In business and in life, measuring progress is a crucial step to staying on track and achieving your goals. After all, how can you determine how far you’ve come without looking back to where you began? As HARMAN continues to celebrate World Quality...
Sleep pressure and sleep depth are key regulators of wake and sleep. Current methods of measuring these parameters in Drosophila melanogaster have low temporal resolution and/or require disrupting sleep. Here we report analysis tools for high-resolution, noninvasive measurement of sleep pressure and depth from movement data. Probability of initiating activity,...
Ayelen M. Blanco, Juan I. Bertucci, Jose L. Soengas, and Suraj Unniappan
This research assessed the direct effects of insulin on nutrient-sensing mechanisms in the brain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using an in vitro approach. Cultured hypothalamus and hindbrain were exposed to 1 µmol l–1 insulin for 3 h, and signals involved in appetite regulation and nutrient-sensing mechanisms were measured. Additionally, the involvement of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway in the actions of insulin was studied by using the inhibitor wortmannin. Treatment with insulin alone did not elicit many changes in the appetite regulators and nutrient-sensing-related genes and enzymes tested in the hypothalamus and hindbrain. However, we found that, when insulin and nutrients were added together, insulin reversed most of the effects exerted by nutrients alone, suggesting that insulin changes responsiveness to nutrients at the central level. Effects reversed by insulin included expression levels of genes related to the sensing of both glucose (slc2a2, slc5a1, gck, pck1, pklr, g6pcb, gys1, tas1r3 and nr1h3 in the hindbrain, and slc2a2, pklr and pck1 in the hypothalamus) and fatty acid (cd36 in the hindbrain, and cd36 and acly in the hypothalamus). Nutrient-induced changes in the activity of Acly and Cpt-1 in the hindbrain and of Pepck, Acly, Fas and Hoad in the hypothalamus were also reversed by insulin. Most of the insulin effects disappeared in the presence of wortmannin, suggesting the PI3K/Akt pathway is a mediator of the effects of insulin reported here. This study adds new information to our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating nutrient sensing in fish.
Among the emerging techniques to detect the real footprint of buried ore deposits is isotope tracing. Novel and automated preparation systems such as continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry, off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy for isotopic compositions of selected molecules, multi-collector inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), triple quadrupole ICP-MS, laser ablation ICP-MS, and a multitude of inline preparation systems have facilitated the use of isotopes as tracers in mineral exploration, as costs for isotope analyses have decreased and the time required for the analyses has improved. In addition, the isotope systems being used have expanded beyond the traditional light stable and Pb isotopes to include a multitude of elements that behave differently during processes that promote the mobilization of elements during both primary and secondary dispersion. Isotopes are also being used to understand barren areas that lack a critical process to form an ore deposit and to reveal precise redox mechanisms. The goal is to be able to use isotopes to reflect a definitive process that occurs in association with the deposit and not in barren systems, and then to relate these to something that is easier to measure, namely elemental concentrations. As new generations of exploration and environmental scientists are becoming more comfortable with the application of isotopes to effectively trace processes involved in geoscience, and new technologies for rapid and inexpensive analyses of isotopes are continually being developed, novel applications of isotope tracing are becoming more mainstream.
Thematic collection: This article is part of the Exploration 17 collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/exploration-17
Gastrointestinal (GI) or gut microbiotas play essential roles in host development and physiology. These roles are influenced partly by the microbial community composition. During early developmental stages, the ecological processes underlying the assembly and successional changes in host GI community composition are influenced by numerous factors, including dispersal from the surrounding environment, age-dependent changes in the gut environment, and changes in dietary regimes. However, the relative importance of these factors to the gut microbiota is not well understood. We examined the effects of environmental (diet and water sources) and host early ontogenetic development on the diversity of and the compositional changes in the gut microbiota of a primitive teleost fish, the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), based on massively parallel sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Fish larvae were raised in environments that differed in water source (stream versus filtered groundwater) and diet (supplemented versus nonsupplemented Artemia fish). We quantified the gut microbial community structure at three stages (prefeeding and 1 and 2 weeks after exogenous feeding began). The diversity declined and the community composition differed significantly among stages; however, only modest differences associated with dietary or water source treatments were documented. Many taxa present in the gut were over- or underrepresented relative to neutral expectations in each sampling period. The findings indicate dynamic relationships between the gut microbiota composition and host gastrointestinal physiology, with comparatively smaller influences being associated with the rearing environments. Neutral models of community assembly could not be rejected, but selectivity associated with microbe-host GI tract interactions through early ontogenetic stages was evident. The results have implications for sturgeon conservation and aquaculture production specifically and applications of microbe-based management in teleost fish generally.
IMPORTANCE We quantified the effects of environment (diet and water sources) and host early ontogenetic development on the diversity of and compositional changes in gut microbial communities based on massively parallel sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes from the GI tracts of larval lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). The gut microbial community diversity declined and the community composition differed significantly among ontogenetic stages; however, only modest differences associated with dietary or water source treatments were documented. Selectivity associated with microbe-host GI tract interactions through early ontogenetic stages was evident. The results have implications for lake sturgeon and early larval ecology and survival in their natural habitat and for conservation and aquaculture production specifically, as well as applications of microbe-based management in teleost fish generally.
The brain has a powerful ability to remember and connect events separated in time. And now, in a new study in mice, scientists have shed light on how the brain can form such enduring links.
The brain has a powerful ability to remember and connect events separated in time. And now, in a new study in mice published today in Neuron, scientists at Columbia's Zuckerman Institute have shed light on how the brain can form such enduring links.
The Justice Department announced today its participation in two related settlement agreements involving the accessibility of the Law School Admission Council’s online application service, which is used by law schools nationwide for their application processes.
By Ashley Henderson, PhD, CATO SMS Scientist 1.0 INTRODUCTION The COVID‑19 pandemic has added an unprecedented set of challenges to the conduct of clinical trials including quarantines, travel limitations, site closures, and interruptions in the supply chain of investigational products. In acknowledgement of these challenges, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes that protocol modifications …
Posted by Roger Bate India’s government is contemplating suing my coauthors and I for defamation for some research we published last month. In our National Bureau of Economic Research working paper on the quality of Indian medicines exported to Africa we concluded that poorer quality products were intentionally being sent to Africa because of the continents generally weak oversight of drug quality. Litigation is rarely an effective method of finding the truth, more often a process to li [...]
Solar farm atop a PrimeAsia Leather Corp. leather tannery in Vietnam. Courtesy photo via WWD. Tanning is an intense chemical process which transforms decomposable rawhide into leather, but not without discharging serious pollution into water; Around
Deep Render, a London startup and spin-out of Imperial College that is applying machine learning to image compression, has raised £1.6 million in seed funding. Leading the round is Pentech, with participation from Speedinvest. Founded in mid-2017 by Arsalan Zafar and Chri Besenbruch, who met while studying Computer Science at Imperial College London, Deep Render […]
Deep Render, a London startup and spin-out of Imperial College that is applying machine learning to image compression, has raised £1.6 million in seed funding. Leading the round is Pentech, with participation from Speedinvest. Founded in mid-2017 by Arsalan Zafar and Chri Besenbruch, who met while studying Computer Science at Imperial College London, Deep Render […]
Deep Render, a London startup and spin-out of Imperial College that is applying machine learning to image compression, has raised £1.6 million in seed funding. Leading the round is Pentech, with participation from Speedinvest. Founded in mid-2017 by Arsalan Zafar and Chri Besenbruch, who met while studying Computer Science at Imperial College London, Deep Render […]
Deep Render, a London startup and spin-out of Imperial College that is applying machine learning to image compression, has raised £1.6 million in seed funding. Leading the round is Pentech, with participation from Speedinvest. Founded in mid-2017 by Arsalan Zafar and Chri Besenbruch, who met while studying Computer Science at Imperial College London, Deep Render […]
An Uttar Pradesh district's local functionaries feel the grassroots media's reporting of development needs deepening. A two-part series by
The Hoot.org.
The recently promulgated ordinance amending the national law related to land acquisition dilutes several clauses of the earlier legislation that were meant to protect the rights of holders. Kanchi Kohli summarises the key changes brought in by the ordinance.
Given the fact that digital KYC or know your customer has been in place for long but no institutions followed similar standards, the government as well as the SEBI have come forth amid the pandemic-led lockdown and instructed to move to