The familiar sky we see today wasn’t always blue.

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The absolute number of Black men enrolled at Historically Black Colleges and Universities is the lowest it's been since 1976.

As a small business owner, regardless of what business you are in, you need to have a great...

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The hot Glass Animals from Oxford, England have carved a niche in the indie rock universe with their unique conceptual pop sound Their journey through career highs and lows of thrilling experiences about changing lives and birthed their most acclaimed project to date — the Dreamland album Dreamland The creative forces behind it came up with an equally ambitious project called Dreamland Tours. The Glass Animals Dreamland Tour has been hailed as an unparalleled experience for fans, going beyond the traditional concept of a concert. The tour is characterized by immersive visuals, interactive performances, and the tangible personal connection the band shares with its listeners This combination is a magical fan experience which continues to echo over the limits of the concert venue. As we delve into the highlights of the Glass Animals Dreamland Tour, we’ll see why it stands true to the ultimate fan experience.   Glass Animals Visiting the Land of Dreams: An Art Journey Glass helps with the back of the Dreamland album Musical journeys viewed by mirror animals Stained glass animals have made an indelible mark on the canvas of contemporary music. Rising from humble beginnings in 2010, the four-man band from Oxford have grown into a powerhouse with indie musical talent, marrying smooth beats and eclectic lyricism Their rise has been fueled by critically acclaimed albums, and taking on an ever-changing soundscape. Introduction to the Dreamland album and its themes “Dreamland,” their third album, due out in 2020, is a mosaic of memories, introspection and intimate stories. Explores topics such as nostalgia, personal growth, and the complexity of the human spirit. Songs like “Heat Waves” resonate with fans, not only because they are catchy, but because they are heartfelt. The transition to touring: The importance of dreamland in live performances The Dreamland Tour elevates the album from a purely listening experience to a multi-sensory event. Gives fans the chance to step into the world imagined by the lyrics on the album. The tour takes on more meaning as it marks the album’s life in a haunting place, inviting fans to share in the band’s most personal moments. Basically, a Dreamland tour isn’t just about performance. It’s a gateway to the true heartbeat of Glass Animals, delivering an immersive experience lifted straight from the kaleidoscopic world of the Dreamland album. The Unique Aspects of the Dreamland Tour Visuals and Stage Design One unmissable aspect of the Dreamland tour by Glass Animals is the impeccable visuals and stage design. Strikingly vivid and meticulously crafted, the stage becomes a living, pulsating extension of the Dreamland album itself. The stage setup incorporates a remarkable array of LED screens and lighting, bathed in a dreamy palette of pastels and bursts of neon. The visual effects transcend the typical, showcasing visuals that immerse fans in a psychedelic landscape filled with soaring palm trees and retro television sets. Imbued within these visuals are the specific themes and narratives of the Dreamland album, transforming songs into vibrant vignettes that captivate audiences. Interactive Performances Beyond the sensory feasts of the visuals and stage design, the Dreamland Tour stands out for its engaging and interactive performances. The band’s authenticity shines through each performance, fostering an intimate connection with the audience. During shows, the band members often break the metaphorical fourth wall, engaging directly with fans through candid banter, shared stories, and common jokes. Notable moments from the tour include frontman Dave Bayley’s famed crowd surfing, and encouragement for fans to join the band in singing along, creating a collective auditory experience. Setlist and Musical Arrangements The craft and care put into the setlist and musical arrangements have played a significant part in the tour’s resounding success. The setlist is composed not merely as a linear progression of songs but as a journey through Glass Animals’ discography, carefully curated to engage fans new and old. Signature hits from their previous albums such as “Gooey” from ZABA and “Youth” from How To Be A Human Being are woven seamlessly with tracks from Dreamland. Exclusive to the tour are special renditions of select tracks, including acoustic versions and extended instrumental segments that offer fans a unique and novel listening experience. In essence, the Dreamland Tour is marked by a synthesis of compelling visuals, engaging performances, and thoughtful setlist selection – offering fans a truly immersive and memorable experience. fan experiences and testimonials Personal information The Dreamland trip has left an indelible mark on fans, many of whom share fond stories of their experiences. These stories reflect not only the enjoyment of the concert, but also the deep emotional connection fans have made to the music of Glass Animals and the memories they remember while on tour Emotional resonance: A fan described a moment during “Heat Waves” when the crowd’s combined singing spoke of a sense of shared experience and understanding, bringing many to tears. Memorable connection: Another recounted a pre-concert meeting in which band member Dave Belle remembered their names from previous concerts, revealing the real connection the band has with its audience . community and stakeholders One of the outstanding features of the Dreamland tour is its ability to create a vibrant and inclusive community among fans. From the concert lineup to the final notes of fading music, belonging and shared passion is palpable. Before the concert: Fans often share information online, detailing their interests, clothing choices and itineraries, building anticipation and camaraderie even before the concert begins. During the performance: The interactive aspects of the show, such as music, crowd surfing, immediately become mainstream events in society, forcing connections with them the intensity of the desired interval. After the event: Social media platforms are buzzing with concert photos, videos and personal reflections, allowing the community to relive the experience and maintain the relationships built during the event. Through the power of music and shared experiences, the Dreamland tour has created a sense of community that extends beyond concert venues is not limited to Fans walking away with memories of a performance. Behind-the-Scenes Elements that Make the Tour Special Preparation and Inspiration The Dreamland Tour, as recounted by the members of Glass Animals, is not just a series of concerts but a deeply immersive experience designed to transport fans into the very essence of their latest album, Dreamland. The planning and creative process behind the tour was both exhaustive and exhilarating. Creative Process: The band members spent countless hours discussing and experimenting with different visual and auditory elements to ensure that the live experience would accurately reflect the album’s intimate and entrancing vibe. Band Quotes: “We wanted to pull the audience into Dreamland, to make them feel the nostalgia, the melancholy, and the euphoria that the album speaks to,” said Dave Bayley. “Every detail, from the visuals to the setlist, was crafted with this in mind.” Challenges and Triumphs Like many others, the Dreamland Tour faced its fair share of hurdles, most notably, the global pandemic. The uncertainties and health concerns posed significant challenges, leading to postponed dates and constant reevaluation of plans. Overcoming Obstacles: The band and their crew demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of these challenges. With a deep commitment to their fans and the music, they navigated through the uncertainty, enforcing strict health protocols to ensure the safety of everyone involved. Milestones: Despite the initial setbacks, the tour emerged triumphant. Sold-out shows and critical acclaim became testaments to the band’s hard work and the fans’ undying enthusiasm. “Seeing fans come together safely after such a difficult time has been incredibly touching and reinforces why we do what we do,” Bayley commented on the success of the tour. The behind-the-scenes preparation, boundless creativity, and relentless determination to overcome challenges underscore the Dreamland Tour’s success, making it not just a series of live performances, but a truly memorable and impactful experience for both the band and their fans. The lasting impact of a visit to dreamland Glass Animals’ Dreamland Tour not only captivated audiences around the world, it left an indelible mark on the music industry and its fans. This volume explores the transformative power of touring and its contribution to live music. It’s about the music industry The Dreamland tour set a new standard for live music, emphasizing the importance of an immersive concert experience. Here are some of the initiatives that have impacted the industry. New platform activities: The tour introduced new forms of drama and visual storytelling, turning the concert into an emotional experience. Fan interaction: Leveraging technology and social media, the team created more interactive and personal experiences, setting the trend for future tours It’s about the fans and the attendees Beyond the phenomenon, the Dreamland tour created a deep and lasting connection with fans and impacted them in many profound ways: Emotional resonance: Many attendees described the concert as emotionally transformative, providing a sense of escape and connection during difficult times. Community building: The tour has been a catalyst for community building, and fans have bonded over shared experiences, both online and in concert. conclusion The key to appreciating the Dreamland Tour was its unique blend of immersive storytelling, interactive performances and profound emotional journey for attendees not just a series of concerts; It was a public trip to the heart of the Glass Animals’ musical universe, and a program was designed to provide the ultimate fan experience. Visiting Dreamland with innovative stage design, personalized fan interaction and exciting performances reaffirmed what it means to attend a live concert Its legacy extends beyond nights out under neon lights and businesses the standards it has raised Reflecting on the impact of the Dreamland tour, it’s clear that his legacy will continue to inspire fans and artists alike, shaping the future of live performance and fan engagement in the music industry.

The post Why the Glass Animals Dreamland Tour Is the Ultimate Fan Experience appeared first on Geeky Traveller.

Situated on the northwest coast of the picturesque island of Crete, Chania stands as a testament to a vibrant mix of cultures that have left their mark over the millennia Breathtaking, famous for rich historical fabrics and the warm hospitality of his people is not appropriate to the destination; It’s an experience waiting to be discovered. This blog post will be your gateway to why Chania, Greece is the paradise you have been searching for. What sets Chania apart? A mixture of histories The streets of Chania speak of the past, whispering stories of Venice, the Ottomans and the Egyptian conquerors, each of whom left behind them a piece of its culture, architecture and spirit and through this blend of influences no Chania becomes a living canvas with so much history and beauty. The Old Port of Venice, with its magnificent lighthouse, stands as a symbol of Chania’s enduring heritage, inviting visitors to walk and marvel at the texts carved into its ancient stones. Unsurpassed natural beauty From tranquil beaches with crystal-clear waters to majestic white mountains in the background, Chania offers natural landscapes as diverse as stunning with stunning white and pink sands like Balos The Lagoon and Elafonissi Beach are not heavenly. For adventure enthusiasts, the Samaria Gorge, one of the longest canyons in Europe, is both a challenge and a reward of unparalleled panoramic views Elegant Gastronomic Delights Chania’s cuisine is typical of Crete’s many dishes. With a culinary tradition that emphasizes innovation and local ingredients, Chania offers a quality and divine culinary experience. Olive oil, wild herbs, fresh herbs and catch of the day feature prominently, delivering authenticity. The heart of Chania: its people Perhaps, though, what really sets Chania apart is the kindness and hospitality of its people. Guests are welcomed with open arms and treated as part of the family, making every experience in Chania feel personal and authentic. Whether it’s through shared meals, guided tours or casual conversation, Chanias make sure you take a piece of their heart with you when you leave Why choose Chania for your next vacation Chania, a picturesque town on the northwest coast of Crete, Greece, captures the heart of every traveler with its breathtaking beauty, rich history and crystal clear beaches If you want to relax, you relax or go deeper into history, Chania has something special in store for you. Pristine Beaches Balos Lagoon and Elafonissi Beach Balos Lagoon: Nestled between the Gramvousa Peninsula and the coast of Crete, Balos Lagoon is famed for its wild natural beauty, exotic turquoise waters, and fine white sand. This beach is accessible by boat or a short hike, offering stunning views that are worth the journey. Elafonissi Beach: Known for its unique pink sand, Elafonissi Beach is located on the southwestern tip of Crete. The beach is a protected nature reserve, providing shallow crystal-clear waters perfect for families. The island opposite the beach is accessible by foot through shallow water, revealing rare plant species and an environment unspoiled by human activity. These beaches are not just places to sunbathe and swim; they are destinations where nature’s artistry is on full display, featuring: Crystal-clear blue waters Exotic landscapes Unique natural environments Rich History and Culture Chania is a city soaked in history, with its roots stretching back to ancient civilizations. Walking through Chania is akin to traversing through time, with each step uncovering a new layer of its past. Overview of Chania’s History From the Minoan civilization to Byzantine times, followed by Venetian, Ottoman, and Egyptian influence, Chania is a living museum showcasing the rich tapestry of human history. This diverse historical influence has shaped the city’s architecture, culture, and traditions, making it a fascinating place to explore. Historical Sites The Old Venetian Harbor: The heart of Chania, this harbor is lined with historic buildings, bustling cafes, and quaint shops. The striking lighthouse, built by the Venetians and reconstructed by the Egyptians, is one of the most iconic images of Chania. The Ancient Ruins of Aptera: Located a few kilometers outside of Chania, the ancient city of Aptera presents a captivating site with ruins dating back to the Minoan era. Visitors can explore ancient temples, Roman baths, and impressive fortifications that offer a glimpse into the past. Exquisite Cuisine Step into Chania, and you’ll be welcomed with a feast not just for the eyes, but for the palate too. Cretan cuisine is a journey of taste, freshness, and tradition. Local Specialties: Dakos: A rustic appetizer featuring barley rusk topped with crushed tomato, mizithra cheese, and a drizzle of olive oil. Moussaka: A rich casserole layered with potatoes, eggplant, minced meat, and a creamy béchamel sauce. Kalitsounia: Sweet or savory cheese pies unique to the region. Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Rich in olive oil, legumes, and fresh produce, the Cretan diet is renowned for its health-promoting qualities. Dishes like Greek Salad and Grilled Seafood provide nutrients and antioxidants linked to longevity. Where to Find Local Cuisine: Tavernas in the Old Harbor serve fresh, local dishes with scenic views. Street vendors and local bakeries offer quick, delicious bites. Breathtaking Landscapes Chania’s dramatic landscapes invite both awe and adventure. Mountains and Gorges: The White Mountains: A towering range that gives you hiking trails and caves to explore. Samaria Gorge: A 16 km trek through a World Biosphere Reserve. Outdoor Activities: Guided treks are available for all levels of hikers. Boat trips allow you to appreciate the coastline from the water. Local Hospitality and Authentic Experiences The warmth of Chania’s people makes every moment spent here feel genuinely welcoming. Warm Hospitality Offered by Locals: Visitors are often greeted with a heartfelt “Kalimera” (good morning) and a smile. Many locals are eager to share stories or help guide you to the best spots. Immersive Experiences: Traditional Cretan Nights: Enjoy vibrant folk music and dancing. Local Markets: Visit the Agora (central market) to buy local honey, cheeses, and herbs. Planning Your Trip to Chania Nestled on the northwest coast of Crete, Greece, Chania is a captivating blend of scenic beauty, rich history, and vibrant culture. Planning your trip requires thoughtful consideration of when to visit, where to stay, how to navigate the city, and what experiences you shouldn’t miss. Best Time to Visit Analyzing Chania’s Weather Patterns: Spring (April to June): The weather starts warming up, making it ideal for outdoor activities without the summer crowds. Summer (July to August): Peak season with sunny days perfect for beach outings, but expect higher prices and more tourists. Autumn (September to October): Warm and less crowded. The sea remains warm enough for swimming. Winter (November to March): Cooler temperatures and occasional rain, suitable for those seeking tranquility and interested in exploring Chania’s cultural sites. Accommodations Chania offers a breadth of accommodation options to suit every taste and budget. Overview of Accommodation Options: Luxury Resorts: Beachfront properties providing exclusive amenities and breathtaking views. Boutique Hotels: Nestled in the Old Town, offering unique charm and close proximity to historical sites. Budget-Friendly Stays: Hostels and guesthouses that don’t compromise on comfort and provide excellent value. Getting Around Navigating Chania and its surrounding areas can be both fun and convenient. Tips on Navigating Chania: Public Transport: City buses are reliable for local travel. For adventures beyond the city, consider the KTEL buses that connect Chania to other parts of Crete. Car Rental: Offers the freedom to explore remote beaches and mountain villages at your pace. International driving permits are usually required for visitors. Must-Have Experiences Chania brims with activities and sights that cater to all interests. Curated List of Not-to-Miss Experiences: Old Venetian Harbor: Stroll around and enjoy the sunset views. Samaria Gorge: A challenging but rewarding hike offering stunning natural landscapes. Beaches: Balos Lagoon and Falassarna Beach are must-visits for beach lovers. Cretan Cuisine Tasting: Explore local tavernas for an authentic taste of Crete. conclusion Chania, with its perfect blend of climate, accommodation options, easy navigation and unique experiences, promises a memorable getaway. Chania is not just another holiday destination; It’s a place where every corner holds a story, every meal a celebration, every moment like heaven. Whether you’re wandering its cobblestone streets, sunbathing on its pristine beaches, or exploring its rich cultural heritage, Chania invites you to immerse yourself in its beauty, history and warmth is not just a place to visit; There is a world to experience. Make Chania your next holiday destination and discover a paradise that captures your heart.

The post Why Chania, Greece Should Be Your Next Paradise Vacation Destination appeared first on Geeky Traveller.

(Oct. 26, The Advocate/Times-Picayune)  If Bobby Jindal is under consideration to be Secretary of Health and Human Services in a new Donald Trump presidency, he could be Trump’s star appointment. […]

The post Why Bobby Jindal should run HHS appeared first on Quin Hillyer.

Experts can’t agree how exactly they affect us and it’s not clear that science will give us an answer.

From 'fruitless' dating to financial pressures, people share their views on falling fertility rates.

Britain's oldest satellite is in the wrong part of the sky, but no-one's really sure who moved it.

The agency provides aid for Palestinians in Gaza and elsewhere, and has long been criticised by Israel.

In the Lebanese city of Nabatieh, Orla Guerin meets hospital patients and medics vowing to stay despite Israeli strikes.

McLaren’s Lando Norris explains why he wants to win the British Grand Prix more than any other race in Formula 1.

BBC F1 correspondent Andrew Benson answers your questions following the Sao Paulo Grand Prix.

The vice-president failed to make the case that she would be different from her boss, President Joe Biden.

After Donald Trump's decisive victory, we asked Americans what they think made the difference for each campaign.

Dozens of videos involving a senior civil servant in Equatorial Guinea have flooded social media, shocking people in the country.

Andy Bailey has been photographing bins in his Cheshire town, giving them a rating out of 25.

How cheese has become so valuable that it's being stolen to order

Before Ruben Amorim takes over as Manchester United manager, Match of the Day 2's Theo Walcott explains why some of United's attacking players will need to adapt their game under their new boss.

I’m writing this for all the parents out there: Don’t leave your child’s reading success to chance. I’m embarrassed to admit this, but I was one of those parents. Sure, my wife and I read to our son every night, and we had plenty of books, newspapers and magazines around the house. Our local public school spent a lot of time on literacy too, but I cringe now as I look back on how they did it. They taught kids to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words using pictures, the first letter or other context clues.

Too much fluoride can make your teeth brown, but getting a little bit is a dentist's dream. Here's the complete history of fluoridated water.

Do you want to sell more? Who doesn’t? But you might be missing out on some key conversions because you’re not using the right words to promote your products or services.   Take a new approach to writing with some proven “power” words that increase conversions because they deliver reasons to buy, appeal to our […]

You’ve probably attended a webinar or two (or more), but are you using them effectively as part of your overall content plan? In this blog post, we teach you the basics of hosting a webinar and how to use them effectively as you build out your content strategy and grow your business.

Key Takeaways Description Dragon Tiger’s Popularity Dragon Tiger is a popular game in Asian casinos due to its simplicity and speed. Cultural Experience Playing Dragon Tiger offers travelers a unique cultural experience and a chance to engage with locals. Online Play Dragon Tiger can be played online, allowing travelers to enjoy the game regardless of […]

Construction has started on the undersea component of Google's Umoja fibre-optic cable.

A minimal design, compact size, and true HEPA filter make Sharp's FPK50UW Air Purifier an affordable clean-home solution for travelers.

The post Why We Made a Home Air Purifier Part of Our Travel Lifestyle appeared first on Vagabondish.

If Democrat politicians want our votes in the future then it would be nice if they said they were sorry for what they have done in the past. We don’t have far to look. Let’s see at why they lost and how they can win.

The post Why Democrats Lost the 2024 Elections appeared first on Clash Daily.

The usual talking heads in the media are freaking out and making all kinds of wild claims. Those are the rage-y emotional reactions. What's a more sensible take on all of this?

The post Why Did Trump Win And What Happens Now? appeared first on Clash Daily.

Shortly after President-elect Donald Trump appointed Tom Homan as “border czar,” the immigration hardliner’s hilarious 2019 smackdown of Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York went viral on social media. […]

The post Flashback: Video of Tom Homan Taking Down AOC Resurfaces, Showing Why Trump Picked Him appeared first on The Western Journal.

The election of Donald Trump in 2024 marked a pivotal moment in American politics, a moment that many saw coming from miles away. But what drove this resurgence? Why did […]

The post Why Trump Won appeared first on The Western Journal.

Late injection Johan Grobbelaar may find himself more than simply an “extra” on the Bok tour, writes Rob Houwing.

Why a more inward-looking China is bad news for the world economy Expert comment LToremark 16 October 2022

The increased role of geopolitics and ideology in Beijing’s economic decision-making is bad news not just for China but for the world.

This quote by President Xi clearly outlines the inward tilt of Chinese economic policymaking that is now becoming increasingly obvious to the rest of the world. But it actually has deep roots. Ever since the 2008 global financial crisis, when the West’s reliability as a trading partner was thrown into question, self-reliance has become a more decisive organizing principle for Chinese officials.

As a result, the export-dependent growth model on which China built its economic rise in recent decades has been fraying. Exports as a share of China’s GDP peaked at 35 per cent in 2007 but had fallen to around 20 per cent by last year, a level not seen since before China’s accession to the WTO in 2001. This shows that net exports no longer make any meaningful contribution to Chinese GDP growth.

Although China’s inward tilt may have started out as a response to purely economic phenomena – the post-crisis global recession, belt-tightening in the West, the eurozone crisis, and a general softening of global trade growth in the post-crisis years – geopolitical considerations are now dominant in shaping this shift toward self-reliance.

The role of geopolitics in pushing China towards a more inward-looking development path became clear in China’s response to the aggressive tariffs and export controls introduced by the Trump administration in the US. Because of these new constraints on China’s access to international markets and technology, Beijing sought to limit its dependence on the rest of the world.   

The most obvious result of this was the introduction of the ‘dual circulation’ strategy in May 2020, which sets out a rebalancing of China’s economy away from a reliance on external demand as a stimulus to growth (‘international circulation’) towards increased self-dependence (‘domestic circulation’). 

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has provided another geopolitical impetus to China’s pursuit of self-reliance. Since it is not far-fetched to think that China, like Russia, might one day also face coordinated sanctions, Chinese authorities must be thinking hard about how to respond to such a risk. 

The only credible strategy that China can adopt is to reduce its economic dependence on the West by creating, in effect, a kind of economic fortress, as its dependence on imported technology, food, and fossil fuels in particular, has created a substantial strategic vulnerability.

Over the next few years, Chinese policymakers will likely attempt to build up the country’s ability to supply its own semi-conductors, food, and green energy sources.

This new approach to economic policymaking isn’t just about China’s relationship with the rest of the world. Within China itself, a new emphasis on the role of the state is increasingly apparent – and seemingly rooted in ideology. 

The previous National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), in October 2017, made a push for ‘stronger, better, and bigger’ state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the past five years have indeed seen a measurable rise in the role that SOEs play in the Chinese economy. These firms now account for more fixed investment in the economy than private firms, for the first time since 2005.

Why the UN matters for Britain Interview LJefferson 6 September 2022

In the fourth of a series of interviews with Queen Elizabeth II Academy faculty, Jeremy Greenstock argues that the UN is still important in a polarized world.

For many people looking at the United Nations (UN) today, the institution (and the world) appears to be at an inflection point and the UN seems ill-equipped to meet these challenges. From your vantage point, how does this period look in relative terms? 

I think for an institution like the UN founded on principles and compromises laid down in 1945, the passage of time is bound to be difficult because society changes quicker than an institution can reform. We can talk about reform later, but the UN has challenges. Where do these challenges come from? I see them coming from a crisis in governance, in governments around the world.

The UN is a forum of member states, and the member states carry their national labels at the UN and follow their national interests at the UN. And almost all governments are suffering huge challenges, not just from the circumstances of geopolitics, but from the expectations of their own people, which they find difficult to meet.

The UN is a servant in that sense, of governments, and so what happens at the UN reflects what is happening in and between governments. We need to keep that in perspective. The UN still retains a tremendous value as a forum. It is a natural forum for governments to talk before they shoot, which was not there in previous eras, and that has had a significant effect since 1945 in reducing the incidence of war between states, particularly between the largest states.

It has obviously been more difficult to deal with local and regional conflicts, but the kind of confrontation that threatens to escalate into a global war has been severely restricted by the UN. The habit of talking at the UN General Assembly (UNGA), artificial as it may seem, is an extremely important part of the avoidance of conflict in the modern age.  

There is a deep scepticism about the UN. Many people think there is a lot of talking but that the real action takes place elsewhere. What is the value of the UN?  

Well, there are two aspects to this. One is the fact that leaders must give their reasons for their policymaking to an international public. This has a force in today’s digital world where most people have access to a megaphone of some kind. The legitimacy of what governments do is exposed at the UNGA.

Secondly, alongside the open meetings and the publicized speeches, there are countless side meetings that go on, and it is an opportunity for leaders to test each other out, and to have private words that may differ from the public words they have to produce for their own followers in their own capitals.

It is an opportunity for personal diplomacy which is highly valuable, and which might not otherwise happen, particularly between leaders who have very serious differences. And I think that the testing of the legitimacy of policy in both the public and the private spheres is an important aspect of international diplomacy that the UNGA provides an opportunity for.  

At the UNGA, states are called to account before the UN, and this can expose hypocrisies. But sometimes there are fundamental clashes over interests and also over values. How would you characterize the UN’s handling of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine?

It is a different audience at the UN from the audience that they have back in their capitals or in their own groups of like-minded people. They must justify themselves in different ways, and there are a whole host of inconsistencies in foreign policy that get exposed at the UN when people must explain themselves in public.

A lot of member states around the world have not condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine; yet underneath their non-condemnation is a general regret because Russia has broken a huge taboo of the UN Charter, which is the sacrosanctity of independent sovereign territories in Article 2.7.

And that article is valuable to member states who feel threatened by more powerful member states. Russia, as a permanent member, has ridden roughshod over sovereign independence. China and India will have equivocal feelings about that, but they can’t say so in public because they want some of the West’s hypocrisies and inconsistencies exposed, and because they find the approach of sanctions very unpalatable.

Sanctions are unpopular, and the use of sanctions has become a major weapon of non-war by the United States in particular. So, the Russian invasion is unpopular, but the approach of the West is also unpopular for not better looking after the interests of emerging economies and lower-income states, particularly on climate change, but also on economic development.

So, a whole host of different considerations come into play over Ukraine at the UNGA.

How do you think the UN could be best repurposed or reformed?  

It is terribly difficult, because if you open the UN Charter for one reason, you are opening it up to a host of demands from member states for other reforms. And remember that no reform of the Charter can happen without a 2/3 majority at the General Assembly, and that is an effective blocker, because you will always find more people opposing a particular reform that supporting it.

So, I think formal reform remains a bit of a dream in the circumstances of a polarized world. I want to divert discussions about UN reform into areas where the Secretary General has a competence without needing a vote from member states.

I am talking about improvement in methodologies, in the meritocracy of appointments, in the day-to-day workings of the UN. It looks unambitious on a large-scale basis, but just improving the competence of the UN and its agencies will ensure the relevance of the UN to people’s material interests in terms of human rights, refugees, food distribution, and children, and all the other things that the agencies look after.

So, I would prefer to concentrate reform energy into competence reforms, management reforms, rather than reforms of the Charter. 

This takes us to the question of the permanent members of the Security Council, and especially the US and the UK. You have experienced first-hand America’s ambivalence towards the UN. How much has this undercut the UN’s relevance?

I was frequently disappointed by the approach of the US to issues of policy at the UN. The US finds it very difficult as a nation to move beyond the primacy of its own domestic public opinion.

That perspective – that we have democracy at home, but we will not, as Americans, allow international democracy – is regarded around the world as an untenable position for the superpower. And I think it is more than untenable, it is against the US’s long-term interests to demand such national exceptionalism.

That exceptionalism is extremely unpopular, and the US’s extraterritorial reach is very unpopular. That loss of legitimacy around the world is affecting American interests, in the Middle East, over Afghanistan, over the reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine; America losing the argument with international public opinion has a material effect on American power, influence and interests.

Has America paid the price for asserting its exceptionalism? From your perspective, representing the UK, arguably the closest ally of the US and one with a permanent seat on the Security Council, how did you manage this?

Well, I had a long experience of that in my job in Baghdad. Yes, the UK normally supports the US in international forums because our interests coincide. In foreign policy, interests are more important than values, and sometimes you have to make compromises and shade your values in order to get results and to avoid conflict.

I found myself taking up the US’ arguments and trying to deliver them as the UK, because the US was more unpopular than the UK and we could act more subtly. The US was more unpopular than the UK because the UK – and a lot of the time France – tried a lot harder than other permanent members to work for the common interest of UN members.

There were times I argued publicly against the US at the Security Council because their logic was incompatible with a multilateral approach, over the International Criminal Court for instance, or over some approaches to the Middle East. I would take a different view, not just because I didn’t want to seem like a constant puppet of the US, but because I thought the logic that they were following was constraining for them, and the counter-productiveness washed off on us.

Here, I want to make an important point. You won’t get governments coming together to form a multilateral approach with all the compromises that this entails unless they are confident of their position at home. They can’t otherwise explain those compromises to their domestic public opinion. If governments are insecure at home, they won’t pursue a multilateral approach because of that insecurity.

The UK is seeking to define a new global role for itself. It has been one of the most influential states at the UN. Do you see this changing?

I don’t think the change of leader makes a terrific difference for the UK in the UN because there is cross-party parliamentary agreement that the UN is important.

I was disappointed that the UK did not take the UN more seriously at a political level except when it badly needed it at a particular moment. At an official level, there was plenty of support from London, but I don’t think that politicians ever gave much priority to the health of the UN.

Why America’s midterm elections matter for the world The World Today mhiggins.drupal 28 September 2022

The outcome could threaten the fight against climate change and the future of democracy itself, warns Leslie Vinjamuri.

As the November 8 midterm elections in the United States approach, the sense of urgency among the Democrats and Republicans is escalating. Early voter turnout is on track to surpass the 2018 midterms, when a record 122 million Americans voted ahead of election day. The midterms – when congressional, state and local seats are determined – used to pass almost unnoticed, especially outside the US.

Since 2018, though, they have become a matter of global concern. The 2022 midterm elections will be the first major elections in the US since the January 6 insurrection at the US Capitol. As such, they will be the first real litmus test for the continued relevance of Donald Trump and Trumpism.

For both parties, winning is more important than ever and it is not only a matter of policy. Today, a majority of members of both parties – 72 per cent of Republicans and 63 per cent of Democrats – see those belonging to the opposing party as immoral, according to a Pew Research Center poll in September, representing a significant rise since 2016.

In many states, the midterms will have a direct impact on the 2024 presidential elections, influencing who decides how voting takes place, how votes are counted and, especially, who controls the certification of election results.

Given this context, the stakes in elections are especially high. The winners will have the upper hand not only in defining many procedural rules but also the values that constitute the nation, such as on abortion rights, education and healthcare.

Republicans and Democrats align on most key foreign policy

Though foreign policy will bear a strong resemblance to its former self even if Republicans gain a majority in the House of Representatives, as many anticipate, the outcome of the elections on US global influence could impact efforts to combat climate change and to support the defence of Ukraine.

The Republican Party has become known for its embrace of climate deniers and the radicalized anti-immigrant rhetoric of many of its party’s most established figures. The failure to address rampant gun violence – and, instead, to defend a historically suspect interpretation of the right to bear arms – and the push for a national abortion ban mean that the party is imposing a version of America onto itself that is out-of-step with virtually all other rich democratic countries.

The choices voters make in November are likely to shape the values that come to the fore in the US, and with this the affinity that America’s closest partners feel for it.

Domestic policy is likely to be more heavily affected by the elections. A Republican majority in the House would stall progress on President Joe Biden’s domestic agenda and undercut his ability to raise the taxes he needs to pay for his spending plans. The drive to hold the former President Trump accountable will also be affected by the choices voters make in November.

A Republican majority in the House would spell an end to congressional investigations of Donald Trump. Instead, Republicans would use their electoral gains to launch their investigations into the Democrats.

One anti-Trump Republican on the January 6 committee investigating the storming of the Capitol building last year warned of a vengeful and obstructive turn against Biden from his Republican colleagues if they took the House. ‘They’re going to demand an impeachment vote on President Biden every week,’ said congressman Adam Kinzinger. It is under this shadow that the January 6 Committee is pressing ahead to finish its proceedings and publish its report.

On foreign policy, the parties are more aligned than divided on most of the key issues. Their differences are a matter of diplomacy, which matters, and degree. Support for Ukraine has had bipartisan backing, but in recent weeks the issue has become politicized. Some congressional Republicans are more hawkish than their Democratic counterparts in their ambition to support Ukraine. Yet, the congressman set to be Speaker of the House if Republicans gain a majority, Kevin McCarthy, is leading an effort to exercise far stronger oversight of any additional funds for Ukraine.

Ultimately, though, the president and his advisers maintain considerable control over foreign policy.  

Bipartisan support for a tougher stance on China was consolidated under Trump. He mobilized US voters by blaming China for the loss of manufacturing jobs. Later he held China responsible for the outbreak of Covid and for covering it up. China’s crackdown on democracy in Hong Kong, its assertiveness in the South China Seas, tensions over Taiwan and reports of human rights abuse against the Uighur in Xinjiang have cemented a bipartisan consensus on America’s China policy. But a more empowered Republican base looks likely to lead to a more ideologically driven anti-China rhetoric. 

The ground has also shifted over Russia. During President Trump’s tenure, Republican attitudes towards Vladimir Putin softened. But the Russian president’s aggressive invasion of Ukraine has entrenched American opposition to him and bolstered support for NATO.

Democrats and Republicans are also more aligned on policy towards Iran today than they were before Trump abandoned the Iran Deal negotiating the Middle Eastern country’s nuclear programme. On some contentious issues, such as immigration reform, progress is already stalled and that is unlikely to change.

US climate change policy may depend on the results

The upshot of all this is that the president is unlikely to make radical changes to US foreign policy regardless of the results of the midterms. The most important exception to this is climate change, which continues to be the unwanted stepchild of the Republican Party. Domestic infighting in the US would inevitably detract even further from the bold policy that is needed.

Republicans are unlikely to get the two-thirds majority needed to pass legislation that would undermine President Biden’s climate bill. Republican control of House committees, however, would add more politically driven oversight of any climate spending, including what has already been authorized by the Inflation Reduction Act. 

Policy convergence and clear executive authority cannot mitigate the sheer disruption that would be unleashed if the Republicans were to gain majorities in both the Senate and the House, however. For the rest of the world, and especially within Europe, this would send warning signs about the future trajectory of US foreign policy commitments and set off alarm bells that an ‘America First’ president might return to the White House after 2024.

A Republican majority in the House with a Democratic majority in the Senate would be disruptive, if less so, but would probably spell the end of business as usual, unsettling people, states and markets. All of this is unfolding at a time when many of the world’s rich democracies face internal divisions, rising inequality and populist challenges at home and so are ill-equipped to lead.

Democracies face a trust deficit. This is especially apparent in the US where only 43 per cent of Americans have trust in US institutions, according to the 2022 Edelman Trust Barometer.

Internal threats to democracy also unsettle the promise of US global leadership at a time when concerted and determined leadership is needed to maintain a strong and united response to Russia, and to tackle global food insecurity and the energy, climate and debt crises. In addition, the failure to lead a global response that can help developing countries is feeding a trust deficit between rich and poor countries.

The midterms will reveal a greater truth about the future of the Republican Party. Even more so, it will reveal the values held by the American electorate. In the run-up to the 2020 US presidential elections, Europeans frequently said that they would not give Americans a pass if they voted for Donald Trump twice – and indeed only 17 per cent of those in European Union countries would have cast a vote for Trump if they could.

A Republican midterm victory in both the Senate and the House of Representatives would have ripple effects across the Atlantic at a time when the threat from Russia has intensified.

The US is judged around the world for what it does, but also for who it is. The perception that democracy is failing in America creates a permissive environment for aspiring autocrats. At a time when democracy has been in decline around the world for more than 15 years, it is essential that the US fix its own democracy and that it demonstrates to the rest of the world that democracy can deliver.

The midterms will signal to the world what Americans value, sending a message about what it can expect from the US.

This article was updated on October 31, 2022 to reflect developments such as early voting turnout, and the impact of the midterms on the 2024 presidential election, support for Ukraine and climate change spending.

Why burning biomass is not zero-carbon Explainer Video NCapeling 17 October 2022

Short animation explaining why burning biomass produces more carbon dioxide per unit of energy generated than almost all fossil fuels.

The climate emergency requires countries to transition away from fossil fuels, but it is important to be careful about the alternative energy sources chosen.

In particular, concern is growing over the use of biomass for energy, which is generated when wood or other plant material is burnt to generate heat and electricity. Many governments treat biomass energy as zero-carbon at the point of combustion, and subsidize it in the same way as renewables such as solar or wind, resulting in a large increase in the use of biomass for energy in the UK and the European Union (EU) over the past 15 years.

The treatment of biomass as zero-carbon in policy frameworks rests on the argument that biomass emissions will be reabsorbed by forest growth, particularly from trees planted to replace those cut down to burn.

But growing trees to maturity takes many years and, depending on the feedstock used, biomass burning increases global warming for decades to centuries. This is called the ‘carbon payback period’ – the time it takes for carbon dioxide levels to return to what they would have been if biomass had not been used.

New research from Chatham House and the Woodwell Climate Research Center calculated the real climate impact of burning US wood pellets in the UK and EU. In 2019, according to this analysis, US-sourced pellets burned for energy in the UK were responsible for between 13 million and 16 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, equivalent to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from 6-7 million passenger vehicles.

But because biomass is treated as zero-carbon, almost none of these emissions were included in the UK’s national greenhouse gas reports. And the removal of forest carbon from US forests is not included accurately in US reports, either.

Why technology does not make easy wars Interview LJefferson 28 November 2022

Stephanie Carvin explains why technology does not overcome the challenges of war.

The invasion of Ukraine has demonstrated that many of the assumptions held about the role of technology in contemporary warfare are flawed. The lesson that technology cannot overcome the challenges of warfare is one that the West has also yet to learn, despite a series of failed interventions since the end of the Cold War.

In a wide-ranging conversation, Isabel Muttreja sat down with Stephanie Carvin to talk about her contribution to the September 2022 issue of International Affairs on ‘how not to war’. They discuss the US’ over-reliance on technology and why ‘easy wars’ become ‘forever wars.’

You argue in your article that the US overly relies on technology in war. When did this start?

I don’t necessarily think the US is exceptional. I think all states have tried in some ways to use technologies. One of the key arguments in the article is that the US is an enlightenment country, and part of the enlightenment is a belief in rationality and science and that you can better things through the application of science.

I think that there is this particular scientific approach or embracing of technology, in the American and in fact larger Western tradition on technology as a way to save lives. There is a strange humanitarian impulse that often underlies this use of technology.

We are seeing a quest to try and get perfect information. The idea is that if you have perfect information, you are going to be able to dominate the battlefield, and that’s proven itself to be false. I’m not even sure you can ever get perfect information.

But it underlines this modern approach, that if you can have all the information that’s out there, crunch it into some kind of algorithm, that you can then target discriminately, proportionately, reduce the level of casualties, and reduce the level of unnecessary damage. And that’s a kind of liberal tradition. You are trying to have your cake and eat it too.

You talk about the US being an ultimately liberal state, but they have been involved in a lot of wars over the last 10–20 years. Is that a contradiction?

I hope it is. But I think it goes back to the enlightenment nature of the United States, which is that the US sees itself as a shining city on a hill that has to protect itself at all costs. Liberals abhor tyranny, and they abhor unnecessary deaths. But I think that the idea is that if you threaten us, we see ourselves as embodying these values, therefore, we have to protect ourselves.

There’s a tendency to not really recognize the kind of insurgencies that we’ve seen in Iraq and Afghanistan, or even Vietnam, as war. We don’t really see that as a kind of armed conflict, even though, arguably, that has been the dominant mode of conflict for some time. They even used to call it ‘military operations other than warfare’. We tend to still think of war as great power competition or as the Second World War.

My first book was on prisoners of war in the American tradition. What often determined the treatment of people as prisoners of war was if the United States recognized their form of warfare. There’s a racial element here too that I don’t want to dismiss.

So, for example, the US war in the Philippines at the start of the 20th century: They went in, won a very quick victory over the Spanish and effectively took over the Philippines. And then they had a long insurgency for two years with the native Filipinos who didn’t want US domination. While they gave the Spanish all the prisoner of war rights, they didn’t give them to the Filipinos.

This is because they recognized the form of conflict that the Spanish engaged in, but the Indigenous way of warfare was not recognized. The West has struggled to culturally understand the way other people fight. And that’s when the laws of war conventions have broken down between, say, the United States, the West, and other states.

You talk in your article about the US entering ‘easy wars’ and ending up with ‘forever wars’ – what does this mean?

There’s an allure to this high-tech version of warfare, that it can solve a lot of problems, but it’s an illusion. It is ultimately a bit of a false promise.

The idea that machines are going to replace humans is fundamentally untrue. We are seeing this to a certain extent right now, even in the Russia/Ukraine war. This is very much a battle of machines and soldiers. One of the themes of this issue of International Affairs is hubris. The idea that things that appear to be quick wins often tend to be long-term losses. And that’s exactly what this article is talking about.

‘Forever wars’ is not my favourite term, but it’s this concept that what was promised to be an easy war, a high technology-driven conflict, where you can go in, use some surgically precise weapons, take care of the problem, eliminate your opponent and then extract yourself from a situation, has actually turned into a quagmire.

The limits of technology become apparent within a few months as well as the fact of the messy business of state-building, or the fact that insurgencies and political movements don’t just disintegrate at the show of some high-tech, sophisticated weaponry. It just tends to mean that these wars do go on for a long time, and you have to eventually extricate yourself, but there’s no clean way to do this. We saw this of course with Afghanistan, and to a large extent Iraq.

We get distracted by the shiny object. We see this promise, we see this vision of a kind of warfare that for some may have great appeal.  There are new super weapons, whether it be cyber information warfare or artificial intelligence. Everyone wants to be ahead of the curve, right?

Are these lessons on technology and ‘easy wars’ applicable to other countries?

I think what we’ve learned about the Russian military is that there’s a lot more at the heart of it. Part of the problem Russia is experiencing is that its capabilities were not what it thought they were. It’s clear that Vladimir Putin was enamoured with a lot of the ideas, like that the Russian military was increasingly high-tech and that they had these hypersonic missiles.

They also had very powerful cyber weapons amongst other things. Putin, too, seems to have been caught up in this idea that he could have had a 72-hour special military operation, which would have taken Kyiv. Clearly, that hasn’t happened. Once again, we see the underestimation of the human factor.

What is COP29 and why is it important? Explainer jon.wallace 17 October 2024

The COP29 summit will see negotiators try to agree how to finance the climate action the world urgently needs.

COP29, the 29th UN annual conference on climate change, takes place in Baku, Azerbaijan from 11–22 November 2024.

Every COP conference is an important opportunity for international collaboration on climate change. COP29 will have a particular focus on how to make finance available to developing countries for climate action.

COP29 is already contentious, because Azerbaijan’s economy is highly dependent on fossil fuels, the main cause of climate change. That means that Azerbaijan’s government, which will preside over the summit, has a strong incentive to avoid rapid multilateral progress towards phasing out fossil fuels. 

It’s urgent that progress is made at COP29. Climate action lags far behind both what has been promised by countries, and what scientists agree is needed. The impacts of climate change are also rapidly escalating, while backlash against government policies to reduce fossil fuel use is being seen in many places around the world. 

What is a ‘COP’?

The ‘Conference of the Parties’ or ‘COP’ is an annual event that brings together the governments which have signed up to environmental action under the United Nations (UN). 

Governments or ‘parties’ attend the climate change COP if they are part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or the international environmental treaties the Kyoto Protocol (1997) or the landmark and legally binding Paris Agreement (2015).

World leaders, ministers, and negotiators convene at the COP to negotiate and rubber stamp plans to jointly address climate change and its impacts. 

Civil society, businesses, international organizations and the media normally ‘observe’ proceedings to bring transparency, accountability and wider perspectives to the process.

‘Mission 1.5°C’ 

COP28, the 2023 climate conference held in Dubai, was the first of three consecutive COP summits intended to ‘reset’ global climate action – what the UN calls the ‘Roadmap to Mission 1.5°C’ – the ambition to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. 

To support continuity and progress across the three COPs, the UAE (COP28), Azerbaijan (COP29) and Brazil (COP30) have formed a COP presidential ‘Troika’ or group of three.

In 2023 the first ‘global stocktake’ of international action to address climate change indicated that the world was far off track for targets set by the Paris Agreement. The ‘UAE Consensus’ agreement, which formed the main output of COP28, set out how parties should respond. 

COP29, the second of the three COPs, is intended to get the finance in place to enable this response. COP30, to be held in Brazil in 2025, will then try to agree how a new round of nationally determined climate plans or ‘contributions’ to global climate efforts (NDCs) should be put into action.

COP29 will be the third consecutive COP held in an authoritarian state, and the second consecutive COP hosted by a petro-state. Taken together, the ‘Troika’ hosts make up the world’s 4th largest oil producer, after the United States, Russia and Saudi Arabia. 

This presents both an opportunity and a risk: the countries are well placed to understand and tackle the core issue of fossil fuel extraction and use. But they also have strong incentives to stall, distract and deflect the negotiations away from phasing out fossil fuels.

Key issues at COP29

Finance – money on the table, and a New Collective Quantified Goal

COP29 has a remit to secure funding for a ‘course correction’ on global climate action. Countries’ revised climate plans (NDCs) are due in February 2025. For developing countries to deliver new ambitious NDCs, however, COP29 must first make clear what finance will be available to help them.

Climate finance is one of the thorniest issues in the negotiations. The previous climate finance goal, of $100 billion per year from developed to developing countries between 2020-25, was symbolic (being a fraction of the sum actually needed) and contentious (developed countries did not meet the target until 2022, and then only with accusations of double-counting). 

A New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQGs), to be agreed at COP29, will need to reflect developing countries’ needs and priorities. Estimates vary, but it is accepted that the scale will be trillions, not billions. To bridge this enormous gap, private finance will need to be mobilized and broader reforms made to global financial architecture. Issues such as subsidies, fossil fuel profits and ‘solidarity levies’ will also need to be on the table. 

Little progress has been made in the run-up to COP29. Parties disagree on who should pay, how much should be paid, what forms the funding should take (loans or grants) and how the funds should be accessed. 

Also up for debate is how funds should be directed – towards mitigating the impacts of climate change (preventing climate change becoming worse), adapting to its effects, or supporting countries to manage loss and damage (climate impacts that have already happened or cannot be avoided).  

In discussions of the NCQG to date, developed countries have consistently called for higher income developing countries, such as China and India, to contribute. 

Such countries have pushed back forcefully against this. For a new goal to be agreed, such divisions will need to be resolved.

Enhanced transparency?

COPs act as showcases for international agreement, but many processes rumble on behind the scenes. COP29 will be an important moment for transparency under the Paris Agreement, as the Parties’ first Biennial Enhanced Transparency Reports (BTRs) are due in December 2024. 

BTRs are an important tool in the Paris Agreement, requiring countries to provide a snapshot of their progress in cutting emissions, setting climate policies, and providing resources for national and international climate action. 

BTRs are meant to build the evidence base for strong NDCs, build trust and promote ambitious climate action. They are also meant to help developing countries showcase achievements and attract climate finance. 

The COP29 presidency has launched the Baku Global Climate Transparency Platform to encourage participation, and support countries in finalising their BTRs. The Platform is meant to provide space for collaboration between government, NGO and private sector stakeholders. 

This is one of the areas in which COP29 host, Azerbaijan, runs into criticism. The country ranks highly on indexes of corruption, and has repeatedly restricted space for NGOs and wider civil society actors through a series of escalating government crackdowns, including imprisonment of environmental activists, in the run-up to the conference.

Independent Thinking: Why is North Korea sending troops to Russia? Audio john.pollock 31 October 2024

Orysia Lutsevych, Edward Howell and Yossi Mekelberg discuss North Korean troops fighting with Russian forces against Ukraine, as well as the issue of military conscription.

On this episode

North Korea is sending troops to Russia, but what is Kim Jong-Un hoping to get from Vladmir Putin for this military assistance against Ukraine? The panel also discuss the role military conscription plays in Israel, South Korea and Ukraine’s defence.

Bronwen Maddox is joined by Edward Howell, the Korea Foundation fellow at Chatham House, Orysia Lutsevych, the head of our Ukraine Forum and Yossi Mekelberg, a senior consulting fellow with our Middle East and North Africa Programme.

About Independent Thinking

Independent Thinking is a weekly international affairs podcast hosted by our director Bronwen Maddox, in conversation with leading policymakers, journalists, and Chatham House experts providing insight on the latest international issues.

More ways to listen: Apple Podcasts, Spotify.

A seat at the table – why inclusivity matters in global governance 10 May 2021 — 1:30PM TO 3:00PM Anonymous (not verified) 22 April 2021 Online

Exploring the changing dynamics of global cooperation and the role inclusivity can play in building collaborative action.

Please click on the below link to confirm your participation and receive your individual joining details from Zoom for this event. You will receive a confirmation email from Zoom, which contains the option to add the event to your calendar if you so wish.

The scale of today’s global challenges demand collaborative and coordinated action. But deepening geopolitical competition is threatening multilateralism while growing inequality and social tensions continue to undermine public confidence in the ability of international institutions to deliver.

Into this challenging environment, add the complexity and sheer pace of many global challenges such as the climate crisis and the proliferation of new technologies – issues that cannot be addressed effectively by governments alone.

• How do global institutions and mechanisms need to adapt to address the demands for a fairer distribution of power between states and to engage the diverse set of actors essential today for effective solutions?
• What can be learnt from existing initiatives that bring together governments, civil society, private sector, cities, next generation leaders and other stakeholders?
• And what are the political obstacles to greater inclusivity?

This event supports the launch of a synthesis paper from Chatham House’s Inclusive Governance Initiative.

Why the next generation is key to protecting human rights Expert comment LToremark 23 June 2021

Strengthening youth participation in public affairs is essential to building inclusive and democratic societies that respect human rights.

Young people have always been drivers of social and economic reform, and today’s global youth population is more numerous and interconnected than ever before. While they have been at the forefront of civic rights movements in recent years, young people are largely excluded from discussions around human rights norms and how to monitor their protection and defence.

Young people are consistently underrepresented in intergovernmental mechanisms and national dialogues, which not only squanders their potential to contribute to effective solutions but also risks disengagement and disillusionment with multilateralism more broadly, at a time when many are already warning of the fraying of the international liberal order. Although there are actors and initiatives working to lift barriers to youth participation in governance – such as the UN Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth, Jayathma Wickramanayake, or the UN 2016 Not Too Young To Run campaign – these efforts tend to fall short in effecting real change and rarely translate into institutionalized procedures.

While ‘the youth’ is a heterogenous group, comprising different ages, ethnicities, national identities and interests, their participation in realizing human rights is essential to addressing the current challenges and possibilities of human rights for future generations. This will help foster more effective solutions to rights-related challenges, re-build trust in the international human rights framework among younger demographics and broaden and deepen commitments to human rights across generations.

Human rights policies and the online environment

Young people tend to be more technologically literate than their predecessors and also represent the majority of internet users and social media consumers in many countries. They can therefore play a key role in innovating and imagining rights-based solutions to emerging problems for the human rights framework, such as illegitimate collection of data by governments and companies, microtargeting by online platforms, and the sharing of harmful content online. In many cases, international human rights practices have failed to keep pace with these changes and the challenges they bring.

Younger demographics may also approach these novel human rights issues from different starting points. For example, a UK study found that 30 per cent of 18-24 year-olds were ‘unconcerned’ about data privacy compared with only 12 per cent of those aged 55-64, and it has been shown that younger people tend to be more discerning of fake news compared to older generations. There may be a need for human rights institutions and practitioners to acknowledge and bridge these gaps in perspective and understanding to ensure long-term support for proposed solutions.

International cooperation for human rights protection

It has been suggested that young people have reaped the benefits of previous human rights-based policy reforms and have a strong sense of what rights they are entitled to and why these need to be protected through an international framework. Young people are also generally more supportive of multilateralism compared to their older counterparts, as demonstrated by a 2020 survey by Pew Research Center on global attitudes, which showed that 72 per cent of respondents aged 18-29 stated they have a favourable view of the UN, compared with 58 per cent of respondents aged 50 and older.

At a recent Chatham House workshop, young participants from countries as diverse as Lebanon, Kenya and the United States expressed concern that growing hostility towards globalization threatens to undo progress in human rights standards and multilateralism more broadly, progress that they have seen and benefitted from. The rise of nationalist and populist parties has also seen countries shift their attention inwards, as evidenced by former president Trump’s decision to withdraw the US from the Paris Agreement on climate change, and threats by Brazil’s president, Jair Bolsonaro, to follow suit.

Engaging more actively with younger individuals on global human rights reform will help ensure the long-term relevance of multilateral cooperation as well as domestic buy-in of human rights commitments.

Awareness of the interconnectivity of global problems

Young people’s proficiency on online platforms has enabled greater coordination and knowledge sharing without geographical constraints, allowing young activists – like Greta Thunberg – to inspire global movements and foster online discussions about intersectional solutions to modern-day challenges.

This intersectional and transnational lens will be a vital component of building solutions to politically or historically complex issues and can be leveraged to foster better understanding of competing human rights claims relating to issues such as land re-distribution in South Africa or limitations on freedom of movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. These democratic forums and platforms will ultimately help build a global community committed to and engaged with human rights.

Capturing the next generation’s potential

With these concerns and areas of potential in mind, how can human rights institutions and mechanisms create more meaningful avenues for youth input? 

Recent Chatham House research has suggested that multilateral institutions’ efforts to engage youth has often taken the form of ‘superficial listening’, for example inviting a high-profile youth actor to a one-off event or appointing youth delegates who are not able to participate in formal discussions or mainstream governance forums. While encouraging youth participation in meetings focused on human rights can lead to positive change, tokenism can discourage future engagement and dilute the effectiveness of the forums in question.

Capitalizing on the potential of the next generation can be achieved through integrating youth councils and advisers into national and international human rights policy processes, as well as human rights institutions. A few replicable models are already operational, such as the Y7 and the Y20 delegations – the official youth engagement groups for the G7 and G20 – that advance evidence-based proposals to world leaders ahead of the G7 and G20 summits.

At the domestic level, grassroots youth-led movements can help bridge the gap between local constituencies and international policymakers, with youth activists on the ground helping to implement human rights standards and fighting against the spread of misinformation. Strong local networks and civic spaces are essential for pushing back against human rights abuses, and youth activists should be mobilized to connect the efforts of domestic and international bodies to the real issues on the ground; for example, canvassing grassroots youth networks on domestic and traditional customs before implementing development agendas around women’s rights.

As well as providing insertion points for youth policy actors, human rights institutions must communicate their goals more effectively to younger generations and promote intergenerational and inclusive dialogue, for example by holding virtual consultations that  give access to individuals from different backgrounds. Similarly, they should ask young people about their priorities for human rights reform using regular and accessible surveys or by sharing information on online platforms regularly used by this demographic. This will ensure lasting buy-in from the next generation, essential for the relevance and sustainability of the human rights framework in the years to come.

This piece draws upon insights gathered at a workshop hosted by Chatham House in March 2021, which brought together the Institute’s networks of next generation groups including representatives of the QEII Academy Ambassadors, the Panel of Young Advisers, and the Common Futures Conversations community, as well as young members from the South African Institute of International Affairs.

Why the private sector should protect civic society Explainer Video NCapeling 10 December 2021

A short animation explaining the crucial role that the private sector can play in protecting and defending civic space.

This video explainer introduces a synthesis paper which analyses how the private sector can support the protection of civic society space.

The private sector is in a unique position to work with civil society organizations to uphold and defend civic freedoms and support sustainable and profitable business environments. Companies have the capacity, resources and expertise to enhance the protection of civic space.

By doing so, this helps create a society in which fundamental rights and the rule of law are respected and exercised by governments, private citizens, and all organizations which, in turn, is critical to a sustainable and profitable business environment.  

For more information, download the report.

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