irl COVID-19 pandemic: CDC develops guidance for airline, airport and transit workers By www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com Published On :: Mon, 22 Jun 2020 00:00:00 -0400 Atlanta — The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published a series of fact sheets for airport, airline and transit employers to help protect their workers from exposure to COVID-19. Full Article
irl Airline groups ask DOJ for ‘full and public prosecution’ of unruly passengers By www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com Published On :: Fri, 25 Jun 2021 00:00:00 -0400 Washington — A coalition of 10 aviation industry groups led by Airlines for America, a trade association of U.S. passenger and cargo carriers, is requesting that the Department of Justice “commit to the full and public prosecution of onboard acts of violence” by passengers against airline employees. Full Article
irl Airline worker safety: FAA, house subcommittee put spotlight on passenger violence By www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com Published On :: Fri, 01 Oct 2021 00:00:00 -0400 Washington — Although the rate of reported passenger violence on commercial airlines has decreased since the beginning of the year, it’s still too high, the Federal Aviation Administration says. Full Article
irl Airline crews twice as likely to develop melanoma: study By www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com Published On :: Mon, 08 Sep 2014 00:00:00 -0400 San Francisco – Pilots and cabin crew have about twice the incidence of melanoma – the most serious type of skin cancer – compared to the general population, a recent study indicates. Full Article
irl FAA funding bill a big win for airline safety, union leaders say By www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com Published On :: Tue, 18 Jun 2024 00:00:00 -0400 Washington — Aviation labor unions are applauding the safety provisions included in a bill, recently signed into law by President Joe Biden, that reauthorizes funding for the Federal Aviation Administration. Full Article
irl Washington state begins work on an ergo rule for airline ground crews By www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com Published On :: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 00:00:00 -0500 Tumwater, WA — Washington state has begun the development process for a rule to address work-related musculoskeletal disorders among airline ground crews. Full Article
irl Soupergirl Wins Business Competition Run by Kroger By www.preparedfoods.com Published On :: Thu, 19 Aug 2021 00:00:00 -0400 Soupergirl—the plant-based soup and gazpacho company based in Washington, DC—was one of five winning contestants of Kroger’s new "Go Fresh & Local Supplier Accelerator," a national competition that ended with a Sharktank-like business presentation in front of a panel of judges in Cincinnati. Full Article
irl Old miles from Continental Airlines: By www.flyertalk.com Published On :: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 23:20:09 GMT Old miles from years ago: My account number was EA906451. I had health problems in the family and no opportunity to travel. Can those miles now be accessed and used? Full Article Information Desk
irl Heirloom Coffee Launches Regenerative Coffee Research Lab By www.foodengineeringmag.com Published On :: Thu, 20 Jul 2023 13:00:00 -0400 The lab will be used for the research and development of regenerative coffee with 100% electric roasters. Full Article
irl Hanian Airlines from Budapest to China (SZX/PVG) for less then 190 one way By www.flyertalk.com Published On :: Sat, 02 Nov 2024 12:24:29 GMT Dates from november to beginning of december. Eg: https://www.google.com/travel/flights/search?tfs=CBwQAhojEgoyMDI0LTEyLTA2agcIARIDQlVEcgwIAhIIL20vMDZ3amZAAUgBcAGCAQsI____________AZgBArIBAhgB&tfu=IgA&authuser=0 Book via:... Full Article Mileage Run Deals
irl 'That's given me a bit more hope' – adolescent girls' experiences of Forest School. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Sun, 01 Aug 2021 00:00:00 -0400 Children's Geographies; 08/01/2021(AN 152310090); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article SCOTLAND TEENAGE girls SOCIAL skills THEMATIC analysis MENTAL health SOCIAL interaction RURAL schools
irl Forest as a specific place for girls and their green criticism. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Sun, 01 Aug 2021 00:00:00 -0400 Children's Geographies; 08/01/2021(AN 152310088); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article FINLAND ENVIRONMENTAL activism DAUGHTERS PRESIDENTS GREEN technology
irl 'High tide by boat, low tide we walk': the everyday digital lives of girls in remote villages of Vanua Levu, Fiji. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Wed, 01 Dec 2021 00:00:00 -0500 Children's Geographies; 12/01/2021(AN 153655054); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article FIJI TECHNOLOGICAL revolution DIGITAL technology EMOTIONS VILLAGES EVERYDAY life VIRTUAL communities SOCIAL media SOCIAL context
irl Sweets are 'my best friend': belonging, bargains and body-shaming in working class girls' food and health relationships. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Sat, 01 Oct 2022 00:00:00 -0400 Children's Geographies; 10/01/2022(AN 159948773); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article GIRLS' health WORKING class BEST friends CHILD nutrition CHILD abuse
irl Tough girls: gender performance and safety within schools. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Sat, 01 Oct 2022 00:00:00 -0400 Children's Geographies; 10/01/2022(AN 159948770); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article ENGLAND HUMAN sexuality GENDER SCHOOL responsibility SOCIAL norms SCHOOLGIRLS SECONDARY schools TEENAGE girls
irl 'She doesn't have to get in the car ... ': exploring social workers' understandings of sexually exploited girls as agents and choice-makers. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Sat, 01 Oct 2022 00:00:00 -0400 Children's Geographies; 10/01/2022(AN 159948769); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article ENGLAND SOCIAL workers SEX crimes CHILD sexual abuse SOCIAL conflict SOCIAL services
irl Constructions and contestations of Indigenous girlhoods in residential schools in Central India. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 -0500 Children's Geographies; 12/01/2022(AN 160715514); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article INDIA BOARDING schools COMMUNITIES SELF-efficacy TEENAGE girls
irl The Managed Body: Developing Girls and Menstrual Health in the Global South: by Chris Bobel, Cham, Switzerland, Palgrave Macmillan: 2019, pp. 1–351, £47.99 (ebook), ISBN: 978-3-319-89414-0. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Sat, 01 Apr 2023 00:00:00 -0400 Children's Geographies; 04/01/2023(AN 163915534); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article GIRLS' health ELECTRONIC books WORLD health SCHOOL dropouts FEMINIST theory DEVELOPING countries
irl From forced to coerced labour: displaced mothers and teen girls in post-World War II Australia By ifp.nyu.edu Published On :: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 20:37:26 +0000 Volume 64, Issue 3, June 2023. Read the full article › The post From forced to coerced labour: displaced mothers and teen girls in post-World War II Australia was curated by information for practice. Full Article History
irl 12th grade girls and boys in the U.S. have different views about gender discrimination in the workplace By ifp.nyu.edu Published On :: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 19:42:10 +0000 The post 12th grade girls and boys in the U.S. have different views about gender discrimination in the workplace was curated by information for practice. Full Article Infographics
irl Girls Night: The Musical By indianapublicmedia.org Published On :: 17 Nov 2024 20:00:00 GMT Buskirk-Chumley Theater Sunday, November 17, 2024, 3 – 5pm Join these five fabulous friends as they embark on a journey through their past, savor the present, and peer into the future on a night out that's wild, hilarious, and utterly unforgettable. You'll discover a piece of yourself in each of their stories!Critics have hailed it as “Desperate Housewives meets Mamma Mia” (Applause Magazine), “A boisterous, bust-out, bawdy musical revue” (Wisconsin State Journal), “An intoxicating, pulse-pounding experience" (Hollywood Reporter), and “As funny and outrageous as Sex and the City!” (The Advocate).GIRLS NIGHT is an explosion of energy and a treasure trove of chart-toppers like “Lady Marmalade,” “It’s Raining Men,” “Man I Feel Like A Woman,” “I Will Survive,” “We are Family,” and many more. Prepare to be blown away! Presenter: Entertainment Events Contact: BCT Box Office, boxoffice@buskirkchumley.org Cost: $49 - $69 Ticket Phone: 812-323-3020 Ticket Web Link: buskirkchumley.org… Communities: Bloomington Full Article 2024/11/17 (Sun)
irl Israel's EL Al Airlines Turns Profits by Continuing to Fly By www.npr.org Published On :: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 20:06:13 -0500 Israel's airlines are generating a windfall as international carriers cancel or limit flights due to security concerns. Flying in or out of Israel has become a logistical challenge since the war in Gaza erupted. Full Article
irl The Bookshelf: Trans Girl Navigates Middle School in Exeter Author's New Novel By www.nhpr.org Published On :: Fri, 07 Jun 2019 15:55:36 -0400 For many kids, middle school is a fraught time. Friendships are forged and broken; bodies begin to change in sometimes uncomfortable ways. For Zenobia July, starting middle school is far more complicated than it is for most of her peers. Full Article
irl Buses of the All American Girls Professional Baseball League (8/20/2010) By calendar.rsvpa.com Published On :: Fri, 20 Aug 2010 04:00:00 GMT Start Date: 8/20/2010End Date: 8/20/2010All American Girls Professional Baseball League and Their Buses will be a new display for August, 2010 along with an encore presentation of the Buses of the Negro Leagues Baseball Teams which was originally displayed in February of this year at the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) Museum. The Museum of Bus Transportation which displays 12 vintage buses on the lower level of the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) Museum has arranged this special exhibit for the month of August. Full Article 08/20/2010
irl Buses of the All American Girls Professional Baseball League (8/19/2010) By calendar.rsvpa.com Published On :: Thu, 19 Aug 2010 04:00:00 GMT Start Date: 8/19/2010End Date: 8/19/2010All American Girls Professional Baseball League and Their Buses will be a new display for August, 2010 along with an encore presentation of the Buses of the Negro Leagues Baseball Teams which was originally displayed in February of this year at the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) Museum. The Museum of Bus Transportation which displays 12 vintage buses on the lower level of the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) Museum has arranged this special exhibit for the month of August. Full Article 08/19/2010
irl Pastor who led double life, murdered girlfriend on wedding day, sees life conviction upheld By www.christianpost.com Published On :: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 11:11:10 -0500 The Georgia Supreme Court has upheld the life sentence of a pastor who led a double life and murdered his fiancée on their wedding day. Full Article
irl CNN guest accused of 'transphobia' for saying families don't like boys playing girls' sports By www.christianpost.com Published On :: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 15:02:00 -0500 A CNN panel discussion about the 2024 presidential election results got heated Friday night as one guest faced allegations of "transphobia" for asserting that the Democratic Party's staunch support for allowing trans-identified males to compete in women's sports contributed to the election loss. Full Article
irl 'The Reckoning: How the Democrats and the Left Betrayed Women and Girls' (book review) By www.christianpost.com Published On :: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 10:23:00 -0500 It takes far more guts to confront your ideological compatriots than your foes and a recent book documenting the assault of gender ideology on women’s rights from a leftist perspective exhibits such courage in spades. Full Article
irl Jjimjilbang, Wonder Girls, and Food that Moves By world.kbs.co.kr Published On :: 2024-11-13 +09:00 In Xander's first Good Vibes Only episode, YouTuber Joel Bennett joins to share his love for his new home Seoul, a city halfway across the globe. Watch as they hit it off instantly over their...[more...] Full Article Economy&It
irl FilmWeek: ‘Rita Moreno: Just A Girl Who Decided To Go For It,’ ‘Les Nôtres,’ ‘Luca’ And More By www.scpr.org Published On :: Fri, 18 Jun 2021 08:52:00 -0700 Still of Rita Moreno in the documentary “Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It.”; Credit: Roadside Attractions FilmWeek MarqueeGuest host John Horn and KPCC film critics Claudia Puig, Peter Rainer, Lael Loewenstein and Charles Solomon review this weekend’s new movie releases on streaming and on demand platforms.This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org. Full Article
irl The Cinderella story of Trap Girl's trans front woman By www.scpr.org Published On :: Fri, 16 Jun 2017 11:12:31 -0700 Drew Arriola Sands, left, sings in the South Gate band Trap Girl at La Conxa, 2017.; Credit: Amina Cruz Chris Greenspon | Off-Ramp®Growing up, Drew Arriola-Sands' music was "too weird for the weird kids." Her first band couldn't even get a backyard gig, but since Sands transitioned in 2013, her current band, Trap Girl, have been at the center of an exploding queer hardcore scene in Los Angeles. NOTE: Trans Pride L.A. is taking place this weekend, Saturday June 17, at the Los Angeles LGBT Center. To hear a preview of the event with organizer Gina Bigham, listen to the extra audio on this post. Sands is 28 now, but she's always been drawn to glamorous women with big hair. Her mirror is adorned with pictures of Ronnie Spector, Dolly Parton, and Jayne Mansfield. Wig idols, she calls them. Sands has a large collection of wigs, and even makes her own, but it all started 20 years ago. "When I was a little kid, my mom always had short black hair," Sands remembers. "And then one day, getting ready for school, she walked out of the bathroom with a long, thick, black braid with a ribbon on it, and it freaked me out, because I never saw her with long hair. So I was like, 'That’s weird! What is it?'" She was eight years old. For weeks to come, Sands would lock herself in the bathroom and stare at the extension braid in it's clear, Avon box until her mother threw it away without warning. The seed had been planted, though. Her love of singing came at an early age too. As a child, Sands would stand up on a chair while watching baseball with her father to sing the national anthem. Her mother would scold her for being loud and tell her that she could sing at a baseball game when she was older. At 11, her father put her in little league. We look at a picture of young Drew in a baseball jersey. Sands was a chubby little kid, biting down a smile, and burying her hand in her mitt. "I was a 'catcher' even then," laughs Sands. "I was told I was gay before I even knew I was gay, because people saw I was feminine, did things a little different, spoke a little different, a little more sensitive," says Sands. Bullying was a consistent part of her childhood, with no one incident standing out because there was always "80 more horrible ones," she says. But she found ways to cope through her hobbies. Her father said if she wasn't going to play a sport, she had to play an instrument. The first instrument she started with in earnest was the guitar, before picking up bass and more. "Nirvana was still the biggest band in the world. Everyone at my junior high who played guitar learned how to play 'Rape Me' or 'Smells like Teen Spirit' as their first song" says Sands. The first song sands learned on guitar was Nirvana's "About a Girl," and the first album she bought was Hole's "Live Through This." "One of my first jobs, actually, was making burnt cd’s for a guy who sold them at the alley, and he made me copy Trina cd’s, ten at a time. She had songs on there like 'Nasty Bitch,' things like that, and I just loved it! But it was like a guilty pleasure, 'cause I was still a rock kid." - Drew Arriola-Sands By her early twenties, she started her first real band, The Glitter Path; Sands describes it as something like Daniel Johnston, the schizophrenic outsider musician, mixed with Patsy Cline - extremely emotional, "lying across the road, ready to die type of music." It didn't fit in in the "very straight, very cis, surf rock-indie" backyard scene, says Sands. She can't remember the band playing more than two or three shows, anywhere, but she says she doesn't hold any grudges. The Glitter Path's "Wear a Wig" We look at another photo of Sands from her Glitter Path days. She points out the increasing number of women’s accessories she was wearing at the time. She was starting to feel a change coming. "I was in a relationship in 2013 with an artist, but I was male presenting, and I had these feelings of identity and gender, and I expressed them to him, and he accepted them," Sands says, "but didn’t know how to deal with me and I didn’t know how to deal with myself." Sands boyfriend broke up with her, and she reevaluated her emotional state. "My mental health was not going to get better if I did not come out [as a trans person]," she decided. She had a much easier time dating after transitioning, and one chance hook-up set Sands down a new musical road. "So this guy I was hooking up with at the time would play the Damned in the room while we were hooking up. I had a guitar in the room, and he didn’t know I played music and said, 'Do you play guitar?' I said, 'Yeah.' He said, 'Well, you should start a band, like the Damned, and play guitar. It’d be good, looking the way you do, and wear ball gowns.'” - Drew Arriola-Sands Sands started Trap Girl, not as guitarist, but as lead singer, in 2014. The early shows were backyard gigs in South Central. Songs like “Dead Men Don’t Rape” went over well, but Sands wasn’t out as a trans performer yet. Maybe people could read between the lines though, with a name like Trap Girl. Sands offers a few definitions for Trap Girls/Trap Queens (though she has never settled on just one). A woman who helps out a "trap lord," or drug dealer A very convincing transvestite A girl trapped in a man's body Throughout 2015, Trap Girl built their following Downtown and on the Eastside, with Sands finally out as a trans artist. Trap Girl live at Xicana PUNK Night "I started this band alone," explains Sands. "I didn’t know any queer people, I didn’t know any trans people, I didn’t know who was gonna help this band. Who was gonna give us a shot? So, I was ready to defend this band, even though there was no one defend it from." Rather, Trap Girl were embraced and found sisterhood in bands like Sister Mantos and Yaawn. In 2016, Sands took it a step further and organized the first annual Transgress Fest (at the Santa Ana LGBT Center), for trans performers. "We had people as young as twelve to people as old as sixty in the audience," she says. "We had a huge turnout. I never expected that." Transgress Fest is coming back in November. In the meantime, Trap Girl are getting ready to release their second EP, "The Black Market." The title track grapples with the question of whether or not a trans person needs surgery. "Being a woman doesn’t mean you have to look like a woman. I didn’t know any trans people at all before I transitioned, so automatically, my idea was to think that I needed to present as feminine to be accepted as a trans person, but little did I know, that that’s the last thing you need to be a trans person. Not all people can pass, and that’s ok." - Drew Arriola-Sands Sands says the takeaway from "The Black Market" is not to risk your life with black market cosmetic procedures. "These girls are killing themselves to achieve their looks," says Sands. "They’re getting it offline [sic], off Craigslist. You know, they go to someone’s basement and get their ass injected with cement, and then they go home and get a blood clot in their lungs, and they die." "The Black Market" EP is due for release this summer. Trap Girl is singer Drew Arriola-Sands, bassist Ibette Ortiz, drummer Jorge Reveles, and guitarist Estevan Moreno. This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org. Full Article
irl FilmWeek: ‘Rita Moreno: Just A Girl Who Decided To Go For It,’ ‘Les Nôtres,’ ‘Luca’ And More By www.scpr.org Published On :: Fri, 18 Jun 2021 08:41:26 -0700 Rita Moreno, as seen in the documentary “Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It.” FilmWeekGuest host John Horn and KPCC film critics Claudia Puig, Peter Rainer, Lael Loewenstein and Charles Solomon review this weekend’s new movie releases on streaming and on demand platforms. "Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It," at Laemmle’s theaters (Newhall, Town Center 5, NoHo 7, Claremont 5, Playhouse 7) and other select theaters "Les Nôtres," at Laemmle’s Royal and Laemmle’s Virtual Cinema "Rise Again: Tulsa And The Red Summer," premieres on National Geographic June 18 at 6pm PT & on Hulu June 19 "Luca," at the El Capitan Theater (Hollywood) & Disney+ "The Sparks Brothers," in wide release "Sisters on Track," on Netflix June 24 "Fatherhood," on Netflix "Truman & Tennessee: An Intimate Conversation," at Landmark’s Nuart Theater & Virtual cinemas "Sweet Thing," Laemmle’s Royal and Laemmle’s Virtual Cinema "Summer of 85," at Laemmle’s theaters (Playhouse 7, Royal and Town Center 5) "12 Mighty Orphans" in wide release Our FilmWeek critics have been curating personal lists of their favorite TV shows and movies to binge-watch during self-quarantine. You can see recommendations from each of the critics and where you can watch them here. With guest host John Horn Guests: Claudia Puig, film critic for KPCC and president of the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA); she tweets @ClaudiaPuig Lael Loewenstein, film critic for KPCC and film columnist for the Santa Monica Daily Press; she tweets @LAELLO Peter Rainer, film critic for KPCC and the Christian Science Monitor Charles Solomon, film critic for KPCC, Animation Scoop and Animation Magazine This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org. Full Article
irl 'I'm Not A Cover Girl': Halima Aden On Why She Decided To Leave A Modeling Career By www.scpr.org Published On :: Tue, 16 Feb 2021 04:20:22 -0800 Halima Aden attends the premiere of Netflix's Travis Scott: Look Mom I Can Fly at Barker Hangar on Aug. 27, 2019, in Santa Monica, Calif.; Credit: Rich Fury/Getty Images Ziad Buchh | NPRFor Halima Aden, the decision to walk away from a career as the world's first hijab-wearing supermodel was fairly clear cut. She's felt used for so long, she says — by the modeling industry and by UNICEF, the organization she was photographed by as a child in a refugee camp in Kenya and later served as an ambassador for. Aden has been featured on the covers of Vogue, Elle and Allure magazines. And she walked the runway for Rihanna's Fenty Beauty and Kanye West's Yeezy. She tells Morning Edition host Rachel Martin she wanted to be a role model for young girls while being true to herself, but she wasn't accomplishing either. Modeling, she realized, was in "direct conflict" with who she is. "I'm not a cover girl, I'm Halima from Kakuma," she says. "I want to be the reason why girls have confidence within themselves, not the reason for their insecurity." Aden was raised in the Kakuma refugee camp in northwestern Kenya. She and her family moved to Minnesota in 2004 when she was 7. It was there her journey as a model began, competing for Miss Minnesota USA in 2016, seeking a scholarship. She finished in the semifinals, and says from there, modeling "fell from the sky" into her lap. Interview Highlights You saw [modeling] not just as a chance to wear gorgeous clothes and to have your photo in magazines but also as a way to help people. Growing up in America, not seeing representation, not seeing anybody who dressed like me look like me, it did make me feel like, wow, what's wrong with me, you know? And I'm sure if I had if I would have had representation growing up, I would have been so much more confident to wear my hijab, to be myself, to be authentic. But to be that person, to grow up and be on the cover of magazines, I've covered everything from Vogue to Allure, some of the biggest publications in fashion. And yet I still couldn't relate personally to my own image because that's not who I really am. That's not how I really dress. That's not how my hijab really looks. And, you know, fashion, it can be a very creative field, and I completely appreciate that. But my hijab was just getting spread so thin that I knew I had to give it all away, give it up. I'm not a cover girl. I am Halima from Kakuma. I want to be the reason why girls have confidence within themselves, not the reason for their insecurity. When you say your hijab was being kind of styled out of existence, what passed for a hijab as you were walking down those runways? Everything. Oh, my goodness. I had jeans at one point on my head as a hijab. I had Gucci pants styled as a turban. It just didn't even make sense, and I felt so far removed from the image itself. During the pandemic you decided to walk away from fashion and UNICEF. Was it a complicated decision? I'll be honest with you, the feelings that I've had towards the fashion industry and UNICEF, it was just multiplying as the years went on, so it was just festering. You know, because the fashion industry is very known to use these young girls and boys while their young, age 14 to like 24, I think is the average career of a model. And then they just replace them and move on to a newer model. And same with UNICEF. They've been photographing me and using me since the time I was a baby in a refugee camp. I remember getting those headshots taken and it made me feel, it's very dehumanizing. And so I wanted to show UNICEF, too. How does it feel to be used? It's not a good feeling. And so let's stop using people. What are you going to do [next]? For me right now, I don't know what's next. And that's OK. That's OK, because I'm young and I have time to figure it out. And I'm grateful. I'm grateful to the people that I've met. I'm grateful to the agents that I worked with. I'm grateful for the experiences I was able to have these last four years. But at the same time, I just am also grateful that I don't have to do that anymore because it was in direct conflict with who I am as an individual, as a human being. Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org. Full Article
irl How Do You Help Girls Thrive In School? There's A Surprising Answer By www.scpr.org Published On :: Sun, 27 Jun 2021 06:00:08 -0700 Students work on a classroom exercise at a school in Kibera, a poor neighborhood in Nairobi, Kenya.; Credit: Tony Karumba/AFP via Getty Images Joanne Lu | NPRYou'd think the best way to get girls to succeed in school would to be design programs specifically for them — offer them mental health support or free menstrual pads. But a new study, published in May in the journal World Bank Economic Review, begs to differ. Researchers David Evans and Fei Yuan reviewed 267 studies of education programs from 54 low- and middle-income countries to find the most effective ways to get more girls in school and improve their learning. Globally, more than 130 million girls remain out of school, according to the World Bank, due to poverty, child marriage and violence. Instead of only examining girls' education programs, they looked at all kinds of programs. To measure access, they analyzed enrollment rates, attendance, drop-out, graduation and completion rates, and to measure performance, they looked at test scores. Their biggest finding is that gender-neutral programs — such as handing out cash aid to families of school-aged children — can be just as effective at improving girls' education as programs designed just for girls. The study is among the first to look both at ways to boost girls' access to school as well as their classroom performance, says Markus Goldstein, lead economist at the World Bank's Africa Gender Innovation Lab, who did not work on the report. We spoke with Evans, a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development, and Yuan, a doctoral candidate in education policy and program evaluation at Harvard University, to discuss the best ways to boost education for girls in low- and middle-income countries. This interview has been edited for length and clarity. What inspired you to conduct this study? Evans: A lot of the previous work that examined this issue have focused on programs targeted to needs that are unique to girls, such as menstrual health. Those are worthy interventions, but if we only focus on programs that target girls, we might miss programs that benefit girls a lot but happen to help boys as well. That's why we decided to look at all of the interventions we know of to identify the ones that are most effective at improving outcomes for girls, regardless of whether they're specifically for girls or not. You found that the most effective programs for getting more girls into school cut the cost of education for students, regardless of gender, and their families. What are some examples of programs that worked well? Evans: A lot of the most effective programs are ones that either eliminate school fees, provide scholarships or provide families a cash transfer to cover the other costs of having their daughter in school. For example, in Ghana, lots of girls and boys pass their secondary school entrance exam, but they don't have the money to pay school fees. So, a program there provided scholarships to students who had already passed the entrance exam. It dramatically increased the high-school graduation rate of girls by 66%. But the most effective interventions are those that address costs related to specific obstacles that girls face in a particular setting. In Afghanistan, for example, a [non-gendered] program built schools in rural communities. It decreased [the cost of] travel to school for both girls and boys and led to a more than 50% increase in girls' participation in primary school. That's dramatic. Which programs were the most helpful for improving a girl's school performance, as opposed to just getting them into the classroom? Evans: The most effective interventions to increase learning were programs that improved the quality of teaching. But it's not just throwing teachers into a conference room and giving them some lecture. It's also not about throwing fancy technology, like laptops or tablets, at classrooms. Hardware doesn't work. It's distracting for teachers and students. Instead, a literacy program – which included coaching teachers, providing them with detailed teachers' guides and providing students with books – had a big impact on girls' education [in terms of test scores] in Kenya. So did another program in Kenya that helped teachers to teach children in a language they spoke at home (rather than English). Were there any other types of programs that helped girls learn better in the classroom? Yuan: Another intervention worth mentioning is called Teaching at the Right Level, based in India. The idea is that students in the same classroom may have many different reading levels. But because of constraints like large class sizes, teachers may not be able to tailor their teaching to the right level for every student. This leaves some students behind. Teaching at the Right Level facilitated summer camps in which children were grouped by reading level, instead of age or grade. This allowed teachers to target their teaching to the specific levels of these students. In one region, after 50 days of focused teaching in these camps, children at the lowest achievement levels in India were able to catch up to the learning level of the third-highest achieving state in the country. Many of the high-impact interventions you're referencing don't target girls specifically. Are you saying that girls' programs aren't necessary? Evans: Not at all! We particularly focused on how to increase access to education and improve quality of learning. Some [girl-focused] programs have other goals – such as reducing violence against girls, improving girls' psychological and emotional wellbeing, reducing adolescent pregnancy or helping girls to transition from school to the workforce. But when teaching is of bad quality, we just need to help schools improve the teaching. That's not necessarily a gender-specific problem. Wouldn't it be more cost-effective to just offer scholarships or cash transfers to girls only instead of both genders, especially if far fewer girls are attending school than boys? Evans: Sure, if you don't have the budget to waive school fees for everyone, eliminating school fees for girls is an effective way to do a girl-targeted program. That's what The Gambia did. But sometimes general, non-targeted interventions are more politically palatable for governments, since constituents have both daughters and sons. Were you concerned that some of the gender-neutral programs might benefit boys more than girls? Evans: That was something we were worried about – increasing inequality. But we found that overall, the impact of gender-neutral programs tends to be slightly larger on girls than boys both in terms of access and learning. These differences, for the most part, were not statistically significant. They were small. But it does mean that these general, non-targeted interventions are not increasing inequality between boys and girls. If anything, they're likely to decrease it. What changes do you hope to see in how we work on girls' education around the world? Evans: We want to make sure that people who care about girls' education draw on the full toolbox of programs that can improve girls' education. That includes girl-targeted programs. It also includes general programs. We don't anyone to walk away from this and say, 'Oh, we don't need to worry about girls.' Instead, it means that if we are worried about girls, we have a broader array of tools to help them. Joanne Lu is a freelance journalist who covers global poverty and inequity. Her work has appeared in Humanosphere, The Guardian, Global Washington and War is Boring. Follow her on Twitter: @joannelu Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org. Full Article
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