Sleep is a fundamental feature of life for virtually all multicellular animals, but many questions remain about how sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms, homeostatic sleep drive that builds up with wakefulness, and modifying factors such as hunger or social interactions, as well as about the biological functions of sleep. Substantial headway has been made in the study of both circadian rhythms and sleep in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, much of it through studies of individual fly activity using Drosophila activity monitors (DAMs). Here, we describe approaches for the activation of specific neurons of interest using optogenetics (involving genetic modifications that allow for light-based neuronal activation) and thermogenetics (involving genetic modifications that allow for temperature-based neuronal activation) so that researchers can evaluate the roles of those neurons in controlling rest and activity behavior. In this protocol, we describe how to set up a rig for simultaneous optogenetic or thermogenetic stimulation and activity monitoring for analysis of sleep and circadian rhythms in Drosophila, how to raise appropriate flies, and how to perform the experiment. This protocol will allow researchers to assess the causative role in the regulation of sleep and activity rhythms of any genetically tractable subset of cells.

Comprehensive maps of neuronal connectivity provide a foundation for understanding the structure of neural circuits. In a circuit, neurons are diverse in morphology, electrophysiology, gene expression, activity, and other neuronal properties. Thus, constructing a comprehensive connectivity map requires associating various properties of neurons, including their connectivity, at cellular resolution. A commonly used approach is to use the gene expression profiles as an anchor to which all other neuronal properties are associated. Recent advances in genomics and anatomical techniques dramatically improved the ability to determine and associate the long-range projections of neurons with their gene expression profiles. These studies revealed unprecedented details of the gene–projection relationship, but also highlighted conceptual challenges in understanding this relationship. In this article, I delve into the findings and the challenges revealed by recent studies using state-of-the-art neuroanatomical and transcriptomic techniques. Building upon these insights, I propose an approach that focuses on understanding the gene–projection relationship through basic features in gene expression profiles and projections, respectively, that associate with underlying cellular processes. I then discuss how the developmental trajectories of projections and gene expression profiles create additional challenges and necessitate interrogating the gene–projection relationship across time. Finally, I explore complementary strategies that, together, can provide a comprehensive view of the gene–projection relationship.

Mammalian astrocytes have regional roles within the brain parenchyma. Indeed, the notion that astrocytes are molecularly heterogeneous could help explain how the central nervous system (CNS) retains embryonic positional information through development into specialized regions into adulthood. A growing body of evidence supports the concept of morphological and molecular differences between astrocytes in different brain regions, which might relate to their derivation from regionally patterned radial glia and/or local neuron inductive cues. Here, we review evidence for regionally encoded functions of astrocytes to provide an integrated concept on lineage origins and heterogeneity to understand regional brain organization, as well as emerging technologies to identify and further investigate novel roles for astrocytes.

Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) have rapidly grown in popularity since their introduction for the management of recurrent pleural effusions. In malignant pleural effusions especially, there has been a shift away from measuring pleurodesis success and towards more patient-centred outcomes. Multiple randomised controlled trials have shown that despite lower rates of pleurodesis, symptom control and quality of life outcomes are comparable when compared to alternatives such as talc pleurodesis. IPCs have the added benefit of minimising inpatient hospital stays and reducing the need for recurrent pleural interventions, key priorities for patients with palliative disease. As a result, IPC treatment is associated with excellent patient satisfaction coupled with acceptably low complication rates. Furthermore, in patients with a short life expectancy they confer a cost benefit for the healthcare system.

Far from causing harm, IPCs are now recommended as first-line treatment by current clinical guidelines. In malignant pleural disease, guidance advocates IPCs should be offered as a first-line option with the focus on patient priorities and preferences. Ultimately IPCs provide a safe, effective, ambulatory option for managing recurrent pleural effusions.

There is conflicting evidence regarding the use of steroids in severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with previous randomised controlled trials limited by small sample sizes. ESCAPe and CAPE COD are two recently published large trials on steroids in severe CAP. ESCAPe assessed the initiation of methylprednisolone within 72–96 h of hospital admission, while CAPE COD studied the use of hydrocortisone within 24 h of the development of severe CAP. ESCAPe did not show any differences in all-cause 60-day mortality or any of its secondary outcomes. CAPE COD showed that hydrocortisone improved all-cause 28-day mortality and reduced the risk of intubation or vasopressor-dependent shock. Important differences between the trials included the steroid regimens used, timing of steroid administration and baseline characteristics, with more diabetic patients included in ESCAPe. The results of CAPE COD support the initiation of hydrocortisone within 24 h of developing severe CAP, but more research is needed to evaluate long-term outcomes and optimum dosing regimens for steroids in severe CAP.

Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) tend to recur and require definitive treatment with either chest drain and talc pleurodesis or indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs), which offer similar symptomatic benefits. In recent years, IPCs have become popular due to the presumed convenience of an outpatient procedure followed by home drainage leading to a misconception of IPCs being an ideal treatment for MPE. However, IPCs predispose the patient to multiple complications and have significant physical and psychological implications that are under-recognised. Patients require additional clinical reviews, hospital admissions and treatment for these complications related to IPCs. Additionally, there is a huge psychological impact of living with a home catheter that is a constant reminder of their cancer and this has been shown to affect quality of life negatively. Hence, IPCs should not be considered the "ideal" treatment for MPE management and clinicians should reflect the equipoise of the evidence for the benefits and accurately reflect the adverse effects of IPCs in their discussions with patients to facilitate informed decision making.

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It can broadly be divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and nonsmall cell lung cancer. There have been many advances over the recent years in both fields. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise summary of SCLC for the general respiratory readership.

Chris has a normal amount of coffee on his shirt. Kelley conks her cat on the head with a controller. And Josh thinks Maglam Lord is a contraceptive device.

The post RPG Cast – Episode 617: “Yoko Taro Made This While Queuing for His Raid” appeared first on RPGamer.

Josh doesn't absolutely hate the font. Robert plays Burger Mecha Time. And Chris goes to date some double jointed dragon tanks.

The post RPG Cast – Episode 630: “Deus Gex” appeared first on RPGamer.

Kelley dishonors herself in Baldur's Gate 3 and retreats to Vampire Survivors. Chris goes on the hunt for Dr. Robotminsc. Robert hits level 50 before the third scripted battle.

The post RPG Cast – Episode 690: “Spay and Neuter Your Owlbear Cubs” appeared first on RPGamer.

Putting aside my natural annoyance at Metal Gear Solid Delta: Snake Eater for almost beating out the Twarhammer series in the headline real estate wars, I am more than a little excited to play. Some days, you simply must feast on a tree frog, and while we still don’t have a solid release date, that day doesn’t feel too far away. Good news for stealth fans, and perhaps gooder news for a dozen strapline writers sweating profusely, soiling themselves in anticipation of using “kept you waiting, huh?”.

Until then, I at least have a steady drip feed of new information to keep me sated, the latest of which is the substantial hint that there'll be some new dialogue in the game, as per the video below. Alongside that, the previously pseudonymous Suzetta Miñet - who was credited with voicing EVA in MGS3 and Peace Walker - has revealed herself to be Jodi Benson, the voice of Ariel in Disney’s The Little Mermaid. Cheers for the spot, Automaton West.

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Sam Howell tells New Scientist why NASA is so keen to visit Jupiter’s fourth-largest moon, Europa, and how the mission could help us figure out the likelihood of life elsewhere in the cosmos

Past observations have indicated that the icy moon of Jupiter has a vast subsurface ocean. Launching in October, NASA’s Europa Clipper will go there in search of evidence that it could support life

A 6000-kilogram spacecraft will embark on a six-year journey to Jupiter to explore whether its icy moon Europa has the conditions to support life

The Euclid space telescope's massive “cosmic atlas” promises to shed light on fundamental questions in physics and cosmology

A robot mimics the clever fin-folding mechanism used by tuna fish, which increased the bot's turning velocity by almost 33 per cent

It says these components will enable "the industry's highest DRAM bit density".

New research led by scientists from the University of Pennsylvania, Karolinska Institute and Linköping University provides a landscape view of the human sense of touch.

The post Neuroscientists Identify 16 Neuronal Types Involved in Human Sense of Touch appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.

An accurate description of low-density nuclear matter is crucial for explaining the physics of neutron star crusts, according to a team of theoretical physicists led by Argonne National Laboratory’s Dr. Alessandro Lovato.

The post Physicists Find Evidence for Superfluidity in Low-Density Neutron Matter appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.

A researcher who underwent dozens of brain scans discovered that the volume of her cerebral cortex was 1 per cent lower when she took hormonal contraceptives

The European Commission has revealed the progress of potential European Union countries in areas including food safety. As part of the Enlargement Package, the EU Commission has assessed how prepared Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, and Turkey are as they work towards EU... Continue Reading

Several trade associations have called on European policymakers to reconsider the EU-Mercosur trade deal following findings from an audit in Brazil. The EU-Mercosur deal is an agreement between the European Union and Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. A recently published audit report by DG Sante revealed Brazil’s issues in meeting European food... Continue Reading

A multi-country Salmonella outbreak in Europe linked to tomatoes from Italy has sickened more than 250 people. From January 2023 to November 2024, 266 confirmed cases of Salmonella Strathcona have been identified in 16 European countries and the United Kingdom. Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the... Continue Reading

Just like Eli Manning in 2004, Deion Sanders said he would tell NFL teams his son, Shedeur Sanders, won't play for them if it's not the right fit.

Georgia's loss to Ole Miss Saturday brought a wild shakeup to the college football rankings, and the Bulldogs find themselves out of the playoff picture.

The huge spacecraft is headed toward the icy moon Europa, where it will use an array of instruments to survey for geologic activity, magnetism and more

The annual voyage into European cinema set sail at the 29th European Union Film Festival’s opening night, where Delhi’s cinephiles huddled in eager clusters at the India Habitat Centre, in feverish anticipation of the Italian Palme D’or nominee

Singles star Leylah Fernandez and doubles specialist Gabriela Dabrowski will anchor Canada's five-player lineup this week when the team tries to defend its Billie Jean King Cup title in Malaga, Spain.

HoYoverse’s Honkai Star Rail (Free) version 2.5 update titled “Flying Aureus Shot to Lupine Rue" was just showcased during a …

Continue reading "‘Honkai Star Rail’ Version 2.5 “Flying Aureus Shot to Lupine Rue” Update Releases on September 10th, New Trailer Showcased During Livestream"

Replay our October 15 chat on, “Finding certainty in IT when the world is uncertain.”

Meet the full cast, including Coleen Rooney and N-Dubz’s Tulisa Contostavlos

The blanket ban on blood donation by gay men, and bisexual men and transgender women who have sex with men (GBT people), is one step closer to being lifted. The ...

The post Gender Neutral Blood Donation Comes With Sting In Its Tail appeared first on Star Observer.

A group representing hunters in the Nordic countries says it’s more optimistic than ever that the European Union will lift a longtime ban on trading seal products that deprived Canadian sealers of their primary market.

Meta has long been at loggerheads with European Union officials over its approach to targeted Facebook and Instagram ads. The company is hoping to placate regulators with some changes to its ad model in the bloc, which includes lowering the price of its ad-free subscription. Starting November 13, the plan will cost 40 percent less — €6 ($6.36) per month for signups via the web and €8 ($8.48) for those who subscribe on an iOS or Android device. The fee for each additional Facebook and Instagram account is €4 per month on the web and €5 via mobile.

The company will automatically drop current subscribers down to the lower pricing. It says that it will once again ask users in the bloc if they'd like to sign up.

When they see this prompt (which can only be ignored for a certain period of time), there will be a third option for EU Facebook and Instagram users to choose from. Those who don't want to pay for a subscription can instead opt to only view ads that are based on what they see in a given session in the apps. Meta will also factor in a few key data markers such as "a person’s age, location, gender and how a person engages with ads."

These less-personalized ads naturally won't be as tailored to a given user's interests, the company notes. As such, people are perhaps less likely to click on such ads. To make up for that (and make sure this option doesn't hit Meta in the pocket too hard), folks who choose the less-personalized ads option will sometimes encounter unskippable ads. According to The Wall Street Journal, these will be displayed full screen.

"Such ad breaks are common across other services, and are already offered by many of our competitors," Meta argues. "This change will help us continue to provide value to advertisers which ensures we can offer people a less personalized ads experience at no charge."

Targeted ads are Meta's biggest revenue driver, but EU officials have reportedly been pressuring the company to offer a free, less-personalized option in its apps. Meta has argued that would negatively impact its bottom line. Although it has seemingly caved to officials' requests, the unskippable ad aspect may be construed as malicious compliance, as it worsens the user experience.

Meta claims that these changes to its ad model "meet EU regulator demands and go beyond what’s required" by the bloc's laws. The company introduced its ad-free subscription a year ago to comply with laws such as the Digital Markets Act (DMA), as well as stricter interpretations of the General Data Protection Regulation. It was previously ordered to seek permission from users in the bloc before showing them personalized ads.

The EU didn't take too kindly to the paid ad-free approach, however. An investigation into the "consent or pay" model is ongoing. In July, the EU said that in its preliminary findings, Meta was violating the DMA with this plan.

These latest changes are said to be Meta's attempt to settle the case, but according to the Journal, the EU's discussions with the company haven't concluded. The bloc's regulatory body has until late March to finish its investigation and make a final decision. If it determines that Meta has indeed violated the DMA, the company could be on the hook for a fine of up to 10 percent of its annual global revenue. Based on its total revenue for 2023, it could have to pay up as much as $13 billion or so.

Le grand requin blanc attaque souvent ses proies par en dessous, confondant parfois la silhouette d’un surfeur avec celle d’un phoque.

Ça va mal pour Sidney Crosby et ses coéquipiers.

Un défenseur bélarusse au potentiel incalculable réalise bien malgré lui les défis quotidiens qui accompagnent son physique hors-norme.

Paris, France (SPX) Nov 03, 2024
ESA's Proba-3 mission, designed to create a solar eclipse in space, is leaving Europe to head to its Indian launch site. The mission's two spacecraft, designed to align precisely in orbit so one will block the Sun for the other, have departed from Redwire Space's facilities in Kruibeke, Belgium. The pair will be transported to the Satish Dhawan Space Centre near Chennai, India, to prepare for th