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// Indonesia 2008 :: Faces and Views IV


iso: 100 aperture: f/8.0 exposure: 0.067 s (1/15) focal: 12.0mm
View at the Bromo plateau, Jawa, Indonesia.


iso: 400 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.0100 s (1/100) focal: 52.0mm
Singer Boy, Lembeh Resort, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia.


iso: 100 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.0005 s (1/2000) focal: 60.0mm
Boat, Bunaken Island, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia.


iso: 400 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.0040 s (1/250) focal: 7.0mm
Sunset near Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia.


iso: 320 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.0040 s (1/250) focal: 46.0mm
Grilled Fish, Bila, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia.


iso: 100 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.200 s (1/5) focal: 20.0mm
A Bugis Boy, Bantimurung Waterfall, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia.


iso: 100 aperture: f/8.0 exposure: 0.050 s (1/20) focal: 49.0mm
A Boy with his Cannon, Jakarta, Jawa, Indonesia.


© Copyright 2008 Rick Wezenaar Photography ~ photo@mitranet.nl




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// Indonesia 2008 :: Faces and Views V


iso: 100 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.0012 s (1/800) focal: 7.0mm
Kawah Ijen Plateau, Indonesia, August 2008


iso: 100 aperture: f/8.0 exposure: 0.020 s (1/50) focal: 12.0mm
Bromo Vulcano, Indonesia, August 2008


iso: 100 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.0004 s (1/2500) focal: 60.0mm
Lembeh, Indonesia, August 2008


iso: 100 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 60.000 s focal: 7.0mm
Bunaken, Indonesia, August 2008


iso: 400 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.0012 s (1/800) focal: 7.0mm
Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia, August 2008


iso: 320 aperture: f/4.0 exposure: 0.050 s (1/20) focal: 12.0mm
Bila, Indonesia, August 2008


iso: 200 aperture: f/5.0 exposure: 0.100 s (1/10) focal: 12.0mm
Bantimurung, Indonesia, August 2008


iso: 100 aperture: f/7.1 exposure: 0.0050 s (1/200) focal: 29.0mm
Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2008


© Copyright 2008 Rick Wezenaar Photography ~ photo@mitranet.nl.





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OFCCP Identifies 250 Federal and Federally Assisted Construction Contractors for Compliance Reviews

On June 5, 2023, the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) published its FY 2023 Construction Corporate Scheduling Announcement List (CSAL). The CSAL includes 250 employers that OFCCP has identified as federal or federally assisted construction contractors.




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Canadian securities regulators publish report on continuous disclosure reviews

TORONTO - The Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) today published its biennial





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Mock Interviews for a Bright Future

Forest Hills Northern High School Project NEXT and STEM Academy seniors came together today to meet with industry professionals and local business leaders for mock interviews, gaining valuable experience in selling their skills and experience to prospective employers!

The post Mock Interviews for a Bright Future appeared first on Forest Hills Public Schools.



  • FHPS District News
  • Northern High News

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Episode 93: Lessons Learned From Architecture Reviews with Rebecca Wirfs-Brock

In this episode, Markus talks to Rebecca Wirfs-Brock on what she has learned from architecture reviews. This is a very complement to the earlier episode on architecture evaluation.




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Episode 400: Michaela Greiler on Code Reviews

Michaela Greiler spoke with SE Radio’s Felienne about code review best practices and how to improve the effectiveness of your reviews.




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Episode 412: Sam Gavis Hughson on Technical Interviews

Felienne spoke with Gavis-Hughson about how to prepare for the dreaded 'whiteboard interview'.




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Cineschool Directions Interviews 2013

This year, Cineschool offered young people a chance to hear from the directors of films screened in the festival. View the series of interviews on the Cineschool site.




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Just 2 votes separate two mayoral candidates who have different views on the Town of Scottsville’s growth

The winner won't be called until all the provisional votes are counted.

The post Just 2 votes separate two mayoral candidates who have different views on the Town of Scottsville’s growth appeared first on Charlottesville Tomorrow.



  • Government and public institutions
  • 2024 Voter Guide
  • 2024 Voter Guide - Albemarle/Fluvanna - Scottsville Town

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Billing Software Reviews - AssessmentPsychology.com

Billing software for the Mac. A review by Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., for psychologists and mental health practitioners.




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More Software Reviews - AssessmentPsychology.com

Office productivity software- A review of Dragon NaturallySpeaking by W. E. Benet, Ph.D., Psy.D., for psychologists and mental health practitioners.




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Views from the Mentors at the Hackmakers World Innovation Day April 2021

Hackmakers: Part 4: Jim Grisanzio talks with Amanda Bennett, Tamara Orth, and Alistair Hofert, about their experiences being mentors at the Hackmakers World Innovation Day Hackathon in April 2021. The conversation ranged from what tools and platforms were used, what projects were worked, who the participants were, and the overall passion everyone brought to the event. Oracle and other organizations sponsored the event in collaboration with UNESCO and UNEP. The areas of focus for the projects included health, education, and work -- all based on the larger list of United Nations world development goals.

Podcast Host: Jim Grisanzio, Oracle Developer Relations
https://twitter.com/jimgris
https://developer.oracle.com/team/ 




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Oracle ACE Mirela Ardelean Previews the 2021 Oracle Groundbreakers EMEA Virtual Tour

Jim Grisanzio from Oracle Developer Relations talks with Mirela Ardelean about building the Oracle developer community and also the upcoming Oracle Groundbreakers EMEA Virtual Tour 2021 — October 15-29. There will be 70 speakers presenting Oracle technologies over 11 days to 10 UGs! Video on YouTube. Get involved with the event here.

Mirela Ardelean, Oracle ACE, Founder and VP of the Romanian Oracle User Group, Board member of EOUC

Jim Grisanzio, Oracle Developer Relations




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Oracle ACE Director Francisco Alvarez Munoz Previews the 2021 Oracle Groundbreakers APAC Virtual Tour

Jim Grisanzio from Oracle Developer Relations talks with Oracle ACE Director Francisco Alvarez Munoz about the upcoming APAC Oracle Groundbreakers APAC Virtual Tour. The event takes place over two weeks starting on November 22 and running through December 7. Thousands of developers are expected to participate along with 100 speakers talking about a variety of topics, such as Java, Database, Cloud, APEX, Developer Tools, Data Science, and more. The event schedule will be posted soon. Check the links below and get involved. Video on YouTube.

Francisco Alvarez Munoz, Oracle ACE Director & President of the APAC Oracle User Community

Jim Grisanzio, Oracle Developer Relations




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Oracle ACE Director Rita Nunez Previews the 2021 LAOUC Evento de Primavera

Jim Grisanzio from Oracle Developer Relations talks with Oracle ACE Director Rita Nunez from Argentina to preview the upcoming 2021 LAOUC Evento de Primavera November 9-10. The event will be held online in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, and it's free and open to developers globally. Technologies discussed will be Oracle Database, security, APEX, Java, development tools, cloud, and more. Get involved here.

Rita Nunez, Oracle ACE Director

Jim Grisanzio, Oracle Developer Relations




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Students Share Mixed Reviews on Childhood Show Reboots

Show reboots can be a hit-or-miss when released because they may not live up to the original. Students share their opinions on reboots they have watched and whether they support the continuation of reboots being produced.

The post Students Share Mixed Reviews on Childhood Show Reboots appeared first on Pepperdine Graphic.




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ABR Previews Single Chip Solution for Speech Recognition

Applied Brain Research's self-contained, single-chip speech recognition solution?can perform real-time low latency automatic speech recognition.




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Portnox survey reveals CISO’s views on job security, zero trust, multi-factor authentication and more

Portnox, provider of cloud-native, zero trust access control solutions, today unveiled the results of its latest survey, ‘CISO Perspectives for 2025’, revealing critical insights into the challenges faced by Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) at large enterprises.




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Interviews with Survivors of the Armenian Genocide

Interviews with Survivors of the Armenian Genocide



  • Armenian Genocide History

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A Drive to St. Michaels Leads to Historical Homes and Bay Views

The waterfront town on Maryland’s Eastern Shore provides a timeless getaway for nature seekers and admirers of early American history and architecture.




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Danielle Smith and disinformation; scented candle reviews as COVID indicator; a surgeon in Tigray and more

What Danielle Smith posted on her subscribers-only social media; how litter boxes in schools became a Republican talking point; Yankee scented candle reviews as COVID indicator; a surgeon struggles to care for patients through Ethiopia's civil war; Brent Bambury returns and more.



  • Radio/Day 6

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On consulting and stakeholder interviews




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All Recent Reviews and Interviews

Most recent Reviews and Interviews




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St. Vincent Previews New Album With 'El Mero Cero'

St. Vincent has released the new single 'El Mero Cero,' a Spanish language version of her song 'Big Time Nothing.'




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New Product Reviews

New reviews have been added to our Reviews section. These are: AVG Anti-Virus + Firewall, AVG Anti-Malware and Kaspersky Anti-Virus. These reviews are not in depth reviews like the reviews done on the Internet Security products, they only give the user a basic overview of the differences between these products and the more comprehensive versions that's available.




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Letters: Quit complaining about traffic, views and thank Kroenke for building homes

Stop your self-centered whining, and let’s get on with the job of building more badly needed housing. And thank the Kroenkes’ for investing in Denver’s housing stock.






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The Book Club: “God of the Woods” and more short reviews from readers

Liz Moore’s latest suspense novel is so compelling I pretty much couldn’t put it down.




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The Book Club: “Held,” “Shelterwood” and more short reviews from readers

It’s rare that I read a book in one day, but Held's writing grabbed me and held on.




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The Book Club: “The Comfort of Ghosts” and more short reviews from readers

Sadly, this is the final installment of the Maisie Dobbs mystery series.





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62 Million Views On Mr Beast Bermuda Video

American YouTuber Mr Beast has filmed one of his popular challenges on the island, entitled: “I buried treasure in the Bermuda Triangle.” Mr Beast, whose real name is Jimmy Donaldson, is one of the biggest social media influencers in the world, with 167 million subscribers on YouTube, 85 million followers on TikTok and 39 million […]




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Book Reviews: 'The Red Hourglass' and 'The Book of Deadly Animals'

"It's a brutal world for all of us, really, and some aspects of it are not comfortable for the sentimental or the squeamish. Somehow that's never dimmed my love for all animals. I celebrate their beauty, even the darker side of it." (Introduction, The Book of Deadly Animals)

"The predators far outnumbered the vegetarians."
(last words, The Red Hourglass: Lives of the Predators)

It's October, the "spooky" month with Halloween at the end of it; I sometimes take advantage of that to bring to light something a bit more horror themed than the usual Flayrah fare.

This year, I'd like to share the non-fiction books of Gordon Grice, which are about animals and their sometimes very tense relationship with man, because they are some of the scariest things I've ever read, and so appropriate enough under the "it's about animals and it's spooky" month to stretch the boundaries of what a furry publication can cover. Furthermore, from a personal angle, Grice spent much of his life where I'm originally from, the Oklahoma Panhandle (we share a birth town), and I occasionally like to shine a light on what would be to me local authors.

"The Red Hourglass: Lives of the Predators", Delacourte Press, 1998, 259 pages, Kindle $5.99, hardcover $19.32, paperback $17.10
"The Book of Deadly Animals", Penguin Books Ltd., 2010, xxvii + 383 pages, Kindle $4.99, paperback $24.00, illustrated, originally published as Deadly Kingdom

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Robert F. Kennedy Jr. interviews Matt Taibbi about censorship and the Twitter files




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Toronto International Film Festival 2021 Capsule Reviews



Another weird year, another weird TIFF. This year the festival brought back more in-person events while also running a version of their at-home streaming track. Valerie and I did the on-line version, which this time was restricted to a maximum of 20 titles.

For years TIFF has been intentionally or otherwise making it incrementally more difficult to do the event diehard style, as we have always done. Often it announces changes that blindside longtime loyalists—sometimes, as this year, after they’ve purchased their expensive memberships and ticket packages. This time around they surprised us by taking a tier of titles that any other year would be available through the package we purchased and moving them into a premium package previously reserved for the most publicized Gala films. For good measure, they threw in a couple of other medium-sized irritants.

To recreate something closer to our usual experience, we programmed another 25 titles already available on streaming platforms. Some actually played TIFF in the past; others were the types of movies that could have played the fest but didn’t.

I’m glad that we did, because the TIFF titles we were allowed to choose from included all of the duds of a normal year and none of the surprise masterpieces. Granted, it was a miracle that any films got made this year, and those that did tended toward the sorts of modest chamber pieces that could be produced under COVID protocol conditions.

This year crystallized a gradually growing realization we’ve been trying to suppress. So much has changed in the world of international cinema, from the festival’s position in their life cycle, to their subsequent availability, and even the style of the movies themselves, has completely changed since we started doing this in the mid 80s.

We have always gone to the fest for great films that we could otherwise never see, and started doing it in the VHS era. We don’t care about seeing things before anyone else does, or seeing the stars wave at us from the stage beforehand, or hearing audience members ask directors rambling questions afterwards. Even the virtues of a big screen experience are blunted by a dirty secret — a packed TIFF venue is not actually an ideal place to see a movie. Talkers and smartphone screens abound in every screening, and the bigger venues they convert into movie theaters for ten days are universally terrible.

You’d think that programming films from existing streaming platforms eliminates the other key part of fest-going, the surprise from out of nowhere. Except we got more of those with our alternate schedule than we did with the official titles this year.

In other words, after 36 years we are retiring from our vacation. Next year we’ll be doing a fully alternate replica of TIFF as we think of it from the past. The old rodeo is dead. Long live the new rodeo.

Here then is my final set of Toronto International Film Festival capsule reviews.

(Capsules for the 2021 Robin and Valerie International Film Festival will drop over time in Ken and Robin Consume Media.)

Recommended

Murina (Croatia, Antoneta Alamat Kusijanović) Teen (Gracija Filipovic) chafes at the agitated authority of her command-barking father (Leon Lucev) as he hosts a rich, glamorous old friend (Cliff Curtis) to try to sell him on a resort proposal. Taut, superbly acted family drama set against the stunning yet slightly sinister beauty of the rocky Croatian coastline.

Saloum (Senegal, Jean Luc Herbulot) Three gunslingers—the mastermind, the hard case, and the magic user—take an unscheduled pit stop at an eccentric communal resort, which harbors horrible secrets of both the man-made and supernatural varieties. Gorgeously shot, tightly edited contemporary horror western with political resonance and cool monster design.

Compartment No. 6 (Finland, Juho Kuosmanen) Traveling alone on a trip she was supposed to take with her Muscovite professor girlfriend, a Finnish archaeology student finds herself sharing a compartment on the train to Murmansk with a loutish miner. Naturalistic light romantic drama of human connection overcoming barriers of class and personality.

OUT OF SYNC (Spain, Juanjo Giménez Peña) Isolated sound mixer (Marta Nieto) is unnerved to suffer a strange delay in her hearing, which becomes all the more inexplicable as it worsens. Realist weird tale makes smart use of cinema’s relationship between sight and sound. 

Zalava (Iran, Arsalan Amiri) In pre-Revolutionary Iranian Kurdistan, a pig-headed police sergeant interferes with a djinn exorcism, sparking village hysteria. Tale of communal terror and its hazards generates suspense by skillfully modulating its pace.

Vengeance is Mine, All Others Pay Cash (Indonesia, Edwin) After meeting cute by beating the crap out of each other at a construction site, two lovers navigate the vicissitudes of fidelity, vengeance, and impotence. A martial arts flick that isn’t an action movie, but rather an allegorical romantic drama with elements of satire and magic realism to go with its bruising 70s style fights.

Hold Your Fire (US, Stefan Forbes) Documentary recreates the 1973 robbery-turned-hostage incident in which a group of young black Sunni men hoped to steal guns from a sporting goods shop to protect themselves from the Nation of Islam, in which the beginnings of hostage negotiation techniques were created and implemented on the fly. Archival footage and compelling retrospective interviews illuminate a complicated narrative with resonances into the present day.

A Banquet (UK, Ruth Paxton) After her husband’s death, a brittle woman (Sienna Guillory) struggles with her eldest daughter’s (Jessica Alexander) visionary transformation, which has taken away her need to eat. Slow burn realist cosmic horror filters eating disorders, emotional control and female rage.

Kicking Blood (Canada, Blaine Thurier) Vampire (Alanna Bale) connects with a detoxing alcoholic, prompting her to reconsider preying on humans. Frosty supernatural indie drama extends the vampire-as-addiction metaphor.

Yuni (Indonesia, Kamila Andini) High schooler with a yen for purple chafes at the narrow expectations her religious school, family and village have for her.  Observational social drama enlivened by a vivid color palette.

Good

The Daughter (Spain, Manuel Martín Cuenca) Teacher at a juvenile detention center helps a pregnant 14-year old escape so she can live secretly with him and his wife at their mountain home and give them the baby when it is born. Ultra-restrained domestic thriller could stand a notch or two less restraint.

Dug Dug (India, Ritwik Pareek)  A local saint cult springs up when a motorbike keeps mysteriously returning to the site of its owner’s death. Gentle satire of faith and religious merchandising shows the sort of color and verve that raises hopes for a fresh wave of Indian art cinema.

Tug of War (Tanzania, Amil Shivji) A callow Marxist subversive falls for an Indian girl who has escaped her arranged marriage in British-controlled 1950s Zanzibar. Political romantic drama adopts the language of classic Hollywood glamor, albeit without the magnetic movie star performances the style depends on. Based on a classic Tanzanian novel.

Okay

Earwig (France, Lucile Hadžihalilović) In a creepy manor, an anxious loner (Paul Hilton) looks after a girl with teeth made of ice, at the behest of mysterious masters. The director’s first English language film pushes her dream narratives of childhood transformation into the far fringes of austerity.

Not Recommended

You Are Not My Mother (Ireland, Kate Dolan) A withdrawn teen’s depressed mother briefly disappears, prefiguring the revelation of a supernatural family secret. Contemporary folk horror with stronger direction than script, with extensive foreshadowing genre fans will be well ahead of and an inactive menace that doesn’t do enough to propel the story.

Snakehead (US, Evan Jackson Leong) Smuggled immigrant (Shuya Chang) works off her debt by acting as the right hand to the matriarch (Jade Wu) of an NYC Chinatown crime family. Socially conscious gangland drama features the bane of longtime documentarians turning their hand to fiction:  awkward, exposition-heavy scripting.

Arthur Rambo (France, Laurent Cantet) Rising literary star (Rabah Nait Oufella) plummets when the hate-filled tweets of his old alter ego resurface. Refined, uncinematic debate film presents thesis, antithesis, and credits.

Medusa (Brazil, Anita Rocha da Silveira) Member of AN ultra-right Christian school’s violent, pallid-masked theocratic girl gang  goes undercover at a coma ward in search of a disfigured model. Overlong, unfocused political allegory references the horror genre, chiefly by adopting Dario Argento’s color palette.

After Blue (Dirty Paradise) (France, Bertrand Mandico) On a psychedelic alien world, a young outcast (Paula Luna) frees the statuesque, wish-granting death-dealer Kate Bush and she must accompany her hairdresser mother (Elina Löwensohn) on a quest to hunt her down. Invokes the spirits of Jodorowsky and Barbarella for a sleepwalk trudge through an arbitrary sequence of dream-logic events. Like its influences it is perhaps intended for a chemically altered audience.

La Soga 2 (US, Manny Perez) Dominican hitman (Perez) has gotten out and is living with a devoted new girlfriend, until a corrupt CIA officer pulls him back in. Scrappy microbudget crime flick is Dominican. 








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Posting Fake Reviews For Companies on Services or Products

Driving more reviews to your profile for a local listing has always been a great way and still is a great way to increase your local listing visibility. The problem with this is when people started trying to game the system by posting fake reviews. Some companies were posting so many reviews that Google had […]




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Tesseract home has views of the mountain and city

The spirit of sustainability and being eco-friendly is all about using what's already there. Use a piece of land the way it is, without hanging it to suit the needs of a building. In the spirit of reclaiming wood, repurposing furniture and making use of everything the Tesseract was created. This home is a beautiful reboot of a former bachelor pad turned beautiful multi-person home. It's warm, inviting and modern.[...]




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Trump Embraces RFK Jr.’s Views on Vaccines, Fluoride

In the waning days of his campaign, former President Donald Trump has further embraced some of Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s incorrect or controversial views on health, including vaccines and fluoride.

The post Trump Embraces RFK Jr.’s Views on Vaccines, Fluoride appeared first on FactCheck.org.




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Lost World reviews video

Reviews of The Cure's Songs of a Lost World. Video sent out by The Cure via Whatsapp.




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If You Think Blocking People Over Political Views Is Petty, Just Wait Until You See The Other Reasons People Shared




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WITHDRAWN: The Fundamental And Pathological Importance Of Oxysterol Binding Protein And Its Related Proteins [Thematic Reviews]

This article has been withdrawn by the authors as part of this review overlapped with the contents of Pietrangelo A and Ridgway ND. 2018. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 75; 3079-98.




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Fatty acid oxidation and photoreceptor metabolic needs [Thematic Reviews]

Photoreceptors have high energy-demands and a high density of mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of fuel substrates. Although glucose is the major fuel for central nervous system (CNS) brain neurons, in photoreceptors (also CNS), most glucose is not metabolized through OXPHOS but is instead metabolized into lactate by aerobic glycolysis. The major fuel sources for photoreceptor mitochondria remained unclear for almost six decades. Similar to other tissues (like heart and skeletal muscle) with high metabolic rates, photoreceptors were recently found to metabolize fatty acids (palmitate) through OXPHOS. Disruption of lipid entry into photoreceptors leads to extracellular lipid accumulation, suppressed glucose transporter expression, and a duel lipid/glucose fuel shortage. Modulation of lipid metabolism helps restore photoreceptor function. However, further elucidation of the types of lipids used as retinal energy sources, the metabolic interaction with other fuel pathways, as well as the crosstalk among retinal cells to provide energy to photoreceptors is not yet known. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of photoreceptor energy demand and sources, and potential future investigations of photoreceptor metabolism.




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Bisretinoid phospholipid and vitamin A aldehyde: Shining a light [Thematic Reviews]

Vitamin A aldehyde covalently bound to opsin protein is embedded in a phospholipid-rich membrane that supports photon absorption and phototransduction in photoreceptor cell outer segments. Following absorption of a photon, the 11-cis-retinal chromophore of visual pigment in photoreceptor cells isomerizes to all-trans-retinal. To maintain photosensitivity 11-cis-retinal must be replaced. At the same time, however, all-trans-retinal has to be handled so as to prevent nonspecific aldehyde activity. Some molecules of retinaldehyde upon release from opsin are efficiently reduced to retinol. Other molecules are released into the lipid phase of the disc membrane where they form a conjugate (N-retinylidene-PE, NRPE) through a Schiff base linkage with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The reversible formation of NRPE serves as a transient sink for retinaldehyde that is intended to return retinaldehyde to the visual cycle. However, if instead of hydrolyzing to PE and retinaldehyde, NRPE reacts with a second molecule of retinaldehyde a synthetic pathway is initiated that leads to the formation of multiple species of unwanted bisretinoid fluorophores. We report on recently identified members of the bisretinoid family some of which differ with respect to the acyl chains associated with the glycerol backbone. We discuss processing of the lipid moieties of these fluorophores in lysosomes of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, their fluorescence characters and new findings related to light and iron-associated oxidation of bisretinoids.




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Retinoids in the visual cycle: Role of the retinal G protein-coupled receptor [Thematic Reviews]

Driven by the energy of a photon, the visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptor cells isomerize 11-cis-retinal to the all-trans configuration. This photochemical reaction initiates the signal transduction pathway that eventually leads to the transmission of a visual signal to the brain and leaves the opsins insensitive to further light stimulation. For the eye to restore light sensitivity, opsins require recharging with 11-cis-retinal. This trans–cis back conversion is achieved through a series of enzymatic reactions composing the retinoid (visual) cycle. Although it is evident that the classical retinoid cycle is critical for vision, the existence of an adjunct pathway for 11-cis-retinal regeneration has been debated for many years. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)–retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) has been identified previously as a mammalian retinaldehyde photoisomerase homologous to retinochrome found in invertebrates. Using pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical approaches, researchers have now established the physiological relevance of the RGR in 11-cis-retinal regeneration. The photoisomerase activity of RGR in the RPE and Müller glia explains how the eye can remain responsive in daylight. In this review, we will focus on retinoid metabolism in the eye and visual chromophore regeneration mediated by RGR.  




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Signaling roles of phosphoinositides in the retina [Thematic Reviews]

The field of phosphoinositide signaling has expanded significantly in recent years. Phosphoinositides (PIs) are universal signaling molecules that directly interact with membrane proteins or with cytosolic proteins containing domains that directly bind phosphoinositides and are recruited to cell membranes. Through the activities of PI kinases and PI phosphatases, seven distinct phosphoinositide lipid molecules are formed from the parent molecule phosphatidylinositol. PI signals regulate a wide range of cellular functions, including cytoskeletal assembly, membrane binding and fusion, ciliogenesis, vesicular transport, and signal transduction. Given the many excellent reviews on phosphoinositide kinases, phosphoinositide phosphatases, and PIs in general, in this review, we discuss recent studies and advances in PI lipid signaling in the retina. We specifically focus on PI lipids from vertebrate (e.g. bovine, rat, mice, toad, and zebrafish) and invertebrate (e.g. drosophila, horseshoe crab, and squid) retinas. We also discuss the importance of PIs revealed from animal models and human diseases, and methods to study PI levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that future studies should investigate the function and mechanism of activation of PI-modifying enzymes/phosphatases and further unravel PI regulation and function in the different cell types of the retina.




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Lipid Conformational Order and the Etiology of Cataract and Dry Eye [Thematic Reviews]

     Lens and tear film lipids are as unique as the systems they reside in. The major lipid of the human lens is dihydrosphingomylein, found in quantity only in the lens. The lens contains a cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio as high as 10:1, more than anywhere in the body. Lens lipids contribute to maintaining lens clarity, and alterations in lens lipid composition due to age are likely to contribute to cataract. Lens lipid composition reflects adaptations to the unique characteristics of the lens: no turnover of lens lipids or proteins; the lowest amount of oxygen than any other tissue and contains almost no intracellular organelles. The tear film lipid layer (TFLL) is also unique. The TFLL is a thin, 100 nm layer of lipid on the surface of tears covering the cornea that contributes to tear film stability. The major lipids of the TFLL are wax esters and cholesterol esters that are not found in the lens. The hydrocarbon chains associated with the esters are longer than those found anywhere in the body, as long as 32 carbons, and many are branched. Changes in the composition and structure of the 30,000 different moieties of TFLL contribute to the instability of tears. The focus of the current review is how spectroscopy has been used to elucidate the relationships between lipid composition, conformational order and function and the etiology of cataract and dry eye.