Fixed targets (`chips') offer efficient, high-throughput microcrystal delivery for serial crystallography at synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). Within this family, sheet-on-sheet (SOS) chips offer noteworthy advantages in cost, adaptability, universality and ease of crystal loading. We describe our latest generation of SOS devices, which are now in active use at both synchrotrons and XFELs.

Serial crystallography (SX) efficiently distributes over many crystals the radiation dose absorbed during diffraction data acquisition, enabling structure determination of samples at ambient temperature. SX relies on the rapid and reliable replacement of X-ray-exposed crystals with fresh crystals at a rate commensurate with the data acquisition rate. `Solid supports', also known as `fixed targets' or `chips', offer one approach. These are microscopically thin solid panes into or onto which crystals are deposited to be individually interrogated by an X-ray beam. Solid supports are generally patterned using photolithography methods to produce a regular array of features that trap single crystals. A simpler and less expensive alternative is to merely sandwich the microcrystals between two unpatterned X-ray-transparent polymer sheets. Known as sheet-on-sheet (SOS) chips, these offer significantly more versatility. SOS chips place no constraint on the size or size distribution of the microcrystals or their growth conditions. Crystals ranging from true nanocrystals up to microcrystals can be investigated, as can crystals grown in media ranging from low viscosity (aqueous solution) up to high viscosity (such as lipidic cubic phase). Here, we describe our two SOS devices. The first is a compact and lightweight version designed specifically for synchrotron use. It incorporates a standard SPINE-type magnetic base for mounting on a conventional macromolecular crystallography goniometer. The second and larger chip is intended for both X-ray free-electron laser and synchrotron use and is fully compatible with the fast-scanning XY-raster stages developed for data collection with patterned chips.

A plug-flow fixed-bed cell for synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) idoneous for the study of heterogeneous catalysts at high temperature, pressure and under gas flow is designed, constructed and demonstrated. The operating conditions up to 1000°C and 50 bar are ensured by a set of mass flow controllers, pressure regulators and two infra-red lamps that constitute a robust and ultra-fast heating and cooling method. The performance of the system and cell for carbon dioxide hydrogenation reactions under specified temperatures, gas flows and pressures is demonstrated both for PXRD and XAFS at the P02.1 (PXRD) and the P64 (XAFS) beamlines of the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY).

X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) light sources have enabled the rapid growth of time-resolved structural experiments, which provide crucial information on the function of macromolecules and their mechanisms. Here, the aim was to commission the SwissMX fixed-target sample-delivery system at the SwissFEL Cristallina experimental station using the PSI-developed micro-structured polymer (MISP) chip for pump–probe time-resolved experiments. To characterize the system, crystals of the light-sensitive protein light–oxygen–voltage domain 1 (LOV1) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were used. Using different experimental settings, the accidental illumination, referred to as light contamination, of crystals mounted in wells adjacent to those illuminated by the pump laser was examined. It was crucial to control the light scattering from and through the solid supports otherwise significant contamination occurred. However, the results here show that the opaque MISP chips are suitable for defined pump–probe studies of a light-sensitive protein. The experiment also probed the sub-millisecond structural dynamics of LOV1 and indicated that at Δt = 10 µs a covalent thio­ether bond is established between reactive Cys57 and its flavin mononucleotide cofactor. This experiment validates the crystals to be suitable for in-depth follow-up studies of this still poorly understood signal-transduction mechanism. Importantly, the fixed-target delivery system also permitted a tenfold reduction in protein sample consumption compared with the more common high-viscosity extrusion-based delivery system. This development creates the prospect of an increase in XFEL project throughput for the field.

Compared with batch and vapor diffusion methods, counter diffusion can generate larger and higher-quality protein crystals yielding improved diffraction data and higher-resolution structures. Typically, counter-diffusion experiments are conducted in elongated chambers, such as glass capillaries, and the crystals are either directly measured in the capillary or extracted and mounted at the X-ray beamline. Despite the advantages of counter-diffusion protein crystallization, there are few fixed-target devices that utilize counter diffusion for crystallization. In this article, different designs of user-friendly counter-diffusion chambers are presented which can be used to grow large protein crystals in a 2D polymer microfluidic fixed-target chip. Methods for rapid chip fabrication using commercially available thin-film materials such as Mylar, propyl­ene and Kapton are also detailed. Rules of thumb are provided to tune the nucleation and crystal growth to meet users' needs while minimizing sample consumption. These designs provide a reliable approach to forming large crystals and maintaining their hydration for weeks and even months. This allows ample time to grow, select and preserve the best crystal batches before X-ray beam time. Importantly, the fixed-target microfluidic chip has a low background scatter and can be directly used at beamlines without any crystal handling, enabling crystal quality to be preserved. The approach is demonstrated with serial diffraction of photoactive yellow protein, yielding 1.32 Å resolution at room temperature. Fabrication of this standard microfluidic chip with commercially available thin films greatly simplifies fabrication and provides enhanced stability under vacuum. These advances will further broaden microfluidic fixed-target utilization by crystallographers.

Using a 5 µm-diameter X-ray beam, we collected scanning X-ray microdiffraction in both the small-angle (SAXS) and the wide-angle (WAXS) regimes from thin sections of fixed human brain tissue from Alzheimer's subjects. The intensity of scattering in the SAXS regime of these patterns exhibits essentially no correlation with the observed intensity in the WAXS regime, indicating that the structures responsible for these two portions of the diffraction patterns, which reflect different length scales, are distinct. SAXS scattering exhibits a power-law behavior in which the log of intensity decreases linearly with the log of the scattering angle. The slope of the log–log curve is roughly proportional to the intensity in the SAXS regime and, surprisingly, inversely proportional to the intensity in the WAXS regime. We interpret these observations as being due to the presence of sub-micrometre-sized voids formed during dehydration of the fixed tissue. The SAXS intensity is due largely to scattering from these voids, while the WAXS intensity derives from the secondary structures of macromolecular material surrounding the voids. The ability to detect and map the presence of voids within thin sections of fixed tissue has the potential to provide novel information on the degradation of human brain tissue in neurodegenerative diseases.

Tool Tips—December 2018

Recently, while doing an emergency water heater replacement, I needed some lube for the small O-rings on the mixing valve. 

The U.S. EPA's "Fix A Leak Week" runs March 18-24.

The IAPMO Water Demand Calculator has faced challenges due to exclusions from its documentation and calculations, causing difficulties for engineers in luxury apartment buildings.

An installer is asked to pipe up two larger commercial air handlers supplied by a dual boiler setup. 

A heating designer is asked to create a three zone radiant floor heating system using a 5-ton (60,000 Btu/h) geothermal heat pump as the primary heat source, and a mod/con boiler as the auxiliary heat source. 

An installer recently read about the benefits of piping a buffer tank in a “2-pipe” configuration.  

Figure 1 shows the piping layout for an actual installation. It uses two boilers, fired in stages, to supply three areas of a building. 

An installer is asked to connect a single speed geothermal water-to-water heat pump to a highly-zoned low temperature hydronic distribution system.

What is finally going to fix things at your company? 

The industrial gas safety series will further provide partners and customers with the ability to protect employees and their facilities when working near both toxic and hazardous gases.

According to Dr Eric Chun-Pu Chu, DC PhD, of Chiropractic Doctors Association of Hong Kong (CDAHK), people spend about 6 hours a day gazing at their mobile phones, which can cause major text-neck aches and numbness.

The first FIX Innovation Awards Media Day: IR pitches and Q&A sessions from 8 FIX Innovation Award-winning companies, 11 representatives from 9 global news media, and reporters from 5 Korean news outlets.

Ash Shetty, CFA, is a distinguished expert in fixed-income analysis affiliated with PineBridge Investments

Revolutionizing Crypto Investments: FIPCOIN's Monthly Dividend Model Distributes Profits On Time!

Mayor Hong highlighted the comprehensive conference and business programs involving over 80 experts worldwide, adding, "FIX 2024 will set a new standard for Korea's technology expos."

At the FIX Innovation Awards, 9 companies were awarded the Grand Innovation Award, and 27 were awarded the Innovation Award. Daegu and EXCO laid the foundation for fostering innovative technology in mobility, IT, and robotics technologies.

Daegu Metropolitan City hosts the 'Future Innovation Tech Expo 2024 (FIX 2024)' at EXCO from Wednesday, October 23, to Saturday, October 26. Attendees explored cutting-edge technologies that will shape the future.

Leawo just released the latest version of Prof. Media for Mac v13.0.3. This new update fixed audio missing issue in 5.1 Audio AAC output, and the issue of disc menu template turning to be only 5-second long after adding custom menu background.

Katherine Gehl, a former CEO and the founder of the Institute for Political Innovation, and Michael Porter, a professor at Harvard Business School, apply his Five Forces framework to explain why U.S. politics are dysfunctional. They argue that the Republican and Democratic parties make up an industry duopoly with high barriers to entry and low consumer power, and that the resulting lack of competition incentivizes these two dominant players to avoid compromises with majority support. Gehl and Porter provide specific innovations on how to enhance competition and better serve the public, including nonpartisan primary elections and ranked-choice voting. Gehl and Porter are coauthors of the new book “The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy” and the HBR article “Fixing U.S. Politics."

CEOs get a ton of credit or blame for a company’s performance. But the entire leadership team is vital to success, and any dysfunction is often overlooked. Sometimes the CEOs leading them don’t even see that they’re not working. Thomas Keil, management professor at the University of Zurich, and Marianna Zangrillo, a partner at The Next Advisors, have interviewed more than 100 CEOs and senior executives. Their research identifies three main types of failing leadership teams: shark tanks, petting zoos, and mediocracies. And they identify the pitfalls of each pattern and how to turn those teams around. Keil and Zangrillo wrote the HBR article "Why Leadership Teams Fail."

If you have an inkjet printer you have inevitably had clogged nozzles.  My experience has only been with Epson printers, and it certainly occurs with some frequency.  The vast majority of times they are fixed with a cleaning cycle…..but sometimes you get a stubborn clog that just doesn’t want to open up.  Want to see […]

What if the secret to unlocking your best creative self was as simple as putting yourself first? There’s this catchy phrase in finance called “Pay Yourself First,” which means setting aside savings before paying any bills. But I believe this concept extends far beyond finances. When we’re constantly pulled in a million directions, learning to quote “pay yourself first” is a simple reminder: Don’t forget about you. Why We Feel Burned Out As creators, our lives are filled with endless projects, tight deadlines, and the constant pressure to innovate. It’s exhilarating but can also be exhausting. How many times have you put off the things you truly want to do—or need to do—for yourself until the end of the day when you’re already tired and wasted? We push ourselves to the brink, squeezing our passions and self-care into the leftover minutes of our days, and then wonder why we feel burned out, unfulfilled, or exhausted. Signs You’re Putting Yourself Last Let’s talk about the signs that you’re caught in this trap of self-neglect. Feeling constantly tired, even after a full night’s sleep, is a big one. Struggling to fall asleep or waking up frequently throughout the night might also ring...

The post Signs You’re Putting Yourself Last (+ How to Fix It) first appeared on Chase Jarvis.

The post Signs You’re Putting Yourself Last (+ How to Fix It) appeared first on Chase Jarvis.

While WordPress is generally user-friendly, some common errors can occur. Fortunately, your WordPress issue has likely been reported and resolved already. We all appreciate WordPress, but it can sometimes be frustrating. It’s unpleasant when our site crashes due to the [...]

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The post 5 Common WordPress Issues and How to Fix Them first appeared on CSS Reset.

ETSI launches new group on 5th generation Fixed Network shifting the paradigm from Fibre to the Home to Fiber to Everything Everywhere

Sophia Antipolis, 26 February 2020

ETSI announces today the launch of a new group dedicated to specifying the fifth generation of Fixed Network (ETSI ISG F5G). In a launch via an online press and industry briefing yesterday, various speakers expressed their view on the need for standardization in this area.

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ETSI Fifth Generation Fixed Network White Paper paves the way for Fibre to Everywhere and Everything

Sophia Antipolis, 30 September 2020

The ETSI ISG F5G (Fifth Generation Fixed Network) has released a White Paper that sets the scene for the evolution of on-premise, fixed access, and aggregation networks. In this White Paper, ETSI presents the vision, value, use cases, features, and technologies of F5G, aiming to foster a global effort to realize its full potential.

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ETSI launches first specification for the 5th Generation Fixed Network, F5G technology landscape

Sophia Antipolis, 23 September 2021

ETSI's 5^th Generation Fixed Network group (F5G ISG) has just released its first specification, ETSI GS F5G 003, entitled F5G Technology Landscape. In this specification, the ISG studies the technical requirements, existing standards and gaps for 10 different new use cases, for home, enterprises or industrial needs.

ETSI GS F5G 003 use cases include PON (passive optical network) on-premises and passive optical LAN. In this case, a PON system could connect end devices (like HDTV, HD surveillance cameras and VR/AR helmets) and provide higher data rate, better coordination and controlled latency than current Ethernet and Wi-Fi mesh.

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ETSI releases first specification on 5^th Generation Fixed Network (F5G) architecture

Sophia Antipolis, 12 May 2022

ETSI's 5^th Generation Fixed Network group (ISG F5G) has released its first specification for F5G Network Architecture ETSI GS F5G 004. This architecture will deliver a variety of services to residential and business customers over a single physical network with guaranteed SLAs (service level agreements).

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ETSI publishes a new white paper on Fixed 5^th generation advanced

Sophia Antipolis, 22 September 2022

Members from the ETSI Fixed 5^th generation (F5G) group have just published a new white paper “F5G advanced and beyond”. This white paper describes the drivers, dimensions, and technologies of the F5G advanced and beyond.

Nine key applications or industry trends are identified as key drivers for F5G Advanced. These can be grouped into two categories: those that are oriented towards services and applications, and those that are directed towards network transformation. Ultra-high-definition immersive experience services could put many new requirements on the network. Enterprises will continue their digitization and cloudification, and this is a huge opportunity for fixed networks.

Read More...

Sophia Antipolis, 28 August 2023

ETSI is pleased to announce the completion of its Release 2 specifications on Fifth Generation Fixed Network (F5G). Building upon the accomplishments of Release 1, the ETSI F5G group has introduced an array of additional features that bring fiber fixed networks into the next level.

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#solo12fraud

How do you mend a broken bill? On this classic episode, we visit the Mutilated Currency Division.

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When Cody Fischer decided to get into real estate development, he had a vision. He wanted to build affordable, energy efficient apartments in Minneapolis, not far from where he grew up.

His vision was well-timed because, in 2019, Minneapolis's city council passed one of the most ambitious housing plans in the nation. One aim of that plan was to alleviate the city's housing shortage by encouraging developers like Cody to build, build, build.

But when Cody tried to build, he ran into problems. The kinds of problems that arise all over the country when cities confront a short supply of housing, and try to build their way out.

Today on the show, NIMBYism, YIMBYism and why it's so hard to fix the housing shortage. Told through the story of two apartment buildings in Minneapolis.

This episode was hosted by Amanda Aronczyk and Kenny Malone. It was produced by Emma Peaslee and Sofia Shchukina, and edited by Molly Messick. It was engineered by James Willets and fact-checked by Sierra Juarez. Alex Goldmark is Planet Money's executive producer.

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When problems arise, it's tempting to wait for someone else to address it. But sometimes, the only person who can fix it... is you. This hour, TED speakers share ideas on how to do it yourself. Guests include physicist and engineer Kate Stone, humanitarian programmer Tiffani Ashley Bell, builder and youth educator Emily Pilloton-Lam and videographer Jack Corbett. Original broadcast date: May 5, 2023.

TED Radio Hour+ subscribers now get access to bonus episodes, with more ideas from TED speakers and a behind the scenes look with our producers. A Plus subscription also lets you listen to regular episodes (like this one!) without sponsors. Sign-up at: plus.npr.org/ted

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Unhealthy competition is at the root of political dysfunction. A famous business framework can help identify the best ways to fix it.

R&R Fixtures offers modular CMM, white light/ laser scanner fixturing tables up to 60 x 120 in. (1,500mm x 3000mm) in size to accommodate any size of part your application may need.

REGO-FIX, a Swiss toolholding company and inventor of the standard-setting ER collet, has partnered with tool measuring and management solution company Omega TMM for the creation of ORION powered by REGO-FIX – a tool measuring machine using REGO-FIX’s powRgrip® toolholding system with Omega TMM’s presetting technology.

Timely refrigeration repairs are crucial to avoid product loss; temporary fixes can sometimes keep systems running until parts arrive.

Learn how a business that struggled with outages, performance problems, and an inability to ship overcame their problems by introducing monitoring, docker, continuous integration, and some fresh perspectives.

To live up to its stated ideals, the United States must finally cede power to the people.

AI is trained on data from our health care system as it exists, which means the data is contaminated by racial, economic, and regional disparities. But there are solutions.

These are the input data for the following calculation: An office area has length: 20 meter; meter; meter. The ceiling to desk is 2 meters. The area is to be illuminated to a general level of 250 lux using twin... Read more

The post An example of calculating the number of indoor lighting fixtures appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

With a population of just 1,400, the new Councilors say it could take years to raise the money for some of these projects.

The post Gordonsville’s two new town councilors want to fix sidewalks, build a park and address issues with the town’s water supply appeared first on Charlottesville Tomorrow.