npj Microgravity, Published online: 07 May 2020; doi:10.1038/s41526-020-0104-1

As British Prime Minister Boris Johnson informed the nation on Monday evening of dramatic new restrictions to stem the spread of coronavirus, Brexit was the last thing on most Britons’ minds. For most citizens and businesses, little has changed in their daily lives since the U.K. left the European Union (EU) on January 31. Although…

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Components in the mosquito saliva can trigger an unexpected and long-lasting immune responses -- up to seven days post-bite, say scientists.

The researchers found that more than 100 proteins in mosquito saliva are mediating the effects on the immune system, or may help the virus become more infectious.

Identifying these proteins could help design strategies to fight transmission of dengue fever as well as other diseases caused by viruses also transmitted by Aedes aegypti, such as Zika virus, chikungunya virus and yellow fever virus, the researchers said.

"We found that mosquito-delivered saliva induced a varied and complex immune response we were not anticipating," said Silke Paust, Assistant Professor at Baylor and Texas Children's Hospital.

"Billions of people worldwide are exposed to diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, and many of these conditions do not have effective treatments," added Rebecca Rico-Hesse, Professor at the Baylor College of Medicine in Texas, US.

For the study, appearing in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, the team worked with a mouse model of the human immune system.

Previously, the team demonstrated that mosquito-bite delivery and needle-injection delivery of dengue virus in these "humanised mice" led to significantly different disease developments

They found that mosquitoes are not just acting like "syringes" to merely inject viruses, but their saliva seems to contribute significantly to the development of the disease.

In the new study, the team tested the effect of virus-free mosquito saliva on humanised mice and compared the results with those obtained from humanised mice that had not been bitten by mosquitoes.

Evidence to immune responses -- up to seven days post-bite -- was found in multiple tissue types, including blood, skin and bone marrow, the researchers said.

"For instance, both the immune cell responses and the cytokine levels were affected. We saw activation of T helper cells 1, which generally contribute to antiviral immunity, as well as activation of T helper cells 2, which have been linked to allergic responses," Paust said.

"The diversity of the immune response was most striking to me. This is surprising given that no actual infection with any type of infectious agent occurred," he noted.

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His ice cool demeanour is the stuff of legends but former India skipper Mahendra Singh Dhoni has no qualms conceding that he is not immune to pressure and fear. Dhoni, lending support to MFORE—an initiative offering mind conditioning programs to achieve peak performance in sports—offered his perspective on the issue of mental health. "In India, I feel there is still a big issue of accepting that there is some weakness when it comes to the mental aspects, but we generally term it as mental illness," Dhoni was quoted as saying in a press release issued by MFORE.

"Nobody really says that,.When I go to bat, the first five to 10 deliveries, my heart rate is elevated. I feel the pressure. I feel a bit scared because that's how everybody feels—how to cope with that?" the World Cup-winning captain asked. "This is a small problem but a lot of times we hesitate to say it to a coach and that's why the relationship between a player and coach is very important be it any sport," said Dhoni, who hasn't played any international cricket since India's World Cup semi-final exit last July.

"Mental conditioning coach should not be the one who comes for 15 days because you are only sharing the experience. If the mental conditioning coach is constantly with the player, he can understand what are the areas which are affecting his sport," Dhoni, who led CSK to three IPL titles, said.

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Antiviral protein that gives immune response to Zika viral infection in mothers may harm the placenta and fetal development, according to a study led by scientists at Yale.

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New study adds to evidence that Parkinson's disease is partly an autoimmune disease. Signs of autoimmunity can develop in Parkinson's disease patients years before their official diagnosis.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV1) evades immune response in the brain by targeting STING (The stimulator of interferon genes) protein ubiquitination. HSV1

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Kim Kardashian who is a reality TV star was recently tested positive for lupus antibodies and rheumatoid arthritis. The star was already suffering

New Zealand must significantly increase its efforts to detect, investigate and prosecute foreign bribery. Since joining the Convention over 12 years ago, New Zealand has not prosecuted any cases of foreign bribery and only four allegations have surfaced to date. Outdated perceptions that New Zealand individuals and companies do not bribe may have also undermined detection efforts.

New Zealand must significantly increase its efforts to detect, investigate and prosecute foreign bribery. Since joining the Convention over 12 years ago, New Zealand has not prosecuted any cases of foreign bribery and only four allegations have surfaced to date. Outdated perceptions that New Zealand individuals and companies do not bribe may have also undermined detection efforts.

Scientists behind the cloning of Dolly the Sheep in Edinburgh, 1996 (pictured) say the new treatment could be available for the NHS to treat the coronavirus by July.

Researchers at Glasgow University have been able to shed more light on how the Zika virus works by sequencing the full-length genome of the virus from a patient in Brazil.

University of Southern California researchers found that the Zika virus works by suppressing a pregnant woman's immune system, enabling the virus to spread and harm an unborn baby.

Experts have revealed their seven-day meal plan that will help to boost your immunity and ward off sickness - as coronavirus continues to sweep across the globe.

As a person ages, their immune system becomes suppressed and it takes longer for their body to recognise and attack the virus. Harvard scientists say this could be fixed by with NAD boosters.

A new study, led by Tsinghua University. found that recovered coronavirus patients had varying antibodies such as immune cells that stop the virus from attaching to our cells.

Scientists advising Government ministers are exploring potential underlying mechanisms that cause severe illness in obese people after NHS data reveals they are more at risk.

Multiple class action lawsuits have been launched in the U.S. for trillions of dollars involving thousands of victims in more than 40 countries, including Australia, but are doomed to fail.

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Researchers at Yale University in Connecticut have found that a mechanism in the brain of all mammals could hold the key to cold immune superhumans in the future.

Pangolins - which lack a virus-sensing gene, meaning they can carry the virus without necessarily suffering - may hold the key to beating COVID-19, Austrian researchers said.

Yang, Harry, author