resources, and risk carrying endemic diseases that can spread to both people and animals.

The Delaware Department of Agriculture (DDA) is accepting proposals for the 2023 Specialty Crop Block Grant Program. The federal Farm Bill is allotting approximately $340,000 through a competitive grant process to fund innovative projects supporting specialty crops and creating new and better markets for the Delaware specialty crop industry. DDA will accept applications through March 24, 2023.

The Office of the State Veterinarian announced Delaware has had five confirmed cases and one suspected case of West Nile Virus (WNV) recently reported in Delaware horses. These are the first Delaware cases of WNV in horses in 2023, with the cases occurring between September 9 and October 16, 2023.

The Delaware Department of Agriculture (DDA) announced beginning January 2, 2024, their seed laboratory will offer additional testing service options to assist producers. For the first time since 1999, DDA is increasing fees for services performed by the DDA Seed Lab.

DOVER, DE (April 22, 2022) – The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) is providing an update on case and vaccination data since the last COVID-19 update released on March 25, 2022.  While Delaware is experiencing a rise in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations, both remain significantly lower than during the winter surge. Deaths are also low […]

DOVER, DE (OCT. 28, 2022) – The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) is concerned about increases in respiratory viruses in the state, particularly influenza (flu) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). For the week of Oct. 16, 2022, through Oct. 22, 2022, there were 44 laboratory-confirmed cases of the flu, compared to 19 cases the week […]

DOVER, DE (Nov. 9, 2022) – The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) is announcing the launch of the My Healthy Community (MHC) influenza (flu) dashboard, which shares weekly as well as seasonal data on positive cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and for the first time, vaccinations in the state. The dashboard is intended to provide an accurate […]

DOVER, DE (Jan. 13, 2023) – The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) is seeing an increase in post-holiday COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations, though the increase is not nearly as high as the 2022 post-holiday surge. Still, DPH encourages individuals to take specific action steps to stay healthy and prevent the spread of the virus, such as staying home when sick, testing […]

DPH Sees Decrease in Cases and Hospitalizations Since Last Month, but Increase in Deaths. DPH Encourages Public to Get Updated Boosters         DOVER, DE (FEB. 10, 2023) – The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) saw a 28% decrease in COVID-19 cases and 29% decrease in hospitalizations in the last month and is encouraging residents to continue to remain current on their vaccinations by getting the updated COVID-19 bivalent booster.   Still, Delawareans, many with underlying health conditions, are dying from COVID-19. In the […]

Amidst a shortage of prescription stimulants, concerns have been raised about the potential increase in illicit drug use. With many individuals relying on prescription stimulants to manage conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the shortage has left many struggling to access the medication they need. This has led some individuals to turn to illicit drugs […]

Strategic enhancements to the pedestrian safety campaign leverage grassroots influence and broad communications reach throughout Delaware DOVER, DE. (May 27, 2021) — This Memorial Day, The Delaware Office of Highway Safety (OHS) is bringing back its “Walk Smart, Arrive Alive” campaign — with a few additions designed to expand its reach and impact on some of the […]

Division of Forensic Science Annual Report Finds Fentanyl Still Involved in More Than 80% of Deaths; Cocaine Link on the Rise NEW CASTLE (May 24, 2022) – In what health officials fear is another consequence of the uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, Delaware’s overdose deaths increased more than 15% in 2021 to a record […]

NEWARK (Jan. 18, 2023) – Today, Lieutenant Governor Bethany Hall-Long, along with top leaders from the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services (DHSS) and Delaware Department of Safety and Homeland Security (DSHS), led a community response briefing to provide the latest information about suspected drug overdose deaths in the state, current and emerging dangers […]

The Delaware Office of Highway Safety is partnering with local and state law enforcement agencies across Delaware from April 1st – 30th  to conduct high visibility enforcement and support several mobilization initiatives during National Distracted Driving Awareness Month such as the Delaware State Police “Drive to Save Lives” initiative that took place Saturday, April 1st through Monday, April 3rd, 2023. This mobilization brought together multiple law enforcement agencies from Florida to Maine to focus patrols up and down the I-95 corridor, which aimed at keeping motorists safe and reducing fatalities on our roadways.

The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control announced that A-Del Construction of Newark has been awarded the contract for the replacement of the Bancroft Bridge in Alapocas Run State Park. Construction is tentatively scheduled to begin Oct. 1 and be completed in April 2025. Replacement of the existing Bancroft Bridge has been one of the DNREC Division of Parks and Recreation’s highest priorities since its emergency closure September 2021 when it was damaged beyond repair due to Hurricane Ida floodwaters.

OHS encourages Delawareans to “love your neighbor” by consistently following safe driving protocols when it comes to speed, driving under the influence, and more.  DOVER, Del. (Sept. 26, 2024) — The Delaware Office of Highway Safety (OHS) recently kicked off an all-new educational and motivational initiative centered around a compelling call to action all Delawareans can get behind: […]

Samsung is running some Black Friday deals for its foldables like the Galaxy Z Fold 6 and Flip 6, so what are you waiting for?

The post Grab the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 and Flip 6 at incredible Black Friday prices! appeared first on Phandroid.

Samsung has an early Black Friday deal for its accessories and wearables, so don’t miss out if you want some savings!

The post INCREDIBLE early Black Friday deal saves you on Samsung wearables and accessories! appeared first on Phandroid.

Cadence PCIe/CXL VIP support for Partial Header Encryption in Integrity and Data Encryption.(read more)

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) is a high-speed interface standard widely used for connecting processors, memory, and peripherals. With the increasing reliance on PCIe to handle sensitive data and critical high-speed data transfer, ensuring data integrity and encryption during verification is the most essential goal. As we know, in the field of verification, randomization is a key technique that drives robust PCIe verification. It introduces unpredictability to simulate real-world conditions and uncover hidden bugs from the design. This blog examines the significance of randomization in PCIe IDE verification, focusing on how it ensures data integrity and encryption reliability, while also highlighting the unique challenges it presents. For more relevant details and understanding on PCIe IDE you can refer to Introducing PCIe's Integrity and Data Encryption Feature . The Importance of Data Integrity and Data Encryption in PCIe Devices Data Integrity : Ensures that the transmitted data arrives unchanged from source to destination. Even minor corruption in data packets can compromise system reliability, making integrity a critical aspect of PCIe verification. Data Encryption : Protects sensitive data from unauthorized access during transmission. Encryption in PCIe follows a standard to secure information while operating at high speeds. Maintaining both data integrity and data encryption at PCIe’s high-speed data transfer rate of 64GT/s in PCIe 6.0 and 128GT/s in PCIe 7.0 is essential for all end point devices. However, validating these mechanisms requires comprehensive testing and verification methodologies, which is where randomization plays a very crucial role. You can refer to Why IDE Security Technology for PCIe and CXL? for more details on this. Randomization in PCIe Verification Randomization refers to the generation of test scenarios with unpredictable inputs and conditions to expose corner cases. In PCIe verification, this technique helps us to ensure that all possible behaviors are tested, including rare or unexpected situations that could cause data corruption or encryption failures that may cause serious hindrances later. So, for PCIe IDE verification, we are considering the randomization that helps us verify behavior more efficiently. Randomization for Data Integrity Verification Here are some approaches of randomized verifications that mimic real-world traffic conditions, uncovering subtle integrity issues that might not surface in normal verification methods. 1. Randomized Packet Injection: This technique randomized data packets and injected into the communication stream between devices. Here we Inject random, malformed, or out-of-sequence packets into the PCIe link and mix valid and invalid IDE-encrypted packets to check the system’s ability to detect and reject unauthorized or invalid packets. Checking if encryption/decryption occurs correctly across packets. On verifying, we check if the system logs proper errors or alerts when encountering invalid packets. It ensures coverage of different data paths and robust protocol check. This technique helps assess the resilience of the IDE feature in PCIe in below terms: (i) Data corruption: Detecting if the system can maintain data integrity. (ii) Encryption failures: Testing the robustness of the encryption under random data injection. (iii) Packet ordering errors: Ensuring reordering does not affect data delivery. 2. Random Errors and Fault Injection: It involves simulating random bit flips, PCRC errors, or protocol violations to help validate the robustness of error detection and correction mechanisms of PCIe. These techniques help assess how well the PCIe IDE implementation: (i) Detects and responds to unexpected errors. (ii) Maintains secure communication under stress. (iii) Follows the PCIe error recovery and reporting mechanisms (AER – Advanced Error Reporting). (iv) Ensures encryption and decryption states stay synchronized across endpoints. 3. Traffic Pattern Randomization: Randomizing the sequence, size, and timing of data packets helps test how the device maintains data integrity under heavy, unpredictable traffic loads. Randomization for Data Encryption Verification Encryption adds complexity to verification, as encrypted data streams are not readable for traditional checks. Randomization becomes essential to test how encryption behaves under different scenarios. Randomization in data encryption verification ensures that vulnerabilities, such as key reuse or predictable patterns, are identified and mitigated. 1. Random Encryption Keys and Payloads: Randomly varying keys and payloads help validate the correctness of encryption without hardcoding assumptions. This ensures that encryption logic behaves correctly across all possible inputs. 2. Randomized Initialization Vectors (IVs): Many encryption protocols require a unique IV for each transaction. Randomized IVs ensure that encryption does not repeat patterns. To understand the IDE Key management flow, we can follow the below diagram that illustrates a detailed example key programming flow using the IDE_KM protocol. Figure 1: IDE_KM Example As Figure 1 shows, the functionality of the IDE_KM protocol involves Start of IDE_KM Session, Device Capability Discovery, Key Request from the Host, Key Programming to PCIe Device, and Key Acknowledgment. First, the Host starts the IDE_KM session by detecting the presence of the PCIe devices; if the device supports the IDE protocol, the system continues with the key programming process. Then a query occurs to discover the device’s encryption capabilities; it ensures whether the device supports dynamic key updates or static keys. Then the host sends a request to the Key Management Entity to obtain a key suitable for the devices. Once the key is obtained, the host programs the key into the IDE Controller on the PCIe endpoint. Both the host and the device now share the same key to encrypt and authenticate traffic. The device acknowledges that it has received and successfully installed the encryption key and the acknowledgment message is sent back to the host. Once both the host and the PCIe endpoint are configured with the key, a secure communication channel is established. From this point, all data transmitted over the PCIe link is encrypted to maintain confidentiality and integrity. IDE_KM plays a crucial role in distributing keys in a secure manner and maintaining encryption and integrity for PCIe transactions. This key programming flow ensures that a secure communication channel is established between the host and the PCIe device. Hence, the Randomized key approach ensures that the encryption does not repeat patterns. 3. Randomization PHE: Partial Header Encryption (PHE) is an additional mechanism added to Integrity and Data Encryption (IDE) in PCIe 6.0. PHE validation using a variety of traffic; incorporating randomization in APIs provided for validating PHE feature can add more robust Encryption to the data. Partial Header Encryption in Integrity and Data Encryption for PCIe has more detailed information on this. Figure 2: High-Level Flow for Partial Header Encryption 4. Randomization on IDE Address Association Register values: IDE Address Association Register 1/2/3 are supposed to be configured considering the memory address range of IDE partner ports. The fields of IDE address registers are split multiple values such as Memory Base Lower, Memory Limit Lower, Memory Base Upper, and Memory Limit Upper. IDE implementation can have multiple register blocks considering addresses with 32 or 64, different registers sizes, 0-255 selective streams, 0-15 address blocks, etc. This Randomization verification can help verify all the corner cases. Please refer to Figure 2. Figure 3: IDE Address Association Register 5. Random Faults During Encryption: Injecting random faults (e.g., dropped packets or timing mismatches) ensures the system can handle disruptions and prevent data leakage. Challenges of IDE Randomization and its Solution Randomization introduces a vast number of scenarios, making it computationally intensive to simulate every possibility. Constrained randomization limits random inputs to valid ranges while still covering edge cases. Again, using coverage-driven verification to ensure critical scenarios are tested without excessive redundancy. Verifying encrypted data with random inputs increases complexity. Encryption masks data, making it hard to verify outputs without compromising security. Here we can implement various IDE checks on the IDE callback to analyze encrypted traffic without decrypting it. Randomization can trigger unexpected failures, which are often difficult to reproduce. By using seed-based randomization, a specific seed generates a repeatable random sequence. This helps in reproducing and analyzing the behavior more precisely. Conclusion Randomization is a powerful technique in PCIe verification, ensuring robust validation of both data integrity and data encryption. It helps us to uncover subtle bugs and edge cases that a non-randomized testing might miss. In Cadence PCIe VIP, we support full-fledged IDE Verification with rigorous randomized verification that ensures data integrity. Robust and reliable encryption mechanisms ensure secure and efficient data communication. However, randomization also brings various challenges, and to overcome them we adopt a combination of constrained randomization, seed-based testing, and coverage-driven verification. As PCIe continues to evolve with higher speeds and focuses on high security demands, our Cadence PCIe VIP ensures it is in line with industry demand and verify high-performance systems that safeguard data in real-world environments with excellence. For more information, you can refer to Verification of Integrity and Data Encryption(IDE) for PCIe Devices and Industry's First Adopted VIP for PCIe 7.0 . More Information: For more info on how Cadence PCIe Verification IP and TripleCheck VIP enables users to confidently verify IDE, see our VIP for PCI Express , VIP for Compute Express Link for and TripleCheck for PCI Express For more information on PCIe in general, and on the various PCI standards, see the PCI-SIG website .

Cadence Clarity 3D Solver supports encrypted component models! Using this functionality, vendors can supply their 3D components, such as connectors, to end customers without revealing the physical IP of these designs. The first connector vendor to take advantage of this functionality is Japan Aviation Electronics (JAE),(read more)

In the era of Artificial Intelligence, front-end designers need a magical key to empower them with technology that enables fully optimized RTL for implementation handoff and provides RTL designers with capabilities to accurately assist in the implementation convergence process.

The magic lies with Cadence Joules RTL Design Studio, an expert system that leverages generative AI for RTL design exploration, triages possible causes of violations, and additional insights that empower designers to understand how to address issues in their RTL, leading to smarter and more efficient chip design.

This unlocks the immense debugging and design analysis capabilities from a single, unified cockpit, enabling fully optimized RTL design prior to implementation handoff for the front-end designers and addresses all aspects of physical design by adding visibility into power, performance, area, and congestion (PPAC)

One critical component is the clock tree, which distributes the clock signal to all sequential elements, such as flip-flops and latches. Designers need the right techniques in the beginning stage to optimize the clock tree structure, ensuring that their designs meet the required timing specifications, reduce power consumption, maintain signal integrity, and increase reliability.

 This incredible feature is part of the Joules RTL Design Studio.

How do you efficiently explore the clock tree structure to optimize the results using Joules RTL Design Studio?

Joules Studio allows viewing a simplified version of the clock structure. This feature is primarily designed to help display clock frequency scaling through clock dividers. You can customize colors, symbols, and design elements using an input file. Additionally, you can cross-probe the custom clock tree structure to other widgets and the main schematic view in Joules Studio.

Moreover, with the clock tree preference features of the ideal clock tree wizard in Joules Studio GUI, you can highlight clock path, generate clocks and master clock, set case analysis, fold and unfold instances, undo and redo, set sense and disable timing, color preference, etc.

You can binge on these features through the channel videos posted on the support portal, which covers the Joules RTL Design Studio GUI Clock Tree Structure and Features of Ideal Clock Tree Wizard.

You can refer to the videos on Cadence Online Support (Cadence login required).

​Video Links:
Viewing Custom Clock Tree Structure in Joules RTL Design Studio (Video) 

Exploring Clock Tree Preference Widget of Ideal Clock Tree Wizard in Joules RTL Design Studio (Video) 

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Explore the one-stop solution Joules RTL Design Studio Product Page on Cadence Online Support (Cadence login required).

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Understanding Prototype Design Flow in Joules RTL Design Studio (Video)

Running Prototype Implementation Flow in Joules RTL Design Studio (Video)

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Let's Discover the Secret to Enhance Design's PPAC in a Single Cockpit! - Digital Design - Cadence Blogs - Cadence Community

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Is Design Power Estimation Lowering Your Power? Delegate and Relax! - Digital Design - Cadence Blogs - Cadence Community

Marcelo Eduardo Arze García, Bolivia’s vice minister of tourism, tells Sebastian Shehadi why tourists are turning their attention to one of South America's less explored destinations. 

Lithuania is enjoying a boost in FDI project and jobs, with the capital, Vilnius, getting the lion's share.

Investment into the Middle East region by US-based companies showed a notable increase between the beginning fo 2016 and the end of 2018. 

Panel: Compound Climate Threats Increase Need for Regional Cooperation in the Pacific Panel: Compound Climate Threats Increase Need for Regional Cooperation in the Pacific

[ISS] In Gaza and several African countries, protection failures see local aid workers bearing the brunt of this alarming trend.

While operating in the area, soldiers from the Shaldag Unit identified several tunnel shafts leading to the compound, which led to the exposure of the full tunnel. 

Wall Street firms are expected to pay heftier bonuses for this year, the first increase since a bumper year in 2021, according to a report by compensation consultancy Johnson Associates. Payouts will probably rise after financiers benefited from several factors in recent months: a recovery in dealmaking, the Federal Reserve cutting interest rates and equity […]

To even out the intermittent power supply from wind and solar, we need to build vast energy storage facilities. It turns out the best solution might be cheap, simple ideas like heating bricks and lifting weights

The atoms within quasicrystals are arranged in repeating forms, but unlike ordinary crystals they have more complex symmetry. It turns out this makes them perfect for producing mazes

Title: FAQ: Steve Jobs' Pancreatic Cancer
Category: Health News
Created: 8/26/2011 11:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/26/2011 12:00:00 AM

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Category: Health News
Created: 8/23/2013 12:35:00 PM
Last Editorial Review: 8/26/2013 12:00:00 AM

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Category: Health News
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Title: Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Treated for Pancreatic Cancer
Category: Health News
Created: 8/23/2019 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/26/2019 12:00:00 AM

Title: How Do I Increase Serotonin?
Category: Diseases and Conditions
Created: 5/24/2021 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 7/5/2022 12:00:00 AM

Purpose:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is recommended starting at age 45, but there has been little research on strategies to promote screening among patients younger than 50. This study assessed the effect of a multicomponent intervention on screening completion in this age group.

BACKGROUND:PEEP is a cornerstone treatment for children with pediatric ARDS. Unfortunately, its titration is often performed solely by evaluating oxygen saturation, which can lead to inadequate PEEP level settings and consequent adverse effects. This study aimed to assess the impact of increasing PEEP on hemodynamics, respiratory system mechanics, and oxygenation in children with ARDS.METHODS:Children receiving mechanical ventilation and on pressure-controlled volume-guaranteed mode were prospectively assessed for inclusion. PEEP was sequentially changed to 5, 12, 10, 8 cm H2O, and again to 5 cm H2O. After 10 min at each PEEP level, hemodynamic, ventilatory, and oxygenation variables were collected.RESULTS:A total of 31 subjects were included, with median age and weight of 6 months and 6.3 kg, respectively. The main reasons for pediatric ICU admission were respiratory failure caused by acute viral bronchiolitis (45%) and community-acquired pneumonia (32%). Most subjects had mild or moderate ARDS (45% and 42%, respectively), with a median (interquartile range) oxygenation index of 8.4 (5.8–12.7). Oxygen saturation improved significantly when PEEP was increased. However, although no significant changes in blood pressure were observed, the median cardiac index at PEEP of 12 cm H2O was significantly lower than that observed at any other PEEP level (P = .001). Fourteen participants (45%) experienced a reduction in cardiac index of > 10% when PEEP was increased to 12 cm H2O. Also, the estimated oxygen delivery was significantly lower, at 12 cm H2O PEEP. Finally, respiratory system compliance significantly reduced when PEEP was increased. At a PEEP of 12 cm H2O, static compliance had a median reduction of 25% in relation to the initial assessment (PEEP of 5 cm H2O).CONCLUSIONS:Although it may improve arterial oxygen saturation, inappropriately high PEEP levels may reduce cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and respiratory system compliance in pediatric subjects with ARDS with low potential for lung recruitability.

The noncoding RNA BC200 is elevated in human cancers and is implicated in translation regulation as well as cell survival and proliferation. Upon BC200 overexpression, we observed correlated expression of a second, smaller RNA species. This RNA is expressed endogenously and exhibits cell-type-dependent variability relative to BC200. Aptamer-tagged expression constructs confirmed that the RNA is a truncated form of BC200, and sequencing revealed a modal length of 120 nt; thus, we refer to the RNA fragment as BC120. We present a methodology for accurate and specific detection of BC120 and establish that BC120 is expressed in several normal human tissues and is also elevated in ovarian cancer. BC120 exhibits remarkable stability relative to BC200 and is resistant to knockdown strategies that target the 3' unique sequence of BC200. Combined knockdown of BC200 and BC120 exhibits greater phenotypic impacts than knockdown of BC200 alone, and overexpression of BC120 negatively impacts translation of a GFP reporter, providing insight into a potential translational regulatory role for this RNA. The presence of a novel, truncated, and stable form of BC200 adds complexity to the investigation of this noncoding RNA that must be considered in future studies of BC200 and other related Alu RNAs.

Solute carrier family 6 member 19 (SLC6A19) inhibitors are being studied as therapeutic agents for phenylketonuria. In this work, a potent SLC6A19 inhibitor (RA836) elevated rat kidney uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IDS) levels by intensity (arbitrary unit) of 13.7 ± 7.7 compared with vehicle 0.3 ± 0.1 (P = 0.01) as determined by tissue mass spectrometry imaging analysis. We hypothesized that increased plasma and kidney levels of IDS could be caused by the simultaneous inhibition of both Slc6a19 and a kidney IDS transporter responsible for excretion of IDS into urine. To test this, we first confirmed the formation of IDS through tryptophan metabolism by feeding rats a Trp-free diet. Inhibiting Slc6a19 with RA836 led to increased IDS in these rats. Next, RA836 and its key metabolites were evaluated in vitro for inhibiting kidney transporters such as organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). RA836 inhibits BCRP with an IC₅₀ of 0.045 μM but shows no significant inhibition of OAT1 or OAT3. Finally, RA836 analogs with either potent or no inhibition of SLC6A19 and/or BCRP were synthesized and administered to rats fed a normal diet. Plasma and kidney samples were collected to quantify IDS using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Neither a SLC6A19 inactive but potent BCRP inhibitor nor a SLC6A19 active but weak BCRP inhibitor raised IDS levels, whereas compounds inhibiting both transporters caused IDS accumulation in rat plasma and kidney, supporting the hypothesis that rat Bcrp contributes to the excretion of IDS. In summary, we identified that inhibiting Slc6a19 increases IDS formation, while simultaneously inhibiting Bcrp results in IDS accumulation in the kidney and plasma.