Among the small businesses shuttered by shelter-in-place orders are two of Georgia’s historic art-house theaters. How are these independent cinemas surviving, and innovating, now that their screens have gone dark? Christopher Escobar, owner of Atlanta’s Plaza Theatre and executive director of the Atlanta Film Society, said that business had already been slowing down for about two weeks prior to their closing. And Pamela Kohn, executive director of Ciné in Athens, said their decision to shut down the theater was difficult, but necessary.

Another cog in the supply chain disrupted by the pandemic: diapers. And as struggling families with young children face more challenges to making ends meet, one local group has stepped up to help. Just over five years ago, Jamie Lackey was a social worker, nonprofit professional and mother, when she noticed gaps in services for families in need, particularly when it came to baby supplies. Financial assistance programs like SNAP, for example, don’t allow for purchasing diapers and other essentials.

Artists and arts organizations were quick to adapt to coronavirus. Museum tours, operas, Broadway shows, author talks, home concerts and classes for kids sprung up online shortly after closures were announced. But as the dust begins to settle on our new normal, many worry about the long-term economic impact and outlook for the artists, performers and independent organizations essential to the cultural ecosystem. Doug Shipman , president and CEO of the Woodruff Arts Center, joined On Second Thought to talk about how the coronavirus pandemic is affecting the arts world now – economically, culturally, and artistically – and how that might change as things open back up.

For nearly 15 years, National Medal of the Arts award-winning poet and author Julia Alvarez has focused on writing picture books and novels for children. But earlier this year, she published her first novel for adults in more than a decade, called Afterlife . The protagonist, Antonia Vega, is a woman in her late 60s reckoning with isolation and her new identity after her husband’s sudden death. In a world upended by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and wrestling with its own kind of communal grief, the themes of the novel resonate in ways that Alvarez never could have predicted.

From pit bulls to political humor and feminist literature to Folsom State Prison, we’ve got five more stories from the On Second Thought archive to help you weather another Monday. 1) One Man's Mission To Protect 'The Dog America Loves To Hate' This past January, we interviewed Jason Flatt, founder of the Dallas, Georgia-based “ Friends of the Forlorn” Pitbull Rescue . Flatt moved to Georgia after a family tragedy and faced his grief by adopting a pitbull puppy named Angelo. He was inspired to create a sanctuary for pitbulls, which have been widely stereotyped as violent. His organization has become nationally-renowned for its open arms and willingness to take on the most disadvantaged dogs. 2) Rebels and Ramblers: New Ken Burns 'Country Music' Documentary Ken Burns has won acclaim for his documentary work covering wars, disasters, and social movements. His most recent work, “ Country Music, ” aired on PBS in September of last year. We sat down with writer and producer Dayton Duncan to

In addition to changing many aspects of our waking lives, coronavirus has also shifted how we dream. Institutions around the world have been collecting examples of dreams since the outset of the pandemic, and some researchers found a 35% increase in dream recall since lockdown. On Second Thought sat down with Harvard University Assistant Professor Deirdre Barrett to learn more about the impact of COVID-19 on our dreaming minds. Barrett has analyzed dreams of World War II soldiers, 9/11 first responders, and Kuwaitis under Iraqi occupation. Since March, she’s collected details on more than 7,000 dreams to study how people are responding to coronavirus in their dreams.

As gratifying as applied research is, to set out to answer a specific research question, it’s not always the best way to come up with new ideas, discover new things, and develop understanding. For these things you need basic research or just a curiosity about the world and how it works. As Dr. Art Markman...

It can be said that ignorance is bliss, and when it came to football that was the case for our own Dr. Bob Duke. A lifelong football fan, Duke was thrown into a dilemma by a recent study done by researchers at Boston University that revealed that, “chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive, degenerative brain...

Yes, we are a people divided, but what does that really mean and how can we come together? In this edition of Two Guys on Your Head, Dr. Art Markman and Dr. Bob Duke talk about the psychology of political polarization.

Last month on All Things Considered NPR’s Kelly McEvers and Pop Culture Happy Hour‘s Linda Holmes and Glen Weldon talked about this era of TV and movies, many of which are catering to Gen X nostalgia. Weldon asserted that, “…the strongest nostalgia you feel is for the stuff that you chose. So in your teens...

This is too good to leave on the cutting room floor. Dr. Art Markman explains new research on how dogs read human facial expressions and what it could tell us about how they think.

Dr. Art Markman offers some advice on how to talk to your children about the Austin bombings.

Humans may take the card we swipe for granted at the grocery store when we buy food. We might look at our bank balance and not even think of how unique it is that we can translate those little numbers into experiences and things. It’s merely one of the benefits of having big brains. In...

When thinking about the concept of a “micro aggression”, what we’re really doing is subscribing to signal detection theory. What is the theory and how does it come into play when we’re dissecting the behaviors of others? In the first episode of this two-part conversation on Two Guys on Your Head, Dr. Art Markman and Dr. Bob Duke discuss...

We’ve covered what signal detection theory is, so how does it come up when we assign labels to behaviors that could be considered “micro aggressions”? Are there significant benefits to these labels? In the second episode of this two-part conversation on Two Guys on Your Head, Dr. Art Markman and Dr. Bob Duke continue their discussion on signal detection....

As tax day nears, it’s not a bad idea to look at our spending habits. Typically when we experience a windfall, we tend to spend more. When we come up short, we spend less. So although objectively we should maintain an average amount of spending, our financial habits continue to be influenced by how much...

Most of us know what we need to do to be healthy, even if we don’t always do it. However, when a doctor prescribes a medication for what ails us we might take it more seriously. So what happens psychologically when a doctor prescribes a social activity to heal our ills? In this edition of...

Listen back to Two Guys on Your Head recorded live at The Cactus Cafe in Austin, Texas for a Views and Brews, as KUT’s Rebecca McInroy talks with Dr. Art Markman and Dr. Bob Duke about the psychology of happiness. Many people chase after goals that seem to them important and promising—getting into the right...

There is an observation in psychology that looks at how people behave when they have not lived up to the expectations they set for themselves; The What The Hell Effect. In this episode of Two Guys on Your Head, Dr. Art Markman, and Dr. Bob Duke discussion about TWTHE and how it relates to identity,...

In this edition of Two Guys on Your Head, Dr. Art Markman and Dr. Bob Duke take audience questions about how much is too much when it comes to social media, and how to get anything done when trying to homeschool your children and work your normal job, during a live virtual Views and Brews.

On this edition of Two Guys on Your Head, Dr. Art Markman and Dr. Bob Duke talk about the psychology of moral injury.

Jessamyn! Me! Podcast! MetaFilter! Talking!

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Misc
- some facts about the number 156
- Lurking, by Joanne McNeil

Jobs
- Help plan a DIY US tour for an indie stage magician type by divabat
- Photos in Vienna, Austria by eleanna
- Adjust a sewing pattern by Melismata
- Purchase a ticket for a show in Osaka by btfreek

Projects
- Cheating Hangman by avapoet (MeFi Post)
- A Forest Tale by coevals
- ButtyStock - the number one site for free crisp sandwich photos by malevolent (MeFi Post)
- Incredible Doom: Season One by churl
- I built a text-based trivia game. by juliebug

MetaFilter
- Odious ideas are not entitled to hide from criticism by sfenders
- G'day, Chris here by noneuclidean
- Grievous Spectacle Y/N? by Miko
- a comment by jessamyn
- Look, up in the sky! It's a flying squirrel! No, wait--a sugar glider! by sugar and confetti
- The Unsolved Case of the Most Mysterious Song on the Internet by hippybear
- Libraries Battle Over eBooks by MrGuilt
- Novel Fencing Material by Eyebrows McGee
- You can automate a lot of things. Sewing isn't one of them. by bitteschoen
- This is just to say by Mchelly
- "It tastes like hot bread that a strawberry sneezed on" by Johnny Wallflower
- Welcome...To The Fumble Dimension by NoxAeternum
- CROOOFFMEE by overeducated_alligator
- first day of March will be slightly noisier than most by cortex
- Gizapon my works and despair by GnomePrime

Ask MeFi
- Pronouncing 'jojoba' by dianeF
- a comment by desuetude
- Can anyone read/identify this inscribed tablet, Arabic maybe? by gudrun
- Does anybody know anything about Antique Typewriters? by Sphinx
- Jews of Metafilter, lend me your opinions, please. by BlahLaLa
- Non-Obvious and Easy Pop Culture Vampire Costumes by superlibby
- Entertainment for decompressing by crunchy potato
- a comment by Serene Empress Dork
- What's up with the New Pornographers' chord progressions by umbú
- Single mefites with no dependents, what does your will look like? by exceptinsects
- How can I talk to my partner about decluttering? by jschu

MetaTalk
- Climate Strike Day on Metafilter by restless_nomad
- Good discussions on the Blue about Big Things at their infancy? by AgentRocket
- Metatalktail Hour: Fashion Police by Eyebrows McGee
- This is Just to Say by Ghidorah
- Just Happy Things. by Fizz
- Happy birthday, Jessamyn! by lauranesson

FanFare
- The Good Place is back for a final season
- Bake Off is back too
- speaking of back, also SNL

Music
Featured on this episode:
- In the Key of Escape by The Vice Admiral of the Narrow Seas
- It Don't Matter Who's First In Line by ORthey
- Time by Bluebird Wine
- Both Hands - cover (Ani DiFranco) by howfar
- Manhattan Skyline by rangefinder 1.4

Kicking off the year with a podcast that tried very hard not to happen, but by god me and jessamyn pulled it off after all, despite reschedules and weird recording problems that cost us a little bit of audio early on. Runs about 80 minutes and features some robot noises.

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- The number 159 spells "CLIX" in Roman numerals
- not to be confused with these various clixen
- hey, remember KLAX?
- not_on_display and an ad-hoc menorah
- I made my dad a stained glass menorah
- of which context about my grandpa's unfinished menorah design
- googly eyes on jessamyn's mending

Jobs
- Hiring a part-time MeFi moderator by cortex (cf. MetaTalk thread; cf. restless_nomad heading onward soon)
- Girl Scout Cookies by raccoon409

Projects
- #8PrimatesOfChanukah on Twitter by ChuraChura (MeFi Post)
- Tinseltown Tasty Times by smasuch
- This Film Is 100 Years Old by dng
- Advisory Circular LA by jjwiseman

MetaFilter
- haystack in the needle by cortex
- Art Garfunkel's Reading Habits by Jasper Friendly Bear
- Simon Must Be Boring by Partial Law
- Romance Whiters of America by jacquilynne
- to finally see Mr. Hooper once more by mightygodking
- "The first website debuted only a couple years prior to my retirement" by Kattullus
- R.I.P. Gahan Wilson by doctornemo (cf. a NUTS strips)
- a whole bunch of great posts the last few weeks under the poctakeover tag

Ask MeFi
- a comment by Nerd of the North
- So, I'm land rich and cash poor. What should I do? by shoesietart
- Here's a subject not addressed in parenting books by Anonymous
- Truly Silly Question -- "Hero Wars" Logic Puzzles Currently as FB Ads? by WCityMike
- Let's discuss the "of it all" of it all. by ejs
- What are some good examples of repeated words/names/phrases? by AgentRocket
- Rockette Cadet by Dansaman
- Having survived this jigsaw puzzle, I have a few questions. by Sublimity
- How do I make someone's first time be as enjoyable as possible? by Pastor of Muppets
- anvilicious, or, the silliest question ever by thereemix
- Voice control without the spying by sodium lights the horizon
- Which pair of animals which can interbreed taste the most different. by Just this guy, y'know

FanFare
- Movie: Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker by KTamas
- The Mandalorian: Chapter 8: Redemption by Burhanistan
- Letterkenny: Season 8 by not_on_display

MetaTalk
- December open thread: disability, neurodiversity, and d/Deafness by sciatrix
- A gentle reminder about the intersection of class and culture by quacks like a duck
- What have you done this decade that you're proud of? by Johnny Wallflower

Music this episode is just the weird robot noises we got when my computer was losing its mind. Let's all just be happy this thing got out the gate.

Join KUT’s Rebecca McInroy along with Lana McGilvray co-founder of Purpose, Kathleen Hessert founder of WeAreGenZ, and Joy Diaz of The Texas Standard as they talk about why it’s important to advocate for public communication; for fair and balanced digital media laws; and for the voices of the young, minorities, and women in media and...

Listen back as we discuss the making of jazz, around a frank conversation about mental illness, addiction, and the advantages of thinking beyond our present circumstances. Through the artistry of Buddy Bolden, Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis, Charles Mingus, and others, we explore the intersection of mental balance, suffering, wellness, and virtuosity. How does...

Listen back as we discuss the making of jazz, around a frank conversation about mental illness, addiction, and the advantages of thinking beyond our present circumstances. Through the artistry of Buddy Bolden, Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis, Charles Mingus, and others, we explore the intersection of mental balance, suffering, wellness, and virtuosity. How does...

Join KUT’s Rebecca McInroy along with Annette Juba from AGE of Central Texas, Dr. Valerie Rosen, and Ray Williams and Monique O’Neil from The Blanton Museum to talk about how the Blanton is partnering with schools, hospitals, and other organizations to create groundbreaking programs that help patients, families, and caregivers navigate social, reparative experiences. Monique...

In this episode of Free as in Freedom, Karen and Bradley discuss in the first segment recent press coverage of sexist attitudes at Free Software conferences, and in the second segment, discuss the public filings related to the Novell sale.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:40)

• Karen and Bradley discuss an article called The Dark Side of Open Source Conference, which was covered some in the tech press, in press outside of technology. Deb Nicholson wrote a blog post about it, as did Valerie (the original article's author. (01:06)
• Bradley mentioned his blog post where he discussed issues of gender equality across all Computer Science, not just the Free Software community. (05:29)
• Karen mentioned Kirrily “Skud” Robert. (10:27)

Segment 1 (32:18)

• There was an announcement that Novell will be sold (32:15)
• Karen mentioned that Andy Updegrove blogged twice on the subject (32:30)
• Karen talked about the 8K filing that Novell made regarding the purchase. (34:30)
• Karen mentioned a post on groklaw. (42:43)
• Bradley mentioned that the OIN patent license is incredibly narrow and not particularly useful, because the definition of the “Linux system“ is so narrow, and because OIN is a pro-patent, for-profit company that doesn't have the interest of Free Software at its heart. (45:30)
• Karen disagrees with Bradley's comments on OIN and thinks his characterization of the patent pool is a serious exaggeration. (46:00)

These show notes are Copyright © 2010, Karen Sandler and Bradley M. Kuhn of Free as in Freedom, and are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC-By-SA-3.0 Unported).

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss non-commercial-only commons licenses, particularly the CC-By-NC license, and how they compare to Free Culture and Free Software licenses, and why some authors pick NC licenses instead of Free Culture/Software ones.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:36)

• Listeners seeking a show on how to select a Free Software license, differences between copyleft and non-copyleft, and how they interact with copyright are encouraged to listen to episode 0x08 of the old Software Freedom Law Show which covered these topics. Please write in again if that show doesn't cover your questions on the issue. (02:10)
• Bradley reminisced about the crass “Brian and O'Brien” show on Baltimore's B-104 Gary Huddles who was notorious locally in Baltimore because he was implicated in Maryland's version of the 1980s Savings and Loan scandals. (03:30)
• Karen mentioned that freedomdefined.org is the source for the Free Culture definition that defines what licenses are Free Culture licenses. (12:54)
• Bradley suggested listening to some of the old versions of RMS' Copyright vs. Community in the Age of Computer Networks. In fact, there is an audio recording of the one at MIT on 19 April 2001 that Bradley attended, and an audio recording of the one that Bradley heard at Cardozo Law School. There is audio of the Q&A session, wherein RMS engages in that discussion Bradley mentioned with Free Culture activists. (10:10, 14:04)
• Bradley mentioned that Linus Torvalds switched to GPL for Linux because he realized non-commercial restrictions weren't appropriate. (Search the string GPL on that link to find Linus' answer on that.) (19:00)
• Karen mentioned that Creative Commons did a study considering what people understand commercial vs. non-commercial to mean. (20:43)
• Karen and Bradley discussed the text of CC-By-NC. (23:00)
• Karen mentioned various CC-By-SA licensed derivatives that had been made from Sita Sings the Blues. (38:24)
• Bradley discussed the Harry Potter Lexicon case and Karen mentioned the so-called IP Colloquium discussion on it. (44:30)
• Bradley mentioned Memory Alpha, which is a CC-By-NC wiki regarding Star Trek, which is tolerated by Paramount. (45:20)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen play and comment on a talk recording of Aaron Williamson's and Karen's presentation at OSCON 2011, entitled Legal Basics for Developers.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:33)

• Bradley mentioned the birthday attack when explaining to Karen how likely it might be that the number of the show might match the number of the day. (01:38)
• This show is a recording of Aaron and Karen's OSCON 2011 talk, Legal Basics for Developers. (02:20)

Segment 1 (05:53)

• The slides for the Legal Basics for Developers are available to follow along with the recording (05:53)

Segment 2 (49:36)

• Richard Fontana gave at a talk at OSCON as well, which was recorded, and Karen and Bradley have asked for his permission to play it. (50:45)
• Bradley asked folks to ping Richard on identi.ca to ask him to allow us to use his audio on the oggcast. (51:05)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen play a speech recording of Bradley's presentation at OSCON 2011, entitled 12 Years of FLOSS License Compliance: A Historical Perspective.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:36)

• Bradley mentioned that time travel requires special verb tenses according to the Douglas Adams' book, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe. (01:48)
• Bradley gave a keynote at Ohio Linux Fest 2011 (01:58)

Segment 1 (05:02)

• This segment is a recording of Bradley's OSCON 2011 talk, entitled 12 Years of Copyleft License Compliance: A Historical Perspective. The slides are available on Bradley's website so you can follow along during the talk if you like.
• There is a live denting identi.ca thread from Bradley's talk. (03:50)
• Bradley wrote a blog post about a minor GPL violation in the Emacs codebase. It has since been fixed.
• RMS mentioned the NeXT/Objective C GPL violation in his essay, Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism.

Segment 2 (52:35)

• Bradley will be speaking at the Google Summer of Code Mentor Summit 2011 and at LinuxCon Europe 2011. (55:05)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Karen and Bradley discuss the various private Free Software legal fora and consider if a more open community for discussion might be better, and also discuss the just-ended CFP for the FOSDEM Legal and Policy Issues Dev Room.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:37)

• Bradley and Karen were discussing the NYS charities filing requirements for auditing and limited review, as can be seen NYS CHAR-500 instructions, on page 5 of 6, §V(6) . (03:02)
• Bradley and Karen mentioned the old show, SFLS 0x19, where they discussed Conservancy's FY 2008 Form 990. (03:27)
• Bradley mentioned he still works at a cow-orking facility (04:15)
• Bradley mentioned that various charity rating sites like Charity Navigator and GuideStar. (05:58)
• Bradley mentioned Lawrence Welk (09:50)
• Bradley is speaking on GPL enfoircement at SCALE 10x.
• keynoting on Thursday 19 January 2012 at Linux Conf Australia 2012.
• Bradley doesn't like the Chatham House Rule. (20:30)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss issues of gender inequality in the software freedom community and technology generally.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:38)

• Bradley and Karen discuss issues of gender inequality in the software freedom community and technology generally.
• Bradley wrote a blog post a while back noting that issues of gender inequality are technology-sector-wide, as shown on PDF page 10 of this study. However, Bradley incorrectly remembered the study: in fact, all levels of academic computer science are (23:19)

• Karen got a 5 on our Calculus AB exam, even though her teacher told her only boys were good at math. Bradley also got a 5 on the Calculus AB exam. (27:06)
• Bradley believes that Stand and Deliver. (29:37)
• Bradley is sure there is no Calculus in Good Will Hunting (30:08)
• Bradley mentioned that S05E11 of American Greed contained an rsync output on a Debian system and Python DBUS binding C code as “code cracking examples” (31:00)
• Miguel de Icaza had a cameo in the file Antitrust. (33:27)
• Bradley mentioned that Craig Mundie keynoted OSCON (38:55)
• Bradley mentioned the USENIX/Freenix to Perl Conference to OSCON history (42:50)
• Karen mentioned the GNOME Marketing Meeting at FOSDEM 2012. (43:27)
• Karen is speaking at Linux Conf Australia on 19 January 2012,Bradley is speaking at Scale 10x, the 2012 Southern California Linux Expo (44:16)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss Jacob Appelbaum's talk at Linux Conf Australia 2012, as well as other conference talks.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:35)

• Bradley spoke at SCALE, but the talk was very similar to the talk given on 0x18. (07:15)
• Karen's talk at LCA was a longer version of the talk from 0x15 she gave at OSCON. Listeners should write in if they want Karen's longer talk to be a show (07:30).
• Bradley will try to record some of the talks from the Legal and Policy Issues DevRoom at FOSDEM 2012 (07:55)
• Bradley mentioned the Red Dwarf episode, Legion where Rimmer says: Thank you for listening. Oh, additional: sorry to take up your valuable time. Sorry. Thank you. Sorry. Bye. Bye. Sorry. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (12:12)
• Bradley asked if the crickets in Australia sang Jump Around, since Karen said they jump around (15:45)

Segment 0 (18:51)

• Karen liked Jacob Appelbaum's keynote at Linux Conf Australia 2012 (19:20)
• Bradley mentioned Harald Welte's blog post about running his own email server (23:45)
• Bradley mentioned Ken Thompson's bug (34:03)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Karen and Bradley play and discuss Allison Randal's FOSDEM 2012 talk, FLOSSing for Good Legal Hygiene: Stories from the Trenches from the FOSDEM 2012 Legal and Policy Issues DevRoom.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:35)

Bradley talked about the #faif IRC conversation regarding hot milk recipe and its copyright. (01:54)

Segment 1 (07:10)

Allison's slides are available from faif.us.

Segment 2 (35:00)

• Karen and Bradley discussed the insanely complicated poster that Eclipse developers have to put on their walls to know how to accept patches (37:40)
• RMS's GNU Project essay talks about the Qt problem. (39:16)
• Bradley mentioned Chris Hertel's appearance on Linux Outlaws.(44:25)
• Karen mentioned The Scientific American article entitled Secret Computer Code Threatens Science. (54:00)
• Bradley mentioned Roland McGrath (56:44)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Karen gives an update on the advocacy of software freedom for medical devices, while Bradley continually takes the show off-topic.

Show Notes:

• Bradley mentioned Jimmy Fallon's … And We're Back script.
• Barnaby Jack showed lethal attacks exist on wireless devices. (06:25)
• Karen previously gave a talk about her heart condition on the show. (07:13)
• Hugo Campos, who also works on this issue. (26:08)
• Bradley mentioned the Therac-25 software-related disaster. (29:30)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Karen and Bradley discuss RMS' essay on FSF's website, Ubuntu SpyWare: What To Do, and Shuttleworth's Slashdot interview that responds somewhat to RMS' comments.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:36)

• Karen and Bradley discuss RMS' essay on FSF's website, Ubuntu SpyWare: What To Do (08:50)
• Bradley mentioned how Fab discovered (and discussed on Linux Outlaws 280) how a search for “ter” in efforts to find a terminal window in Ubuntu yields [slightly NSFW] gives results for Rachel Ter Horst DVDs. (09:44)
• Bradley mentioned his blog post about Nokia's problems interfacing with Free Software communities. (14:50)
• Bradley and Karen discuss Shuttleworth's Slashdot interview (18:25).
• Bradley and Karen also briefly mentioned Jono Bacon's comments about RMS's essay and Jono's apology. (19:30)
• Bradley mentioned Shuttleworth's comments during his LinuxCon 2011 keynote. (20:14)
• Bradley mentioned Douglas Rushkoff's article, Teach U.S. kids to write computer code (29:30)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Note: initially, from 2013-08-01 18:30 through 2013-08-02 08:40 (US/Eastern), the audio file links in the feed did not work. That has been corrected.

Bradley and Karen interview Alison Chaiken about Free Software in cars.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:00:38)

Bradley and Karen introduce the interview.

Segment 1 (00:01:43)

• Bradley and Karen interview Alison Chaiken about Free Software in the automotive industry.
• Alison mentioned the Genivi Alliance, which is an industry trade association with some interest in “Open Source”.
• Alison presented a session at LibrePlanet about the Right to Repair act in Massachusetts. (00:14:30)
• Alison encouraged listens to get involved with Right to Repair and the Massachusetts Right to Repair.

Segment 2 (00:36:09)

• Karen moderated a panel at the Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit 2013 on Automotive issues (37:12)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen explain why they've been gone for so long, and then discuss the recent Oracle v. Google Federal Appeals Court Decision.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:00:31)

• Karen is now Executive Director of Conservancy and Bradley is President and Distinguished Technologist. (03:01)
• Bradley will be working extensively on the NPO Accounting Project. (03:40)

Segment 1 (00:09:37)

• Karen says the Oracle v. Google Federal Appeals Court Decision is not an engaging read, but the lower court decision was. (09:50)
• Karen said: You're out of your element, Donny! (12:38)
• Karen mentioned a tweet from the EFF (15:23)
• Bradley mentioned his older blog post about the previous decision (16:48)
• Karen incorrectly said we never recorded a show on the previous decision, but we did indeed discuss the previous Oracle v. Google decision in , which Bradley and Karen discussed in Episode 0x35 (18:53)
• Karen and Bradley explained what an affirmative defense, arguments in the alternative, and merger doctrine. (21:03)
• Bradley mentioned the Apache Software Foundation is now publicly more against copyleft software than proprietary software, and that such position is unreasonable, unlike the OpenBSD position that copyleft and proprietary software are equally bad: a position Bradley disagrees with but agrees is consistent, reasonable moral stance. (38:40)
• Bradley mentioned his discussions with Mark J. Wielaard of the Classpath project (52:20)
• Bradley and Karen ask people to doante to Conservancy.

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss the talk, Legally Cementing Licences in Legislation: Two Law Merchant Models for Free Software Licences by Maureen O’Sullivan given at FOSDEM 2013 on Sunday 3 February 2013.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:00:37)

• Bradley mentioned the Planet money t-shirt story (03:04)
• Bradley mentioned he buys Union made sweat pants (04:42)

Segment 1 (00:06:48)

Bradley and Karen introduce the talk.

Segment 2 (00:07:20)

This segment is the talk, Legally Cementing Licences in Legislation: Two Law Merchant Models for Free Software Licences by Maureen O’Sullivan given at FOSDEM 2013 on Sunday 3 February 2013. You can follow along with the slides.

Segment 3 (00:50:55)

• Bradley mentioned a talk he gave on 2005-03-12 at UC Irvine to a workshop of academics meeting about the research area of Computing Communities. Bradley still has some email archives regarding this, but can't find any online link to the workshop (URLs in the emails are all dead) or a recording of his talk. (58:52).
• As Bradley mentioned, ESR self-identifies as a gun nut. (01:00:19)
• Bradley mentioned FaiF 0x3A, which had Gabriel Holloway's talk (01:03:27)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss why software freedom as a political, social and moral issue is important to each of them personally.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:36)

• Bradley mentioned that he used to frequently give talks on why software freedom is important to him. There are available on FSF's Audio/Video website three different recordings of that talk, usually titled Software Freedom and the GNU Generation. (01:28)
• Bradley's first distribution was SLS. (18:20)
• Bradley mentioned that OpenStack was denied 501(c)(6) trade association status by the IRS. (37:56)
• Karen mentioned the Cooper Union law suit. (48:40)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss the key differences between 501(c)(3) and 501(c)(6) organizations in the USA, and discuss recent refusals by the IRS to grant such statuses to Open Source and Free Software orgs.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:34)

• Bradley mentioned the 501(c)(3) vs. 501(c)(6) difference came up on FaiF 0x41. (03:35)
• Bradley mentioned that in 501(c)(3) status from the IRS is based on receiving some status governed by §170(b)(1)(A) of the tax code. (Most Free Software charities, such as Conservancy, are classifed as non-profit charities under §170(b)(1)(A)(vi).) (05:10)
• Bradley mentioned this issue had been discussed on FLOSS Foundations' mailing list (05:50)
• Bradley discussed that at the OSCON 2013 tutorial, Community Foundations 101, most of the 501(c)(6) representatives who spoke argued incorrectly that the differences between 501(c)(3)'s and 501(c)(6)'s were not substantive. (10:50)
• Karen referenced how the TV show Silicon Valley parodies the irony of for-profit software companies claiming they make the world a better place. (11:58)
• Bradley mentioned he was inspired by Michael Moore in his work on Free Software. (15:02)
• Bradley mentioned Karen's talk called Identity Crisis (15:21)
• Karen mentioned that open source was on the list of items the IRS gave additional scrutiny. (16:51)
• Bradley mentioned a blog post by Jim Nelson where Yorba's rejection was discussed; Yorba's 501(c)(3) application was previously discussed on was discussed on 0x1C, and covered in many other places. (17:46)
• Karen wrote a blog post about why she isn't worried for Conservancy's 501(c)(3) status at this time. (18:30)
• Bradley mentioned that IRS decisions don't make precedent, and if there's a dispute, it would go to USA Tax Court (19:00)
• Mozilla Foundation's odd hybrid for-profit/non-profit model was audited by the IRS, and Mozilla Foundation settled with the IRS. (20:22)
• Open Stack Foundation was initially denied 501(c)(6) status, as reported on Mark McLoughlin's blog. (25:10)
• Bradley promised links to both Yorba's 501(c)(3) denial letter from the IRS and Open Stack Foundation's 501(c)(6) denial letter from the IRS. (The response to the IRS from OpenStack, written by DLA Piper, OpenStack Foundation's law firm, is also available, too. (27:15)
• Bradley and Karen discussed Board of Directors meetings in FaiF 0x45: I'm Board (31:40)
• Bradley mentioned the How fresh stays fresh campaign, which includes the Nature's Pause Button television commercials by the American Frozen Food Institute, which is a 501(c)(6) organization. It's FY 2012 Form 990 is the most recent on available.
• Bradley also mentioned the Beef: It's What's For Dinner advertisting campaign that has existed for decades in the USA, which is sponsored by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Inc. which is a 501(c)(6) as well. It's FY 2012 Form 990 is the most recent on available.
(35:40)
• Bradley further mentioned the Pork: the other white meat advertising campaign, which has also existed for decades but is now called the Pork: Be Inspired campaign, seems a bit more dubious in its non-profit existence. It appears to be funded by the National Pork Board Foundation, which is ostensibly a 501(c)(3) but has no assets, revnue nor expenses, and appears to be a front for an org called the America's Pork Producers / Pork Checkoff, which appears to be some quasi-govermental agency related to pork (in other words, it's pork for pork). More research would probably be needed to figure out better what's going on here with regard to non-profit status, but it seems that unlike the Beef ads, which are clearly funded by a 501(c)(6), this campaign is funded by a separate legislation, presumably unrelated to §501(c). There is, BTW, also, a 501(c)(5) called the National Pork Producers Council, which appears to be where the big money is (— not surprisingly — 501(c)(4)'s and 501(c)(5)'s often make 501(c)(6)'s and 501(c)(3)'s look tiny by comparison). (36:13)

Segment 1 (39:43)

Conservancy and OSI jointly announced a working group on IRS applications and denials. (40:49)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss and criticize comments made by Linus Torvalds at his Q&A during DebConf 2014 in Portland, OR on 29 August 2014.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:37)

Bradley and Karen discuss the Q&A with Linus Torvalds at DebConf 2014 in Portland, OR on 29 August 2014. (01:09)

Segment 1 (04:30)

• Ryan Lortie asked about an offensive public statement Linus Torvalds made on 6 July 2012. (05:04)
• Bradley mentioned that Linus Torvalds argued Red Hat was kowtowing to Microsoft using offensive language. (07:57)
• Karen mentioned that Linus called GNOME an unholy mess. (19:05)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Karen and Bradley announce Conservancy's DMCA filing and Conservancy and FSF's joint launch of the copyleft.org project, and then discuss Eileen Evans' FOSDEM 2014 talk, entitled Licensing Models and Building an Open Source Community.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:36)

• Conservancy file a DMCA petition regarding so-called “Smart TVs”. (02:00)
• Bradley mentioned the magic marker that was as circumvention technique under DMCA. Here's an amusing joke press release about the issue. (03:10)
• There isn't much documentation online of Bruce Perens live DMCA violation, but this article appears to be the main one on the subject, and there is also this interview (06:46).
• Bradley and Karen talked about the joint FSF/Conservancy copyleft.org announcement. (09:10)
• Bradley first pulled together the materials for copyleft.org for FSF's CLE seminars, particularly the one in March 2014. (10:00)
• Karen noted that Conservancy donated the time to write up a pristine example of good complete, corresponding source code for a GPL'd product. (11:30)
• Bradley discussed the incorrect GPLv2§2(a) violation accusations that some made against Red Hat regarding its changes to its publication of RHEL's Linux fork. (12:00)
• Karen and Bradley encouraged listeners to submit talk proposals for the FOSDEM 2015 Legal and Policy Issues DevRoom (15:03)

Segment 1 (19:38)

This is a recording of Eileen Evans' FOSDEM 2014 talk, entitled Licensing Models and Building an Open Source Community. If you'd rather watch the video, which includes the slides from her talk, it's available on FOSDEM's site.

Segment 2 (46:40)

• Bradley and Karen discuss Eileen's talk.
• Bradley mentioned the OpenStack CLA fight, which was covered in a panel discussion on FaiF 0x4B. (56:16)
• Karen mentioned the 501(c)(6) issues that OpenStack Foundation has faced, which were discussed already on FaiF 0x4E. (56:34)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen play and discuss

Stefano Zacchiroli's talk entitled Legal issues from a radical community angle that he gave 12:00 European/Central time on Sunday 2 February 2014 at FOSDEM 2014.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:00:35)

Karen and Bradley introduce the talk.

Segment 1 (00:02:38)

Stefano Zacchiroli's talk entitled Legal issues from a radical community angle . You can watch the video instead of listening to our audio and/or follow along with Zach's slides.

Segment 2 (00:53:17)

• Please note: Bradley and Karen recorded these comments before the init system coupling referendum completed, which is why Karen and Bradley don't discuss it. However, their comments about the Debian democratic process are highly relevant to the recent vote. Also, Bradley discussed his views on that specific issue as a guest co-host on Linux Outlaws, Episode 368.
• Bradley and Karen discussed SPI as Debian's fiscal sponsor and used a few terms like grantor/grantee (01:01:20)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss Conservancy's conference trips and presentations during the first half of 2016.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:38)

• Bradley attended and spoke at FOSDEM 2016 and LinuxConf Australia 2016 (03:10)
• Bradley and Karen co-coordinated the FOSDEM 2016 Legal and Policy Issues DevRoom (04:43)
• Tom Marble did an interview-format discussion with Richard M. Stallman at FOSDEM 2016 (04:55)
• Bradley gave two talks at FOSDEM 2016, Copyleft For the Next Decade: A Comprehensive Plan for the GPL and A Beautiful Build: Releasing Linux Source Correctly (06:40)
• Richard Fontana gave a talk at FOSDEM 2016 entitled Open source foundations: threat or menace? (08:15)
• The Doge take on FOSDEM 2016 Legal and Policy Issues DevRoom was Much politics. Many peoples. (11:00)
• There was a Conservancy Supporter event at the Novotel Grand Place in Brussels at FOSDEM 2016. (14:00)
• Bradley gave a talk at LCA 2016. (15:20)
• Karen gave the closing keynote at LibrePlanet 2016, entitled Companies, free software, and you . (16:54)
• Karen Sandler gave a talk at the Linux Foundation's Embedded Linux Conference 2016 entitled Tales of Enforcement (27:00)
• Karen gave a talk at at the Postgres Conference in New York. (34:26)
• Bradley and Karen were both on a panels at OSCON. (35:00)
• Bradley and Karen flipped burgers (vegan ones and otherwise) at the OSCON 2016 party. (39:30)
• Bradley gave a keynote at OSS 2016. (45:05)
• Bradley spoke at two user groups in Norway as well. He hasn't made the blog post he mentioned yet, but plans to. (45:50)
• Karen mentioned Episode 0x4A which discussed the OpenStack CLA debate. (50:50)

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Bradley and Karen discuss two additional permissions that can be used to “backport” the GPLv3 Termination provisions to GPLv2 — the Kernel Enforcement Statement Additional Permission, and the Red Hat Cooperation Commitment. A blog post on Conservancy's site summarizes the discussion on this show.

Show Notes:

Segment 0 (00:35)

• Bradley mentioned irregardless is not actually a word, but it does appear to be slang, which dates back to 1795! (03:23)
• The additional permission system was codified as a formal part of GPLv3, but are generally more informal under GPLv2. (05:24)
• Karen explained what the Principles of Community-Oriented GPL Enforcement. (07:49)
• Karen mentioned that Daleks terminate! (08:51)

Segment 1 (13:04)

• Bradley mentioned the inbound=outbound FOSS licensing contributor assent system (18:15)

Segment 2 (26:10)

• Karen and Bradley discuss the term “non-defensive” and what it means.
• Bradley mentioned the Twin Peaks lawsuit as a non-hypothetical case where the RHCC would not apply where GPL enforcement was used by Red Hat itself as a retaliation tactic. (29:23)
• The Kernel Enforcement Statement and the RHCC are available online.

Segment 3 (38:40)

The next episode of will be an interview with Molly De Blanc and recording of her keynote at CopyleftConf 2019

Send feedback and comments on the cast to <oggcast@faif.us>. You can keep in touch with Free as in Freedom on our IRC channel, #faif on irc.freenode.net, and by following Conservancy on on Twitter and and FaiF on Twitter.

Free as in Freedom is produced by Dan Lynch of danlynch.org. Theme music written and performed by Mike Tarantino with Charlie Paxson on drums.

The content of this audcast, and the accompanying show notes and music are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Academia is divided over the wisdom of offering students extra credit on tests or projects. In this episode of the KUT podcast “Higher Ed,” KUT’s Jennifer Stayton and Southwestern University President Dr. Ed Burger discuss the utility and merit of offering extra points for extra effort. Ed says for the most part he supports extra...

This episode was originally published on Oct. 12, 2018. Choosing a major is a rite of passage for higher education students, and it can feel like a – dare we say it –major decision with lifelong implications. In this episode of KUT’s podcast “Higher Ed,” Southwestern University President Dr. Ed Burger and KUT’s Jennifer Stayton...

Fewer college students than you might think make it from Freshman orientation all the way to graduation. In this episode of KUT’s podcast “Higher Ed,” Southwestern University President Dr. Ed Burger and KUT’s Jennifer Stayton discuss why students drop out, and what colleges and universities can do to help them stay in. David Kirp’s book...