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How to calculate the return on investment (ROI) of expert copywriting

“A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way and shows the way,” - John C Maxwell, best-selling author, speaker and coach.

Genuine thought leadership is a powerful differentiator for any business.

Articles and reports that demonstrate true expertise, authority and insight stand apart from your competitors’ me-too blah-blah. They build trust, enhance your brand, help close deals and defend your margins.

High-quality content also avoids the Google penalties that come with spammy or AI-created content. Don’t take our word for that, here’s what Google has to say about creating helpful, reliable, people-first content. (See our take on AI in marketing too.)

What is high-quality content?

Thought-leadership copywriting provides unique insights, presents new research and uses data. It covers complex subjects in a new and engaging way. It is designed to expand readers’ understanding. It manages to be persuasive but not pushy.

Everyone can write, but not everyone is a writer. High-quality marketing content requires expert copywriters. (Read more about what a copywriter actually does.)

To get it right, writers require a deep understanding of their audiences, clients, products, the wider context of the industry, and the current shape of the market. For businesses embracing thought-leadership content, that’s where the true value lies.

But you have to invest time, money and marketing effort to realise this value. That can be challenging when business leaders and decision-makers can’t see the return on investment (ROI).

Let’s explore the ROI of copywriting and thought leadership to help you build a business case for their value.

What are the likely costs of copywriting and thought leadership?

The short answer? It depends. The long answer? There’s no one-size-fits-all cost and most writers will offer packages or tailored pricing. According to a study by Clutch, the average UK digital agency charges approximately £98.10 per hour. Research by DDIY suggests that a monthly content marketing retainer can cost between £1,805.78 and £23,551.50.

Of course, an hourly rate doesn’t tell you much about how long something will take or the required level of expertise needed to do an outstanding job.

That’s why, at Articulate, we charge for copywriting on a fixed price basis related to the length and complexity of the piece.

For maximum transparency and flexibility, we have a tariff—a kind of menu—of common writing deliverables such as case studies, white papers, or thought leadership articles. Our fixed prices include research, interviewing, writing, project management, editing, proofreading two rounds of revisions (if required), keyword optimisation, and, for blog articles, meta descriptions, a featured image and a couple of social posts.

Our marketing retainers start at £4,100 per month and one-off copywriting projects start at £5,000 for things like a case study library or a lead generation campaign centred around a flagship report or ebook.

We charge for website copywriting slightly differently, on a per-word basis, because of the additional complexity of integrating it with design, search engine optimisation and the rest of the development process. Also, in our experience, writing website copy for clients is like writing poetry and demands a high level of experience and client knowledge for your most important marketing asset.

Broadly speaking though, the cost of a content project will vary depending on the following factors: the who, the what, the when, the where and above all, the why.

The Who

Freelance copywriters and marketing agencies will charge different prices because, of course, their overheads and offerings are different. An agency may cost more but brings benefits such as editing, additional skills (e.g. SEO, research), better availability and turnaround times.

Then there are factors such as years of experience, location, specialisations and so on. You might also consider an in-house or staff writer who will require a competitive salary.

There are specific skills required to be a good marketing copywriter, including:

  • Marketing know-how
  • Business, sector and client knowledge
  • Interviewing skills
  • Research and analytical skills
  • Search engine optimisation, e.g. writing with keywords
  • Agility with tone of voice and messaging
  • Self- and pair-editing
  • Proofreading
  • Social media writing skills
  • Content planning and ideation

It’s helpful to put a good marketing copywriter with a reasonable level of skill and five or more years of experience in the same bracket as, say, a lawyer or an experienced, professional journalist writing for a trade magazine or reputable newspaper.

Typically, in an agency, they will work in teams that provide complementary skills and coverage for illness or holidays. All of this is hard to replicate in-house. (For more on this see our article: Should you hire a marketing person or a marketing agency.)

The What

The nature of your business and its content can impact how much copywriting will cost you. For technical or niche businesses, you’ll need to work with writers who understand your industry thoroughly or who have the skills and processes in place to learn about it efficiently.

You might not need to work with specialists if your company wants more generic content. But generic isn’t going to cut through the noise. Similarly, the length of your copy will affect the price, too. Some providers charge per project, others per word.

The When

How quickly and how often do you need copywriting and thought leadership content? Time-sensitive projects may incur additional costs to help you meet deadlines. And the more content you need, the more it will add up. A freelancer will struggle to produce tens of thousands of words in a short period of time but an agency can bring a whole team and a well-oiled production process to the challenge. You can, however, explore these helpful tips from the Articulate Marketing team on how to make every piece of content work harder for you.

The Where

Where are you posting, hosting or submitting the writing? The platform will impact the word count and, in turn, the price. A detailed report, an eBook or a long-form pillar page will set you back more than a 750-word blog post for your company website, for example. Similarly, copy for your home page might be short but it is very important and getting it right might take longer and cost more on a per-word basis than a more general piece.

The Why

Here’s where it gets interesting. You might know who you want to work with, what you want them to produce, when you need it and where it’s going. But do you know why you’re doing it? Have you considered who you want to read your thought-leadership content? And what you want them to do once they’ve read it?

From top-of-the-funnel content for brand awareness and lead generation to bottom-of-the-funnel content for conversions or customer retention, your copywriter needs to know what role your content plays in the context of your wider business.

In our opinion, the ‘why’ separates good writers from bad ones — and both kinds from the likes of ChatGPT. This is why we call our writers ‘marketing copywriters’ because they understand how to weave their work into broader marketing objectives.

So, what’s the ROI of copywriting and thought leadership?

Whether you choose to go external or in-house, there’s significant value in investing in the art of copywriting. Here’s why.

Demonstrate relevance and expertise

A study by Edelman and LinkedIn found that 73 percent of decision-makers say an organisation’s thought leadership content is more trustworthy for assessing its capabilities than its marketing materials.

The same study found that 80% of respondents want to see third-party data included in it, and 44% believe the highest-quality content helps them better understand a business's challenges and opportunities.

Decision-makers want to know why they should work with you. And your knowledge, experience, and expertise are your differentiators. The ROI? As many as 60 per cent of decision-makers say they’re willing to pay a premium to work with a business that produces good thought leadership.

Establish your brand and raise your profile

While thought-leadership and content marketing materials are busy showcasing your expertise, they’re also putting you on the map. Readers get to know your brand and tone of voice (TOV). Decision-makers may even share your content online, quote your research in their content, and reference your work conversationally.

The front of a buyer’s mind is a powerful place to be. Especially when we consider that 70 percent of C-suite executives said thought leadership content made them question their current B2B relationships — with 54 percent realizing other vendors might better understand their needs, according to a study by Edelman and LinkedIn.

Reach new audiences

A key part of establishing your brand with thought leadership is connecting with new audiences. Businesses often have a clear idea of who they want to work with and who wants to work with them. But growing your brand presence with thought leadership content means you’ll start to appear in new places online.

For example, when Basecamp founder Jason Fried tweeted about his company’s new ad, which called out Google’s paid ad strategy, he subsequently received over 1,000 backlinks to the company’s website. Depending on how you value backlinks, that could be worth up to $500,000 in SEO benefits.

This kind of thought-leadership content will help you rank for new search engine queries, generate more backlinks, appear in different social media feeds and so on. You might even find that your successful written content creates entirely new opportunities for you — podcast appearances, webinar invitations, the chance to speak at industry events and so on.

Build existing customer loyalty

Your written content doesn’t just serve the purpose of attracting new audiences. It’s a valuable tool for staying connected to your existing customers (and re-connecting with previous ones, too).

According to Accenture, 80 percent of businesses spend less than a third of their time and budget on customer-focused messaging. This presents a clear missed opportunity when considering loyal customers' ROI.

On average, a loyal customer is worth up to 10 times the value of their original purchase, according to the Office of Consumer Affairs. And, Bain and Co found that increasing customer retention by two percent has the same impact as reducing costs by 10 percent. Remember: the grass is greener where you water it!

Content is still king

Powerful, engaging, well-written thought leadership content has a functional role to play, too. Of course, establishing your brand, growing your audience, and giving your customers something to talk about are important. But high-quality written content is necessary to get discovered online. For example, brands that regularly update their blog get 67 percent more leads than those that don’t, according to Absurd Insights.

Similarly, search engines are starting to prioritise the quality of the content they promote to users, cracking down on misinformation, clickbait, spam, and AI-generated content. For example, Google looks for content showcasing experience, expertise, authority, and trustworthiness. This is called E-E-A-T content and thought leadership is precisely the kind of writing that reflects these crucial areas.

Recent Google updates penalise companies that fill up their site with cheap AI-generated SEO content. This tactic is just empty calories and now it’s creating marketing heart attacks for companies that tried it. The need for high-quality EEAT content has never been higher.

The final word

The ROI of thought leadership is going to take a lot of work to prove. That’s because it’s about more than just numbers. It’s about value. An AI-generated blog post will save you time and probably be fairly accurate. It may even generate a small amount of traffic (before Google recognises it as AI and penalises you for it, that is). But well-written thought leadership is a conversation starter. It’s the kind of content people are still thinking about after they’ve logged off. It makes potential customers think — and start questioning whether they’re working with the right providers. It’s full of insight, personality, colour and expertise. You can’t put a price on that.




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A modern approach to browser support

Just recently, some front-end code Clearleft delivered to a client was making its way through acceptance testing. We were slightly surprised to discover that their standards required our code to be supported by the two latest versions of web browsers. And then we realised we didn’t have a browser support policy of our own – something we set about rectifying.

When considering browser versions, we were fairly sure our client didn’t mean, for example, versions 124 and 125 of Chrome (released on 16 April and 14 May 2024 respectively). Instead their support standard would most likely be harking back to the days when Internet Explorer was a thing, and major browsers were updated once a year at best. To put this in context, the final version of Internet Explorer shipped in 2013.

It’s at this point we noted that Clearleft didn’t have a written browser support policy to counter or complement that of our clients. We probably did in the dim and distant past, but in recent years we’ve just built accessible, progressively enhanced websites without feeling the need to codify what that means. For the sake of professionalism and good client relationships, we decided to rectify that.

But where to start? Using browser versions clearly doesn’t make any sense, so what do we turn to instead? As it turned out, Jeremy had already nailed it in a recent blog post. We wanted a browser support policy that would focus on outcomes for the user. Rather than being fixated on specific browsers, we needed to consider capabilities, using the mindset that sees modern coding use feature detection in preference to browser detection. It turns out there’s an initiative for that.

The Baseline initiative is a joint effort by Google, Microsoft, Apple, and Mozilla to categorise browser support for web standards. Baseline provides clear information about which web standards features are ready to use in websites. It designates new features into two categories:

  • Newly available – a feature is supported by the latest versions of all core browsers
  • Widely available – a feature has been supported across browsers for at least 30 months

We use the Baseline project to determine which browser features to use in production. If a feature is widely available according to Baseline, we can use it.

Quoting directly from our browser support policy:

Progressive enhancement

If a feature is newly available, we might still use it, but we’ll ask a follow-up question:

“Can this feature be used as a progressive enhancement?”

In other words, will using this feature harm browsers that don’t support it? If a newly-available feature can be used as a progressive enhancement, we might well use it. If not, we’ll wait until the feature becomes widely available and choose a different method in the meantime.

This approach restricts usage of new features to nice-to-have additions rather than mission-critical requirements. But it also means we don’t necessarily have to wait for every browser to support a feature before using it.

Access for all

Underlying our browser support policy are two foundational principles:

  1. Website content and core functionality should be accessible to everyone.
  2. It’s okay for websites to look different in different browsers.

If content is unreadable in some browsers, that’s a bug that we will fix. If content is displayed slightly differently in some browsers, we consider that to be a facet of the web, not a bug. This means that there will sometimes be subtle visual and functional differences from browser to browser. We deem this acceptable provided that content and core functionality are unaffected.

We think this the right approach to browser support, and it’s something we believe the whole industry should follow in principle. To that end we’ve made our browser support policy available under a Creative Commons license, meaning you can use it for your own purposes if you find it helpful.

Originally published on the Clearleft blog.

Read or add comments




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Gare aux arnaques à la traduction

Vous avez récemment créé une entreprise et commencez à travailler régulièrement en tant que traducteur indépendant. La vie est belle : vos clients vous apprécient et vous récoltez enfin le fruit de vos efforts, bref, tout va bien, jusqu’à ce que vous attiriez l’attention des escrocs qui profitent de la numérisation et de la globalisation des services pour faire les poches aux traducteurs et autres travailleurs indépendants présents sur Internet. Pour mieux les démasquer et vous éviter de perdre du temps (ou pire de l’argent !) en tombant dans leurs filets, plus ou moins grossièrement tissés, je vous présente ici les tactiques qu’ils emploient communément et les mesures de bon sens à adopter pour vous protéger.

 

 


ceux qui volent votre travail

  • Le client fantôme : Celui-là n’existe tout simplement pas. C’est une personne, ou une société, créée de toutes pièces en vue de solliciter vos services et d’obtenir une traduction qui ne sera jamais payée. Lorsque vous aurez accompli votre tâche et demanderez à être réglé, tout contact cessera séance tenante et vous serez incapable de joindre votre donneur d’ordre et encore moins de le contraindre à s’acquitter de ses obligations.
  • Le client dont l’identité est frauduleusement utilisée : Encore plus retors, certains escrocs n’hésitent pas à se présenter comme les représentants de sociétés légitimes, voire à se faire passer pour des employés de celle-ci afin de vous demander une traduction. Là encore, vous ne serez pas payé, puisque lorsque vous présenterez votre facture, personne n’aura connaissance de la moindre commande, ni même de votre existence !

 

Comment éviter de se faire avoir :

  • N’acceptez JAMAIS de travailler pour une personne ou une société dont vous n’avez pas vérifié la légitimité : commencez par rechercher son nom, son adresse et sa présence en ligne au moyen d’un moteur de recherche. Pour aller plus loin, des outils mis à disposition par le Translator Scammers Directory permettent de confirmer la validité d’un numéro de téléphone, d’un compte bancaire, etc.
  • Plus rapide et plus efficace, vous pouvez souscrire à des services payants vous renseignant sur la réputation de vos clients potentiels : Payment Practices, ProZ Blue Board, etc.
  • Enfin, pour pouvoir justifier de toute commande passée, il vous faudra systématiquement obtenir un devis signé (une acceptation par e-mail a valeur de preuve, sous réserve que puisse être dûment identifiée la personne dont elle émane) ou un bon de commande émis par le donneur d’ordre ou un représentant officiel de celui-ci.

 

ceux qui volent votre réputation

  • Le voleur de CV : l’usurpation d’identité de traducteurs est malheureusement de plus en plus répandue. L’idée est relativement simple et facilitée par la nature de notre métier : il suffit de copier intégralement votre CV, puis de modifier (ou non) votre nom et vos coordonnées pour proposer vos services à des milliers d’agences et d’entreprises dans le monde entier. Celles qui auront le malheur de faire confiance à votre double maléfique et lui confieront un texte recevront une traduction automatique de piètre qualité et, pour peu qu’elles ne la fassent pas immédiatement réviser, se verront envoyer une facture qu’elles paieront sans se douter de rien... jusqu’à ce que le charabia qu’elles ont acheté soit largement diffusé. Vous imaginez la suite : escroc injoignable, traducteur innocent vite trouvé sur Internet, coups de fil furieux, menaces de représailles, précieuse réputation sévèrement entachée, voire ruinée...

 

Comment éviter de se faire avoir :

  • Le premier réflexe à avoir pour éviter d’être victime de ce type d’arnaque est d’éviter la diffusion de votre CV. Décrivez votre expérience professionnelle sur LinkedIn, sur le site de votre association professionnelle ou autre, mais ne permettez pas qu’il puisse être téléchargé.
  • Établissez votre présence en ligne en multipliant les profils sur les réseaux sociaux et indiquez très clairement vos coordonnées pour que chacun puisse vous trouver plus facilement et vérifier les informations vous concernant.
  • Si vous avez été victime d’un vol d’identité et que vous connaissez l’adresse utilisée par l’usurpateur, précisez sur vos profils en ligne que vous n’avez rien à voir avec la personne qui l’utilise et dénoncez-la sur des sites spécialisés comme le Translator Scammers Directory.

 

ceux qui volent votre argent

  • Quand il faut payer pour travailler : à la fois simple et redoutablement efficace, cette pratique malhonnête consiste à vendre un service inutile. Nouvellement installés à leur compte, encore peu au fait des pratiques de leur profession et soucieux de décrocher leurs premiers contrats, des indépendants peuvent, en effet, aisément se laisser convaincre qu’il leur faut obtenir une certification, s’inscrire sur un portail, souscrire à un service de mise en relation ou acheter un outil révolutionnaire pour accéder à des clients ou décrocher des contrats qui, au mieux, seront loin d’être aussi fabuleux qu’espéré et, au pire, ne se matérialiseront jamais !
  • Le trop-payé à rembourser : cette fraude très répandue consiste à appâter un traducteur en lui proposant un contrat de rêve (texte intéressant, délais confortables ET rémunération généreuse). S’il accepte de donner suite à cette offre alléchante, il reçoit alors un chèque (parfois d’un montant supérieur au montant de la prestation) qu’il dépose à la banque avant que l’escroc demande quelques jours plus tard à être remboursé (en général par Paypal, pour que le transfert de la somme s’effectue avant que son chèque soit, bien évidemment, déclaré sans provision).
  • La fraude 419 dite « à la nigériane » : grand classique de l’escroquerie, ce type d’escroquerie existait bien avant la naissance de l’Internet, mais son pouvoir de nuisance a été décuplé depuis. Son principe consiste à faire miroiter une commission sur une fabuleuse cagnotte (constituée de centaines de milliers, voire millions, de dollars en général bloqués dans un pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, mais parfois aussi en Irak, en Iran, etc.) en échange du paiement de « menus » frais à avancer pour la récupérer. La cagnotte n’existe évidemment pas et les sommes avancées pour faciliter son transfert seront à jamais perdues.

 

Comment éviter de se faire avoir :

  • Par principe, restez sur vos gardes : « si c’est trop beau pour être vrai, ça l’est probablement » nous dit la loi de Murphy.
  • Il convient de se montrer particulièrement vigilant dans ses relations avec des clients potentiels afin de repérer les escrocs. Parmi les détails qui doivent vous alerter, citons une mauvaise maîtrise de la langue du message reçu, un discours peu professionnel dans son contenu, des pratiques contraires aux usages comme l’acceptation immédiate d’un devis ou la proposition spontanée d’un paiement d’avance, des pressions pour vous faire prendre une décision rapidement et, dans une moindre mesure, une adresse de messagerie gratuite ou l’absence de signature professionnelle. Cette vigilance est d’ailleurs de mise pour tout nouveau contact avec un client potentiel, quel que soit le contexte.
  • Vérifiez toujours les informations dont vous disposez : entrez un paragraphe du texte qu’on vous propose de traduire dans un moteur de recherche et le nom de votre contact sur les forums de traducteurs afin de déterminer s’ils sont liés à des escroqueries.
  • N’acceptez pas les chèques de personnes ou d’entités que vous ne connaissez pas. Ce mode de paiement est très peu utilisé en dehors de la France, notamment parce qu’il sert fréquemment de support à différents types de fraudes. Par mesure de précaution, n’hésitez pas à demander un acompte ou un paiement d’avance (mais pas par chèque !).

 

Cette liste est malheureusement loin d’être exhaustive et les escrocs savent faire preuve de créativité. Restez donc vigilants et n’hésitez pas à partager votre expérience si vous avez été victime ou témoin de pratiques frauduleuses visant les traducteurs.

 


À propos de l'auteur

Professionnelle accréditée en commerce international ayant travaillé plusieurs années comme conseillère pour les PME, Gaëlle Gagné est devenue traductrice indépendante en 2005. À la tête de Trëma Translations, elle traduit de l'anglais vers le français et partage ses connaissances en gestion d'entreprise avec ses collègues traducteurs dans un blog intitulé Mes petites affaires.


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10 years since returning to Sri Lanka

Today marks the 10 year anniversary of our returning home to Sri Lanka.

I went to the US in 1985 where I lived for a total of nearly 16 years .. first arriving on August 18, 1985 to go to Kent State University for undergraduate studies. I lived in Kent, Ohio for 4 years, finishing both a BS and an MS, and then moved to West Lafayette, Indiana for 8 years where I was a PhD student at Purdue for 5 years and then visiting faculty for 3 more. Then I joined IBM Research in August 1997 (starting August 4th) and moved to Yorktown Heights, New York and finally left the US on August 4th 2001 and arrived back home on August 6th, 2001. That's 10 years ago today :-).

Wow, 10 years .. time flies when you are having fun!

I remember that there were pieces of airplanes on the ground at the Colombo Airport when we landed - the dreaded LTTE had brazenly attacked the airport just 10 days before that destroying 3 Sri Lankan Airlines planes and damaging 3 more as well as damaging or destroying 26 Airforce aircraft and killing a bunch of people.

What a difference 10 years makes; guns have been silent and peace reigns loudly in Sri Lanka for more than 2 years now. Whether you like the current leadership team in the country or not, we all owe them an incredible debt of gratitude for putting everything aside and destroying the LTTE menace and creating a stable nation so we have (another) chance at becoming what Sri Lanka is capable of becoming.

I was of course still working for IBM Research when I came back .. working remotely from Sri Lanka. I finally quit on April 15, 2005 and started WSO2 a few months later. I started encouraging Sri Lankan developers to contribute to open source projects in fall 2002 and ended up starting the Lanka Software Foundation in early 2003 (along with friend, colleague and mentor Jivaka Weeratunge). LSF was of course instrumental in many projects that ended up in Apache and for Sahana, the tsunami-inspired disaster management system we created. (BTW IBM recently highlighted Sahana in their 100 year celebrations .. very cool!) I also started teaching as a volunteer visiting lecturer at the Computer Science and Engineering Department of the University of Moratuwa from around 2002, where many of the brilliant brains that contributed to LSF's projects, and later WSO2, came from. (We of course get brilliant people from many sources now .. but MRT still dominates!)

One of the things I'm really proud of is that so many people have benefitted from the work done in LSF to help get them into grad school for further studies. Counting WSO2 too, there are now more than 25 people in various places doing PhD's in Computer Science. Three have finished so far.

--

Many people have asked me at various times: "Have you ever regretted coming back home?". I can honestly say: NOT EVEN ONCE!

Don't get me wrong- the US was a great country to live in and I will never forget the superb education nor the wonderful experiences and friends I made in my 16 years there. However, this is home and there's nothing like home (for me). I love the fact that I can have some small impact on young people who can help Sri Lanka get ahead in its journey. I love the fact that I am not second class in any way in my home country. I love the fact that my kids are growing up here with roots in their home country - where they end up as adults is their decision, not mine. But at least they have a firm footing here as their home.

Moving back to Sri Lanka is not without its challenges. Many things that are easy in the US are not so easy here. At the same time, many things that are hard in the US are quite easy here. So its always a mixed bag .. what matters is your mindset about the journey: if you are committed to moving back then you can come back. If you are half-hearted and look for problems instead of challenges then you will run back to wherever you attempted to move back from.

I am writing this because I am very very keen to attract Sri Lankans living in other countries to come back home. We need our educated, experienced, connected, knowledgable Lankans to come back home and help us rebuild after the 30 year nightmare that ended 2 years ago. The opportunities here are absolutely amazing and this is the start of a boom period .. now is as good as ever to come back home.

OF COURSE Sri Lanka is not a perfect place. Neither is the US (can you say "debt ceiling"?) nor any other place. The advantage Sri Lanka offers to Sri Lankans is that this is our home. Whatever hard work you do will have tremendous impact. Sri Lanka is a small country .. that means the impact of your work is much more direct and immediate too. Every problem is an opportunity if you take up the challenge!

I, along with Dulith Herath, Founder and CEO of Kapruka.com, along with SL2College (another non-profit project I'm involved in - founded by Nayana Samaranayake) are launching a "come back to Sri Lanka" effort soon. The idea is to help dispel many myths (that traffic is a nighmare, that everything is corrupt, that nothing is easy etc. etc.), get info about jobs and other opportunities, provide accurate and direct information and eventually help people who want to come back make the move and settle down (including things like kids school etc.).

BTW if you're a hardcore passionate techie wanting to come back then I know at least one great place to work ;-).

The last 10 years have been amazingly fantastic for me. The last 6 years have been most special because I have helped create a company that now employees more than 125 people here (and soon more here as well as in the US, UK and some in Europe). Thank you Paul for much of that!

The move was made easier by many many people who helped get settled in, helped get connected to various places and helped in various other ways. You are too numerous to list (and I know I will screw up by missing some key people) but please know that I know you played a crucial role in how well the last 10 years have gone. From the bottom of my heart: THANK YOU.




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Wikileaks and Governance

Whether or not you support the leaking of 250,000 embassy cables to the now infamous Wikileaks website, it certainly makes you think. Whatever business you are in there always emails or data that would be embarrassing or more likely harmful to our business if they were made widely available. So what is the lesson to be learnt from the Cablegate affair.

The blame for the issue seems to be landing on a certain US private Bradley Manning. But I place the blame directly on a lack of Governance and poor IT systems. And the measures that have so far been announced - things like removing CD drives from classified systems - are simply the wrong approach. The real problem is why any one person - whatever level of clearance they had - should have access to all 250,000 cables.

Without going into the details of XACML and policy-based entitlement models, suffice it to say that the right approach is to base access not only on the person, but the reason they have for accessing the data. Using policy-based entitlement, it is possible to have a well-defined Governance model where a person is given access to just the right data at just the right time for just the right purpose, and that this can be managed in a process-driven, auditable and controlled manner.

If you live in a crime area and you leave your door open, you will be burgled. If you don't put in place good security and data governance, then it is you that will be blamed, not just the guy who steals your data.

And if you want the technical low-down on XACML, start here, here and here.




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Internet of Things - protocols and access keys

I've just read this article from Mark O'Neill on the 10 concerns for the Internet of Things. Mark brings up some very interesting aspects and concerns. I'd like to comment on two of those: protocols and access keys.

His primary concern is protocol proliferation. I agree this is an issue. Mark explicitly mentions CoAP, MQTT, AMQP and XMPP. Interestingly he doesn't mention HTTP, which I have found to be heavily used by devices, especially the new generation of Raspberry Pi based systems. Many Arduino's also use HTTP.

I will admit to a strong bias. I think that MQTT is the best of these protocols for IoT devices, with CoAP a distant second.

Let's get XMPP out of the way. I love XMPP. I think its a fantastic protocol. Do I want to create XML packets on my Arduino? Er... nope. Even on 32-bit controllers, there is still the network traffic to consider: suppose I'm using a GPRS connection and I have thousands of devices deployed: minimizing network traffic is important for cost and efficiency, and XMPP was not designed for that.

AMQP is not an appropriate protocol for IoT devices and was not designed for that. It is designed for "the efficient exchange of information within and between enterprises". It was certainly not designed for lightweight, non-persistent, non-transactional systems. To that end, my own system (WSO2) will be providing efficient bridging for AMQP and MQTT to enable lightweight systems to get their data into wider enterprise contexts. I also demonstrated HTTP to MQTT bridging with the WSO2 ESB at the MQTT Interop held last week at EclipseCon.

How about CoAP vs MQTT. Firstly, CoAP is more appropriate to compare to MQTT-SN. It is UDP only, and designed to emulate a RESTful model over UDP. My biggest concern with CoAP is this: most people don't actually understand REST - they understand HTTP. If I had a dollar for every time I've come across supposedly RESTful interfaces that are really HTTP interfaces, I'd be a rich man! 

Interestingly, despite MQTT having been around for 10 years, the Google Trend shows that it has only recently hit the public notice:
However, as you can see, it has quickly overtaken CoAP. In terms of traffic, it is a clear winner: every Facebook mobile app uses MQTT to communicate with the Facebook servers.

The other area I'd like to comment on is access keys. I agree this is a big issue, and that is the reason I've been working on using OAuth2 access keys with MQTT and IoT devices. I recently gave talks about this at FOSDEM, QCon London, and EclipseCon.  The EclipseCon talk also covered a set of wider security concerns and the slides are available here. OAuth2 and OpenID Connect are important standards that have got incredible traction in a short period of time. They have evolved out of 10+ years of trying to solve the distributed, federated identity and access control problems of the Internet. 

In my presentation I strongly argued that passwords are bad for users, but worse for devices. Tokens are the correct model, and the OAuth2 token is the best available token to use at this point. There was considerable interest in the MQTT interop session on standardizing the use of OAuth2 tokens with the protocol. 

My personal prediction is that we will see MQTT and HTTP become the most-used IoT protocols, and I strongly urge (and hope) that OAuth2 tokens will become the de-facto model across both of these.







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Traducirnos


A partir de un poema del escritor inglés Philip Larkin, el autor de esta nota afirma: "Para traducir un texto de manera satisfactoria hace falta desearlo".

POR Andres Neuman


PHILIP LARKIN. Poeta, bibliotecario, novelista y crítico de jazz británico.

Recuerdo, traduzco a mi amado Larkin: “La noche no ha dejado nada más que mostrar:/ ni la vela ni el vino que dejamos a medias,/ ni el placer de tocarse;/ solamente este signo de tu vida/ caminando por dentro de la mía”.

Amor y traducción se parecen en su gramática. Querer a alguien implica transformar sus palabras en las nuestras. Esforzarnos en entender a la otra persona e, inevitablemente, malinterpretarla. Construir un precario lenguaje en común. Para traducir un texto de manera satisfactoria hace falta desearlo. Codiciar su sentido. Cierta necesidad de poseer su voz. En ese diálogo que alterna rutina y fascinación, conocimiento previo y aprendizaje en marcha, ambas partes terminan modificadas.

El amante se mira en la persona amada buscando semejanzas en las diferencias. Cada pequeño hallazgo queda incorporado al vocabulario compartido. Aunque, por mucho que intente capturar el idioma del otro, lo que al final recibe es una lección acerca del idioma propio. Así de seductora y refractaria es su convivencia. Quien traduce se acerca a una presencia extraña en la cual, de alguna forma, se ha reconocido. El texto le presenta un misterio parcialmente indescifrable y, al mismo tiempo, una suerte de familiaridad esencial. Como si traductor y texto ya hubieran hablado antes de encontrarse.

Traductores y amantes desarrollan una susceptibilidad casi maníaca. Dudan de cada palabra, cada gesto, cada insinuación que surge enfrente. Sospechan celosamente de cuanto escuchan: ¿qué habrá querido decirme en realidad? Amando y traduciendo, la intención del otro se topa con el límite de mi experiencia. Yo me leo leyéndote. Te escucho en la medida en que sepas hablarme. Pero, si digo algo, es porque me has hablado. Dependo de tu palabra y tu palabra me necesita. Se salva en mis aciertos, sobrevive a mis errores. Para que esto funcione, tenemos que admitir los obstáculos: no vamos a poder leernos literalmente. Voy a manipularte con mi mejor voluntad. Lo que no se negocia es la emoción.



Fuente: Revista Ñ http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/literatura/Philip-Larkin-traduccion-gramatica_0_719928019.html.




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Jornadas: 20.º Aniversario del Colegio de Traductores de Sta. Fe, 1.ª C.

Estimados matriculados, colegas y estudiantes:

Como muchos de ustedes sabrán, nuestro Colegio cumple 20 años. Por eso, les proponemos que en septiembre, nuestro mes aniversario, participemos de un intercambio enriquecedor de experiencias e inquietudes en las Jornadas sobre traducción, que hemos organizado para los sábados 8 y 15, en el salón de reuniones del Centro Comercial (San Martín 2819 - 2.º Piso).

Es una gran oportunidad para escucharnos, compartir experiencias y estrechar lazos entre colegas.
El sábado 15, una vez finalizadas las jornadas, tendremos la posibilidad de compartir un almuerzo de cierre para brindar por todos estos años vividos junto a la institución (costo no incluido en las tarifas de las jornadas). Pueden descargar el cronograma de actividades aquí.

Esperamos la participación de todos ustedes.

Saludos cordiales.

Consejo Directivo
CTPSF - Primera Circunscripción




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Sondage : Barnier au coude-à-coude avec Le Pen

La nouvelle enquete Cluster17 pour << Le Point >> installe le Premier ministre dans le top 5 des personnalites politiques preferees des Francais. Gabriel Attal et Gerald Darmanin chutent.




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Security and Privacy Preservation for Mobile E-Learning via Digital Identity Attributes

This paper systematically discusses the security and privacy concerns for e-learning systems. A five-layer architecture of e-learning system is proposed. The security and privacy concerns are addressed respectively for five layers. This paper further examines the relationship among the security and privacy policy, the available security and privacy technology, and the degree of e-learning privacy and security. The digital identity attributes are introduced to e-learning portable devices to enhance the security and privacy of e-learning systems. This will provide significant contributions to the knowledge of e-learning security and privacy research communities and will generate more research interests.




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Realising the Potential of Web 2.0 for Collaborative Learning Using Affordances

With the emergence of the Web 2.0 phenomena, technology-assisted social networking has become the norm. The potential of social software for collaborative learning purposes is clear, but as yet there is little evidence of realisation of the benefits. In this paper we consider Information and Communication Technology student attitudes to collaboration and via two case studies the extent to which they exploit the use of wikis for group collaboration. Even when directed to use a particular wiki designed for the type of project they are involved with, we found that groups utilized the wiki in different ways according to the affordances ascribed to the wiki. We propose that the integration of activity theory with an affordances perspective may lead to improved technology, specifically Web 2.0, assisted collaboration.




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Enhancement of Collaborative Learning Activities using Portable Devices in the Classroom

Computer Supported Collaborative Learning could highly impact education around the world if the proper Collaborative Learning tools are set in place. In this paper we describe the design of a collaborative learning activity for teaching Chemistry to Chilean students. We describe a PDA-based software tool that allows teachers to create workgroups in their classrooms in order to work on the activity. The developed software tool has three modules: one module for teachers, which runs on a PC and lets them create the required pedagogical material; second, there is a PDA module for students which lets them execute the activity; finally, a third module allows the teacher set workgroups and monitor each workgroup during the activity.




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Early Results of Experiments with Responsive Open Learning Environments

Responsive open learning environments (ROLEs) are the next generation of personal learning environments (PLEs). While PLEs rely on the simple aggregation of existing content and services mainly using Web 2.0 technologies, ROLEs are transforming lifelong learning by introducing a new infrastructure on a global scale while dealing with existing learning management systems, institutions, and technologies. The requirements engineering process in highly populated test-beds is as important as the technology development. In this paper, we will describe first experiences deploying ROLEs at two higher learning institutions in very different cultural settings. The Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China and at the “Center for Learning and Knowledge Management and Department of Information Management in Mechanical Engineering” (ZLW/IMA) at RWTH Aachen University have exposed ROLEs to theirs students in already established courses. The results demonstrated to readiness of the technology for large-scale trials and the benefits for the students leading to new insights in the design of ROLEs also for more informal learning situations.




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Rule of Law on the Go: New Developments of Mobile Governance

This paper offers an overview of the emerging domain of mobile governance as an offspring of the broader landscape of e-governance. Mobile governance initiatives have been deployed everywhere in parallel to the development of crowdsourced, open source software applications that facilitate the collection, aggregation, and dissemination of both information and data coming from different sources: citizens, organizations, public bodies, etc. Ultimately, mobile governance can be seen as a tool to promote the rule of law from a decentralized, distributed, and bottom-up perspective.




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Leveraging Web 2.0 in New Product Development: Lessons Learned from a Cross-company Study

The paper explores the application of Web 2.0 technologies to support product development efforts in a global, virtual and cross-functional setting. It analyses the dichotomy between the prevailing hierarchical structure of CAD/PLM/PDM systems and the principles of the Social Web under the light of the emerging product development trends. Further it introduces the concept of Engineering 2.0, intended as a more bottom up and lightweight knowledge sharing approach to support early stage design decisions within virtual and cross-functional product development teams. The lessons learned collected from a cross-company study highlight how to further developblogs, wikis, forums and tags for the benefit of new product development teams, highlighting opportunities, challenges and no-go areas.




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An Aspect-Oriented Framework for Weaving Domain-Specific Concerns into Component-Based Systems

Software components are used in various application domains, and many component models and frameworks have been proposed to fulfill domain-specific requirements. The general trend followed by these approaches is to provide ad-hoc models and tools for capturing these requirements and for implementing their support within dedicated runtime platforms, limited to features of the targeted domain. The challenge is then to propose more flexible solutions, where components reuse is domain agnostic. In this article, we present a framework supporting compositional construction and development of applications that must meet various extra-functional/domain-specific requirements. The key points of our contribution are: i) We target development of component-oriented applications where extra-functional requirements are expressed as annotations on the units of composition in the application architecture. ii) These annotations are implemented as open and extensible component-based containers, achieving full separation of functional and extra-functional concerns. iii) Finally, the full machinery is implemented using the Aspect-Oriented Programming paradigm. We validate our approach with two case studies: the first is related to real-time and embedded applications, while the




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Knowledge Extraction from RDF Data with Activation Patterns

RDF data can be analyzed with various query languages such as SPARQL. However, due to their nature these query languages do not support fuzzy queries that would allow us to extract a broad range of additional information. In this article we present a new method that transforms the information presented by subject-relationobject relations within RDF data into Activation Patterns. These patterns represent a common model that is the basis for a number of sophisticated analysis methods such as semantic relation analysis, semantic search queries, unsupervised clustering, supervised learning or anomaly detection. In this article, we explain the Activation Patterns concept and apply it to an RDF representation of the well known CIA World Factbook.




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Ontology-based User Interface Development: User Experience Elements Pattern

The user experience of any software or website consists of elements from the conceptual to the concrete level. These elements of user experience assist in the design and development of user interfaces. On the other hand, ontologies provide a framework for computable representation of user interface elements and underlying data. This paper discusses strategies of introducing ontologies at different user interface layers adapted from user experience elements. These layers range from abstract levels (e.g. User needs/Application Objectives) to concrete levels (e.g. Application User Interface) in terms of data representation. The proposed ontological framework enables device independent, semi-automated GUI construction which we will demonstrate at a personal information management example.




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L’info du jour | 10 novembre - Mi-journée

L’info du jour | 10 novembre - Mi-journée




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L’info du jour | 11 novembre - Mi-journée

L’info du jour | 11 novembre - Mi-journée




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Serbie : des manifestants demandent la démission du gouvernement après le drame de Novi Sad

Serbie : des manifestants demandent la démission du gouvernement après le drame de Novi Sad




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Coup d'envoi de la saison des carnavals à Cologne en Allemagne

Coup d'envoi de la saison des carnavals à Cologne en Allemagne