In a network containing multiple nodes, the need for synchronization between the various nodes is not just instrumental but also a complicated and highly complex process. This process becomes even more tricky if we synchronize the clocks between the Manager and the Peripheral. As we know, in a real-time network, some of the nodes would behave like Managers while some would be a Peripheral. If we must make the communication process smooth, then the local clocks of these nodes must be synchronized. 

The problem with this synchronization is that we have the clock running in the Manager as well. If we send the value of the Manager clock to the Peripheral, the synchronization doesn’t happen as we have a propagation delay of the messages, along with the propagation delay of the electronic circuits of Manager and the Peripheral.  

The cherry on the cake is that these electronic circuit propagation delays are not random and remain constant, so we can add a time offset to it to match the clock. To tackle this challenge, IEEE has come up with a protocol named “Precision Timing Protocol.” 

 

Operation of PTP: 

To synchronize the clocks, a Sync message is sent by the Manager to the Peripheral, which then timestamps the receiving time of the same. Following this, a ‘Follow up’ message is issued by the Manager stating the timestamp at which the Sync message was sent. 

The Peripheral then finds the difference between the two values and adds this to its current time. After this, the time difference between the Manager and the Peripheral narrows down to only the propagation delay of the messages.  

To overcome this, the Peripheral issues a ‘Delay Request’ to the Manager, and the Manager, in turn, issues a ‘Delay Response.’ Both these messages have the timestamp of when they were issued. The time at which they are received is then noted. Since two messages are sent, one from the Peripheral and the other from the Manager, there are two propagation delays. Then half of this value is our propagation delay. 

The Peripheral then adds this propagation delay to its clock, and hence the clock gets synchronized. 

Advantages of PTP: 

1. It provides accurate time stamping. 
2. It is a well-known clock synchronization protocol. 
3. It provides intensified security inside the premises. 
4. It provides the possibility of setting coordinated actions and synchronized communication. 

There are various versions of PTP that have been developed over time, namely PTPv1, PTPv2, PTPv2_1, and the latest PTP-AS. 

Cadence Verification IP for Ethernet is available to support the newer version of PTP, allowing simulation of the device for efficient IP, SoC, and system-level design verification. Semiconductor companies can start using it to fully verify their controller design and achieve functional verification closure on it within no time. 

Achieving optimal power transfer in RF PCBs hinges on meticulously routed traces that meet specific impedance requirements. Impedance matching is essential to ensure that traces have the same impedance to prevent signal reflection and inefficient pow...(read more)

When it comes to system integration, PCB designers need to collaborate with the signal analysis or integrity team to run pre-route or post-route analysis and modify constraints, floorplan, or topology based on the results. Allegro PCB Edito...(read more)

Display Stream Compression (DSC) is a lossless or near-lossless image compression standard developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) for reducing the bandwidth required to transmit high-resolution video and images. DSC compresses video streams in real-time, allowing for higher resolutions, refresh rates, and color depths while minimizing the data load on transmission interfaces such as DisplayPort, HDMI, and embedded display interfaces.

Why Is DSC Needed?

In the ever-evolving landscape of display technology, the pursuit of higher resolutions and better visual quality is relentless. As display capabilities advance, so do the challenges of managing the immense amounts of data required to drive these high-performance screens. This is where DSC steps in. DSC is designed to address the challenges of transmitting ultra-high-definition content without sacrificing quality or performance. As displays grow in resolution and capability, the amount of data they need to transmit increases exponentially. DSC addresses these issues by compressing video streams in real-time, significantly reducing the bandwidth needed while preserving image quality.
 

DSC Use in End-to-end System

DSC Key Features

• Encoding tools:
  • Modified Median-Adaptive Prediction (MMAP)
  • Block Prediction (BP)
  • Midpoint Prediction (MPP)
  • Indexed color history (ICH)
  • Entropy coding using delta size unit-variable length coding (DSU-VLC)

• The DSC bitstream and decoding process are designed to facilitate the decoding of 3 pixels/clock in practical hardware decoder implementations. Hardware encoder implementations are possible at 1 pixel/clock.
• DSC uses an intra-frame, line-based coding algorithm, which results in very low latency for encoding and decoding.

DSC encoding algorithm
 

• Compression can be done to a fractional bpp. The compressed bits per pixel ranges from 6 to 63.9375.
• For validation/compliance certification of DSC compression and decompression engines, cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) are used to verify the correctness of the bitstream and the reconstructed image.
• DSC supports more color bit depths, including 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 bpc.
• DSC supports RGB and YCbCr input format, supporting 4:4:4, 4:2:2, and 4:2:0 sampling.
• Maximum decompressor-supported bits/pixel values are as listed in the Maximum Allowed Bit Rate column in the table below

• DP DSC Source device shall program the bit rate within the range of Minimum Allowed Bit Rate column in the table:

          

Summary

Display Stream Compression (DSC) is a technology used in DisplayPort to enable higher resolutions and refresh rates while maintaining high image quality. It works by compressing the video data transmitted from the source to the display, effectively reducing the bandwidth required. DSC uses a visually lossless algorithm, meaning that the compression is designed to be imperceptible to the human eye, preserving the fidelity of the image. This technology allows for smoother, more detailed visuals at higher resolutions, such as 4K or 8K, without requiring a significant increase in data bandwidth.

More Information

• Cadence has a very mature Verification IP solution. Verification over many different configurations can be used with DisplayPort 2.1 and DisplayPort 1.4 designs, so you can choose the best version for your specific needs.
• The DisplayPort VIP provides a full-stack solution for Sink and Source devices with a comprehensive coverage model, protocol checkers, and an extensive test suite.
• More details are available on the DisplayPort Verification IP product page, Simulation VIP pages.
• If you have any queries, feel free to contact us at talk_to_vip_expert@cadence.com

During a mixed-signal simulation, the analog engine usually dominates the simulation time and resources. If you need to run only the analog engine in several windows, or if you would like to to run multiple tests of the same circuit with different stimuli or test pattern, then you need to run the simulation multiple times. View this blog to know more about the the two advanced technologies that Spectre AMS Designer provides to help you improve the efficiency of your mixed-signal designs and to increase the simulation speed.(read more)

When analyzing multiple sessions simultaneously Verisium Manager crashed and reported below error messages:

# A fatal error has been detected by the Java Runtime Environment:
#
#  SIGSEGV (0xb) at pc=0x00007efc52861b74, pid=14182, tid=18380
#
# JRE version: OpenJDK Runtime Environment Temurin-17.0.3+7 (17.0.3+7) (build 17.0.3+7)
# Java VM: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Temurin-17.0.3+7 (17.0.3+7, mixed mode, sharing, tiered, compressed oops, compressed class ptrs, g1 gc, linux-amd64)
# Problematic frame:
# C  [libucis.so+0x238b74]

......

For more details please refer to the attached log file "hs_err_pid21143.log".

Two approaches were tried to solve this problem but neither has worked.
Method.1:

Setting larger heap size of Java process by "-memlimit" options.For example "vmanager -memlimit 8G".

Method.2:

Enlarging stack memory size limit of the Coverage engine by setting "IMC_NATIVE_STACKSIZE" environment variable to a larger value. For example "setenv IMC_NATIVE_STACKSIZE 1024000"

According to "hs_err_pid*.log" it is almost certain that the memory overflow triggered Java's CrashOnOutOfMemoryError and caused Verisium Manager to crash. There are some arguments about memory management of Java like "Xms, Xmx, ThreadStackSize, Xss5048k etc" and maybe this problem can be fixed by setting these arguments during analysis. However, how exactly does Verisium Manager specify these arguments during analysis? I tried to set them by the form of setting environment variables before analysis but it didn't work in analysis and their values didn't change.

Is there something wrong with my operation or is there a better solution?

Thank you very much.

Hi,
I want to parameterized width and length of a NMOS, but it ignore it and I face this error:
*WARNING* Value input must be a number - setting back to previous value.

Does anybody know how I can fix this issue?
Thanks

Optimizing PCB thermal performance is essential in today’s high-density designs, as it ensures stability, prolongs component life, and prevents potential thermal issues. One of the first steps to achieving this is with strategic component placement. Positioning high-power components—such as regulators, power transistors, or processors—away from heat-sensitive parts can prevent thermal interference, and placing them near the edges of the PCB often helps dissipate heat more effectively. It’s also beneficial to group components by their heat generation, creating dedicated thermal zones that can manage localized heating and reduce impact on other areas of the board.

 

Using thermal vias is another effective technique. By placing thermal vias under components like BGAs or power ICs, heat can be transferred from the surface to internal layers or ground planes. Increasing the size and number of these vias, or using thicker plating, enhances heat conductivity and helps manage heat more evenly across layers in multilayer boards. Increasing copper thickness on the PCB also has a major impact. Opting for thicker copper layers (e.g., 2 oz or even 3 oz copper) significantly boosts the heat dissipation capabilities of power planes and traces, especially in high-current areas. Large copper planes, such as dedicated ground or power planes, are equally effective in spreading heat efficiently. Adding thermal pads directly beneath heat-generating components improves this heat distribution.

 

Thermal relief pads help regulate heat flow for through-hole components by controlling heat transfer, which reduces thermal stress during soldering and prevents excessive heat spread to nearby sensitive areas. Performing thermal analysis with software tools like Celsius can be invaluable, as it allows you to simulate and model heat distribution, spot potential thermal issues, and refine your design before finalizing it.

 

Using heat sinks and thermal pads provides a direct way to draw heat from high-power components. Heat sinks can be attached with thermal adhesives, screws, or clamps, while thermal interface materials (TIMs), such as thermal pads or conductive adhesives, further reduce thermal resistance, enhancing heat-transfer efficiency. Optimizing the PCB layer stackup is also a key factor. Dedicated ground and power layers improve heat conduction across the PCB, enabling heat transfer between layers, particularly in high-density and multilayer PCBs.

 

In designs with high power requirements, active cooling options like fans, blowers, or heat pipes can be essential, helping to direct airflow across the PCB and further improving heat dissipation. Adding ventilation slots around hot zones and considering passive cooling paths enhance natural airflow, making the design more thermally efficient. By combining several of these techniques, you can create a PCB that handles heat effectively, resulting in a robust, long-lasting, and reliable product.

 

Let us know if you’ve had any challenges with thermal management in your designs—I’d be glad to discuss further!

Decolonizing the Arctic Council Decolonizing the Arctic Council

ferrard Tue, 11/08/2022 - 09:16

Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 09/03/2020 - 10:59

In Somalia’s complex political landscape, the tenure of Prime Minister Hamse Abdi Barre presents a compelling…

The post The Paradox of Power: Analyzing PM Hamse Abdi Barre’s Leadership Crisis in Somalia appeared first on Horseed Media.

About 50 settlers gathered to attack the IDF soldiers, injuring one soldier who was taken to hospital with head injuries.

For religious, humanitarian, and scientific reasons, Israel’s increasingly apparent plan for the de facto colonization of the Northern Gaza Strip is a bad idea. When that program was rejected recently by Israel’s own Defense Minister Yoav Galant, he was summarily fired by Prime Minister Netanyahu. However, the founding document of the worldwide Jewish community, the […]

Ariana Grande praises her ‘adorable’ beau Ethan SlaterAriana Grande has recently expressed her admiration for beau and adorable Wicked co-star Ethan Slater.Speaking to Entertainment Tonight at Wicked press tour in Los Angeles over the weekend, the pop star praised Ethan for his...

to write an amazing argumentative essay

Outlining the energy access disparity women face in Vanuatu, this brief shows how it impacts their health and economic opportunities and explains why mainstreaming gender can increase financial inclusion and drive an equitable green transition.

The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has recently launched the Bangladesh Climate and Development Partnership to drive climate actions at scale and with urgency. The BCDP is an example of country-led climate platform established to scale up implementation of climate actions and is being recognized as an important modality by the global community to deliver climate actions at scale.

Eight Australian sea lions were fitted with cameras and trackers to capture unprecedented insights into their behaviour and the marine habitats where they hunt

A settlement in the east of England burned down in a fire 3000 years ago, falling into a muddy waterway that preserved everything inside the houses including tools, fabric, cooking pots and more

A Neanderthal skeleton was discovered encased in rock in an Italian cave 30 years ago, but it hasn’t been studied much due to a long-running impasse about how to safely excavate it

Title: Sneezing Again? Avoid Ragweed
Category: Health News
Created: 8/22/2010 10:10:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/23/2010 12:00:00 AM

Title: Health Tip: Recognizing COPD
Category: Health News
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Last Editorial Review: 8/25/2010 12:00:00 AM

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Category: Health News
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Title: Even Chores, Socializing Might Lower Your Odds for Dementia
Category: Health News
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The SARS-CoV-2 frameshifting element (FSE) has been intensely studied and explored as a therapeutic target for coronavirus diseases, including COVID-19. Besides the intriguing virology, this small RNA is known to adopt many length-dependent conformations, as verified by multiple experimental and computational approaches. However, the role these alternative conformations play in the frameshifting mechanism and how to quantify this structural abundance has been an ongoing challenge. Here, we show by DMS and dual-luciferase functional assays that previously predicted FSE mutants (using the RAG graph theory approach) suppress structural transitions and abolish frameshifting. Furthermore, correlated mutation analysis of DMS data by three programs (DREEM, DRACO, and DANCE-MaP) reveals important differences in their estimation of specific RNA conformations, suggesting caution in the interpretation of such complex conformational landscapes. Overall, the abolished frameshifting in three different mutants confirms that all alternative conformations play a role in the pathways of ribosomal transition.

A STING (stimulator of interferon genes) agonist GSK3996915 under investigation in early discovery for hepatitis B was orally dosed to a mouse model for understanding the parent drug distribution in liver, the target organ. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) was used to quantify the distribution of GSK3996915 in liver collected from mice administered a single oral dose at 90 mg/kg. GSK3996915 was detected with a zonal distribution localized in the portal triad and highly concentrated in the main bile ducts, indicating clearance through biliary excretion. High spatial resolution imaging showed the distribution of the parent drug localized to the cellular populations in the sinusoids, including the Kupffer cells. Additionally, a series of drug-related metabolites were observed to be localized in the central zones of the liver. These results exemplify the potential of utilizing MALDI IMS for measuring not only quantitative drug distribution and target exposure but also drug metabolism and elimination in a single suite of experiments.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

An integrated imaging approach utilizing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) complemented with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histology was used to address the question of target exposure at the cellular level. Localized quantification of the parent drug in the target organ and identification of potential metabolites in the context of tissue histology were also achieved in one experimental suite to support characterization of pharmacokinetic properties of the drug in the early discovery stage.:

Protein abundance data of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) are useful for scaling in vitro and animal data to humans for accurate prediction and interpretation of drug clearance and toxicity. Targeted DMET proteomics that relies on synthetic stable isotope-labeled surrogate peptides as calibrators is routinely used for the quantification of selected proteins; however, the technique is limited to the quantification of a small number of proteins. Although the global proteomics-based total protein approach (TPA) is emerging as a better alternative for large-scale protein quantification, the conventional TPA does not consider differential sequence coverage by identifying unique peptides across proteins. Here, we optimized the TPA approach by correcting protein abundance data by the sequence coverage, which was applied to quantify 54 DMETs for characterization of 1) differential tissue DMET abundance in the human liver, kidney, and intestine, and 2) interindividual variability of DMET proteins in individual intestinal samples (n = 13). Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7), microsomal glutathione S-transferases (MGST1, MGST2, and MGST3) carboxylesterase 2 (CES2), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) were expressed in all three tissues, whereas, as expected, four cytochrome P450s (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, and CYP4F2), UGT1A1, UGT2B17, CES1, flavin-containing monooxygenase 5, MRP3, and P-glycoprotein were present in the liver and intestine. The top three DMET proteins in individual tissues were: CES1>CYP2E1>UGT2B7 (liver), CES2>UGT2B17>CYP3A4 (intestine), and MGST1>UGT1A6>MGST2 (kidney). CYP3A4, CYP3A5, UGT2B17, CES2, and MGST2 showed high interindividual variability in the intestine. These data are relevant for enhancing in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of drug absorption and disposition and can be used to enhance the accuracy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic prediction of systemic and tissue concentration of drugs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

This study quantified the abundance and compositions of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in pooled human liver, intestine, and kidney microsomes as well as individual intestinal microsomes using an optimized global proteomics approach. The data revealed large intertissue differences in the abundance of these proteins and high intestinal interindividual variability in the levels of cytochrome P450s (e.g., CYP3A4 and CYP3A5), uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17, carboxylesterase 2, and microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2. These data are applicable for the prediction of first-pass metabolism and tissue-specific drug clearance.

Though technically not a planet, it has as rich geology as any of its planetary siblings in the solar system

Despite the lack of a dedicated mission to the planet, scientists have learned plenty through ground observations and space telescopes

In today’s complex business environment, organizations rely heavily on external vendors for essential services and resources. Managing these relationships effectively is crucial for operational efficiency, cost control, and risk management. To achieve this, many companies turn to Vendor Management Software to streamline vendor interactions, ensuring that the right processes and tools are in place for […]

The post Optimizing Vendor Portfolio with Vendor Management Software appeared first on Chart Attack.

A federal administrative law judge says Amazon interfered in the last election on unionization at its warehouse in Bessemer, Ala.

I’ve been a big fan of SIGONO’s OPUS series of narrative adventure games for a long time. If you’ve not …

Continue reading "‘OPUS: Prism Peak’, the Newest Entry in the Amazing ‘OPUS’ Series, Gets New Gameplay Screenshots"

With August in the rear-view mirror, taking the Young Avengers with it, we’re about due for another season in Marvel …

Continue reading "Swing Into ‘Marvel Snap’ With The Amazing Spider-Season"

In this week’s episode of The TouchArcade Show we kick things off with some discussion about AR/VR devices like Apple’s …

Continue reading "Terrorizing Pasadena – The TouchArcade Show #604"

The United States has a wide range of climate zones, from the subtropical to the arctic. On the low end of the thermometer, there are plenty of options for a deep winter chill. Here, we look at a couple different ways to determine the coldest state in the U.S. — and by both definitions, there's one winner.

Reality has again failed to support the spin surrounding the 340B Drug Pricing Program.

For 2023, discounted purchases under the 340B program reached a record $66.3 billion—an astounding $12.6 billion (+23.4%) higher than its 2022 counterpart. The gross-to-net difference between list prices and discounted 340B purchases also grew, to $57.8 billion (+$5.5 billion). 340B purchases are now almost 40% larger than Medicaid’s prescription drug purchases.

Hospitals again accounted for 87% of 340B purchases for 2023. Purchases at every 340B covered entity type grew, despite drug prices that grew more slowly than overall inflation.

Lobbyists claim that manufacturers’ 340B contract pharmacy changes are “stripping billions of dollars from the healthcare safety net.” But every year, the data tell a very different story. Only in the U.S. healthcare system can billions more in payments and spreads be considered a cut.

Read on for full details and our analysis, along with fresh details of troubling behavior by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).
Read more »

Navigating the regulatory and ethical requirements of different medical data providers across many different countries, as well as safeguarding patient privacy, is a mammoth task that requires extra resources and expertise.  

The post AI is Revolutionizing Healthcare, But Are We Ready for the Ethical Challenges?  appeared first on MedCity News.

Top challenges impacting specialty pharmacy outcomes, and how health systems may achieve efficiencies and enhance performance for optimal outcomes.

The post An Integrated Approach to Optimizing Specialty Pharmacy and Accelerating Performance appeared first on MedCity News.

By adopting a contingent workforce model and investing in the right data tools to power better informed decision-making and talent strategy, healthcare organizations can begin to address staffing challenges and turn their talent goals into reality. 

The post Closing Staffing Gaps in Healthcare by Utilizing Diverse Pipelines of Contingent Talent appeared first on MedCity News.

Dec 8, 2023

With 28th Conference of the Parties (COP 28) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change well underway, Jonathan Banks, the global director of the Methane Pollution Prevention Program at the Clean Air Task Force (CATF), is the guest in a special mid-COP episode of “Environmental Insights: Discussions on Policy and Practice from the Harvard Environmental Economics Program.” The podcast is produced by the Harvard Environmental Economics Program.

VolitionRx�s Nucleosomics� diagnostic platform detects epigenetic changes to fragments of chromosomes, called nucleosomes, that circulate in the blood of cancer patients. Credit: VolitionRx.

Every now and then a forum member posts something so creative and impressive that I stop shouting in anger at my monitor. Today I'd like to highlight a particularly amazing post.

My ITR3 for AY 2023-24 has been processed by CPC under OLD REGIME without recognizing the Taxation Option exercised undersection 115BAC for NEW REGIME by filing FORM 10IE during AY 2022-23 on 01-Jun-2022, which has been CONTINUED for AY 2023-24, as EVIDENT in the ITR3 filed for this Assessment Year. I have also Registered my grievance in this regard in the e-portal of the IT Department and have sought RECTIFICATION FIVE TIMES under Section 154 but have got the same RECTIFICATION ORDER repeating the same MISTAKE with processing done under OLD REGIME with TAX DEMAND of Rs.87,000. (Similar thing had happened in AY 2022-23 but it was corrected by RECTIFICATION). I am in continuous correspondence through email and written communication several times with the Department, including grievances raised on E-PORTAL, but the issue remains UNRESOLVED. I have also registered my grievance in this regard in CPGRAMS Portal of GOI which is pending.
I request advice on further course of action to resolve the issue including as to whether i can file an Appeal under Section 264 .
G S Prakash

Gencon was amazing! It was so nice to meet so many of y'all in person after all these years away from conventions. Thanks so much to everyone who came by and said hello!

Highlights: Molecular You leverages AI for precise biomarker analysis and early disease detection Dr. Rob Fraser

Highlights: Amrita Amyloid Center offers specialized multidisciplinary care for all types of systemic amyloido