Construction company Aktor (formerly Intrakat) is now seeking over €35 million in damages through the courts after the public works department terminated the contract with regarding the Paphos-Polis road project, according to its CEO Alexandros Exarchou, who spoke at an online press conference. “We are compelled to pursue our legal rights in Cyprus and, if […]

to write scripts in unix pdf

There are many scary claims about excess time on digital devices for children and teenagers. Here’s a guide to the real risks - and what to do about them

Information contained within quantum objects gets scrambled when they interact. Physicists have now derived a speed limit for this process, challenging the idea that black holes are the fastest data scramblers

Zinc nanoparticles, a common sunscreen ingredient, can make plants more resilient to climate change – in a surprising way

A Greek philosopher’s musings on pleasure, contained in ancient papyrus scrolls buried by Mount Vesuvius’s eruption 2000 years ago, have been rediscovered with the help of AI

3D mapping and artificial intelligence has helped decipher an ancient Herculaneum papyrus scroll which had been digitally scanned

The skeletons of ancient Egyptian scribes reveal the health toll of sitting on the floor while performing administrative tasks like writing

Title: Snoring Kids Should Be Screened for Sleep Apnea: Experts
Category: Health News
Created: 8/28/2012 10:05:00 AM
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Title: Prescription Sleep Aids a Common Choice for American Insomnia
Category: Health News
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Title: Head Injury Screening Tests Approved
Category: Health News
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Title: Too Much Screen Time Could Raise Your Odds for Stroke
Category: Health News
Created: 8/23/2021 12:00:00 AM
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Title: Expert Panel Lowers Routine Screening Age for Diabetes to 35
Category: Health News
Created: 8/24/2021 12:00:00 AM
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Title: Don't Forget to Apply Sunscreen Before & After Water Fun
Category: Health News
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Title: 7 Scrumptious Drinks That Are High in Iron
Category: Health and Living
Created: 8/26/2022 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/26/2022 12:00:00 AM

Mapping transcriptomic variations using either short- or long-read RNA sequencing is a staple of genomic research. Long reads are able to capture entire isoforms and overcome repetitive regions, whereas short reads still provide improved coverage and error rates. Yet, open questions remain, such as how to quantitatively compare the technologies, can we combine them, and what is the benefit of such a combined view? We tackle these questions by first creating a pipeline to assess matched long- and short-read data using a variety of transcriptome statistics. We find that across data sets, algorithms, and technologies, matched short-read data detects ~30% more splice junctions, such that ~10%–30% of the splice junctions included at ≥20% by short reads are missed by long reads. In contrast, long reads detect many more intron-retention events and can detect full isoforms, pointing to the benefit of combining the technologies. We introduce MAJIQ-L, an extension of the MAJIQ software, to enable a unified view of transcriptome variations from both technologies and demonstrate its benefits. Our software can be used to assess any future long-read technology or algorithm and can be combined with short-read data for improved transcriptome analysis.

The transcription factor (TF) cone-rod homeobox (CRX) is essential for the differentiation and maintenance of photoreceptor cell identity. Several human CRX variants cause degenerative retinopathies, but most are variants of uncertain significance. We performed a deep mutational scan (DMS) of nearly all possible single amino acid substitutions in CRX using a cell-based transcriptional reporter assay, curating a high-confidence list of nearly 2000 variants with altered transcriptional activity. In the structured homeodomain, activity scores closely aligned to a predicted structure and demonstrated position-specific constraints on amino acid substitution. In contrast, the intrinsically disordered transcriptional effector domain displayed a qualitatively different pattern of substitution effects, following compositional constraints without specific residue position requirements in the peptide chain. These compositional constraints were consistent with the acidic exposure model of transcriptional activation. We evaluated the performance of the DMS assay as a clinical variant classification tool using gold-standard classified human variants from ClinVar, identifying pathogenic variants with high specificity and moderate sensitivity. That this performance could be achieved using a synthetic reporter assay in a foreign cell type, even for a highly cell type-specific TF like CRX, suggests that this approach shows promise for DMS of other TFs that function in cell types that are not easily accessible. Together, the results of the CRX DMS identify molecular features of the CRX effector domain and demonstrate utility for integration into the clinical variant classification pipeline.

Purpose:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is recommended starting at age 45, but there has been little research on strategies to promote screening among patients younger than 50. This study assessed the effect of a multicomponent intervention on screening completion in this age group.

Background:

Screening rates for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain low despite guidelines by both the CDC and USPSTF recommending that all adolescents and adults be screened at least once. The aim of this quality improvement study was to increase HIV screening among eligible patients.

Background:

Higher trust in healthcare providers has been linked to better health outcomes and satisfaction. Lower trust has been associated with healthcare-based discrimination.

BACKGROUND:Opioids are known to cause respiratory depression, aspiration, and to suppress the immune system. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between short- and long-term opioid use and the occurrence and clinical outcomes of pneumonia in South Korea.METHODS:The data for this population-based retrospective cohort analysis were obtained from the South Korean National Health Insurance Service. The opioid user group consisted of those prescribed opioids in 2016, while the non-user group, who did not receive opioid prescriptions that year, was selected using a 1:1 stratified random sampling method. The opioid users were categorized into short-term (1–89 d) and long-term (≥90 d) users. The primary end point was pneumonia incidence from January 1, 2017–December 31, 2021, with secondary end points including pneumonia-related hospitalizations and mortality rates during the study period.RESULTS:In total, 4,556,606 adults were enrolled (opioid group, 2,070,039). Opioid users had a 3% higher risk of pneumonia and an 11% higher risk of pneumonia requiring hospitalization compared to non-users. Short-term users had a 3% higher risk of pneumonia, and long-term users had a 4% higher risk compared to non-users (P < .001). Additionally, short-term users had an 8% higher risk of hospital-treated pneumonia, and long-term users had a 17% higher risk compared to non-users (P < .001).CONCLUSIONS:Both short- and long-term opioid prescriptions were associated with higher incidences of pneumonia and hospital-treated pneumonia. In addition, long-term opioid prescriptions were linked to higher mortality rates due to pneumonia.

Descriptive statistics (DS) play a crucial role in establishing a solid foundation for study analysis and are important for understanding the results of a study or data set. If the data from DS is used incorrectly, the study may be misinterpreted. Descriptive statistics summarizes and organizes data, making analysis easier and providing an overview of the characteristics of sampled data. This analysis is comprised of measures of central tendency, which includes the mean, median, and mode of a particular data set. Understanding how to use each metric is essential for basic statistical analysis. The purpose of this short report is to review descriptive statistics and describe how to best utilize them during data analysis. The authors aim to provide this short report as an educational resource to assist the dental hygiene research community in understanding statistical analysis through descriptive statistics.

Internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) recruit the ribosome to promote translation, typically in an m7G cap-independent manner. Although IRESs are well-documented in viral genomes, they have also been reported in mammalian transcriptomes, where they have been proposed to mediate cap-independent translation of mRNAs. However, subsequent studies have challenged the idea of these "cellular" IRESs. Current methods for screening and discovering IRES activity rely on a bicistronic reporter assay, which is prone to producing false positive signals if the putative IRES sequence has a cryptic promoter or cryptic splicing sites. Here, we report an assay for screening IRES activity using a genetically encoded circular RNA comprising a split nanoluciferase (nLuc) reporter. The circular split nLuc reporter is less susceptible to the various sources of false positives that adversely affect the bicistronic IRES reporter assay and provides a streamlined method for screening IRES activity. Using the circular split nLuc reporter, we find that nine reported cellular IRESs have minimal IRES activity. Overall, the circular split nLuc reporter offers a simplified approach for identifying and validating IRESs and exhibits reduced propensity for producing the types of false positives that can occur with the bicistronic reporter assay.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha antisense 1 (HNF4A-AS1) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) gene physically located next to the transcription factor HNF4A gene in the human genome. Its transcription products have been reported to inhibit the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and negatively regulate the expression of cytochrome P450s (CYPs), including CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2E1, and 3A4. By altering CYP expression, lncRNA HNF4A-AS1 also contributes to the susceptibility of drug-induced liver injury. Thus, HNF4A-AS1 lncRNA is a promising target for controlling HCC and modulating drug metabolism. However, HNF4A-AS1 has four annotated alternative transcripts in the human genome browsers, and it is unclear which transcripts the small interfering RNAs or small hairpin RNAs used in the previous studies are silenced and which transcripts should be used as the target. In this study, four annotated and two newly identified transcripts were confirmed. These six transcripts showed different expression levels in different liver disease conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, and obesity. The expression patterns of all HNF4A-AS1 transcripts were further investigated in liver cell growth from human embryonic stem cells to matured hepatocyte-like cells, HepaRG differentiation, and exposure to rifampicin treatment. Several HNF4A-AS1 transcripts highly displayed correlations with these situations. In addition, some of the HNF4A-AS1 transcripts also showed a strong correlation with CYP3A4 during HepaRG maturation and rifampicin exposure. Our findings provide valuable insights into the specific roles of HNF4A-AS1 transcripts, paving the way for more targeted therapeutic strategies for liver diseases and drug metabolism.

The antitumor effect of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) has stimulated the search for new methods to evaluate both kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of their binding to Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature). We propose a real-time assay based on a chromogenic substrate for phosphatase activity (pNPPase activity), using only two concentrations with an inhibitory progression curve, to obtain the association rate (k_on), dissociation rate (k_off), and equilibrium (K_i) constants of CTS for the structure-kinetics relationship in drug screening. We show that changing conditions (from ATPase to pNPPase activity) resulted in an increase of K_i of the cardenolides digitoxigenin, essentially due to a reduction of k_on. In contrast, the K_i of the structurally related bufadienolide bufalin increased much less due to the reduction of its k_off partially compensating the decrease of its k_on. When evaluating the kinetics of 15 natural and semisynthetic CTS, we observed that both k_on and k_off correlated with K_i (Spearman test), suggesting that differences in potency depend on variations of both k_on and k_off. A rhamnose in C3 of the steroidal nucleus enhanced the inhibitory potency by a reduction of k_off rather than an increase of k_on. Raising the temperature did not alter the k_off of digitoxin, generating a H (k_off) of –10.4 ± 4.3 kJ/mol, suggesting a complex dissociation mechanism. Based on a simple and inexpensive methodology, we determined the values of k_on, k_off, and K_i of the CTS and provided original kinetics and thermodynamics differences between CTS that could help the design of new compounds.

Despite a significant decrease in the number of prescriptions for opioids, the opioid crisis continues, fueled in large part by the availability of the phenylpiperidine mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist fentanyl. In contrast, the number of prescriptions for and the off-label use of gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) has increased dramatically, with gabapentinoids commonly detected in opioid overdose victims. Although gabapentinoids can decrease the potency of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone to reverse heroin-induced hypoventilation in male rats, the specificity and nature of interaction between gabapentinoids and MOR agonists and any potential sex difference in those interactions are not well characterized. Gabapentinoids were studied in female and male rats discriminating fentanyl (0.0032 mg/kg, i.p.) or cocaine (3.2 mg/kg, i.p.). Alone, neither gabapentin nor pregabalin significantly increased fentanyl- or cocaine-appropriate responding. In rats discriminating fentanyl, each gabapentinoid dose-dependently shifted the fentanyl and heroin discrimination dose-effect functions to the left, whereas naloxone dose-dependently shifted the fentanyl and heroin discrimination dose-effect functions to the right. Each gabapentinoid (100 mg/kg) significantly decreased the potency of naloxone to antagonize the discriminative stimulus effect of fentanyl or heroin. In contrast, each gabapentinoid dose-dependently shifted the cocaine and d-methamphetamine discrimination dose-effect functions to the right. There were no significant sex differences in this study. These results suggest that gabapentinoids impact the misuse of opioids, the co-use of opioids and stimulant drugs, and the increasing number of overdose deaths in individuals using opioids, stimulant drugs, and gabapentinoids in mixtures.

Previous studies demonstrated that sigma receptor (R) antagonists alone fail to alter cocaine self-administration despite blocking various other effects of cocaine. However, R antagonists when combined with dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors substantially decrease cocaine self-administration. To better understand the effects of this combination, the present study examined the effects of R antagonist and DAT inhibitor combinations in male rats discriminating cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline injections. The DAT inhibitors alone [(–)-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate monohydrate (WIN 35,428) and methylphenidate] at low (0.1-mg/kg) doses that were minimally active failed to shift the dose-effect function for discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine to the left more than 2-fold. At 0.32 mg/kg the DAT inhibitors alone shifted the cocaine dose-effect function leftward 24- or 6.6-fold, respectively. The R antagonists (BD1008, BD1047, and BD1063) failed to fully substitute for cocaine, although BD1008 and BD1047 substituted partially. At 10 mg/kg, BD1008, BD1047, or BD1063 alone shifted the cocaine dose-effect function leftward less than 6.0-fold. In combination with 0.1 mg/kg WIN 35,428, the 10 mg/kg doses of R antagonists shifted the cocaine dose-effect function from 12.3- to 36.7-fold leftward, and with 0.32 mg/kg WIN 35,428 from 14.3- to 440-fold leftward. In combination with 0.1 mg/kg methylphenidate, those R antagonist doses shifted the cocaine dose-effect function from 5.5- to 55.0-fold leftward, and with 0.32 mg/kg methylphenidate from 10.5- to 48.1-fold leftward. The present results suggest that dual DAT/R inhibition produces agonist-like subjective effects that may promote decreases in self-administration obtained in previous studies.

The diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a monogenic form of diabetes mellitus caused by a mutation in a single gene, is often uncertain until genetic testing is performed. We report a 13-yr-old Korean boy who was initially diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). MODY was suspected because of his nonobese body habitus and family history of multiple affected members. Targeted panel sequencing of all MODY-related genes was performed using the NextSeq 550Dx platform (Illumina). Sanger sequencing was performed using blood samples from the parents, siblings, and other relatives. A frameshift variant in the 3' region of the last exon of PDX1 was detected in the patient and his family members with diabetes. PP1_Moderate criterion was applied and this variant was confirmed to be the genetic cause of diabetes in the family and classified as likely pathogenic. The study highlights the importance of genetic testing for nonobese, early-onset diabetic patients with multiple affected family members. Increased awareness and aggressive genetic testing for MODY are needed.

Here, we highlight the case of a 31-yr-old man who had clinical features of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHOAR) and harbored a homozygous variant (c.38C > A, p.Ala13Glu) in the HPGD gene, as indicated by whole-exome sequencing (WES). This variant has been previously classified by our laboratory as a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). However, another patient with the same phenotype and the same homozygous variant in HPGD was subsequently reported. In reassessing the variant, the absence of this variant in the gnomAD population database, supporting computational predictions, observation in homozygosity in two probands, and specificity of the phenotype for HPGD, all provide sufficient evidence to reclassify the HPGD c.38C > A, p.Ala13Glu variant as likely pathogenic.

BackgroundLong-term health conditions are major challenges for care systems. Social prescribing link workers have been introduced via primary care networks (PCNs) across England since 2019 to address the wider determinants of health by connecting individuals to activities, groups, or services within their local community.AimTo assess whether the rollout of social prescribing link workers was in areas with the highest need.Design and settingA retrospective study of social prescribing link workers in England from 2019 to 2023.MethodWorkforce, population, survey, and area-level data at the PCN-level from April 2020 to October 2023 were combined. Population need before the rollout of link workers was measured using reported lack of support from local services in the 2019 General Practice Patient Survey. To assess if rollout reflected need, linear regression was used to relate provision of link workers (measured by full-time equivalent [FTE] per 10 000 patients) in each quarter to population need for support.ResultsPopulations in urban, more deprived areas and with higher proportions of people from minority ethnic groups had the highest reported lack of support. Geographically these were in the North West and London. Initially, there was no association between need and provision; then from July 2022, this became negative and significant. By October 2023, a 10-percentage point higher need for support was associated with a 0.035 (95% confidence interval = −0.634 to −0.066) lower FTE per 10 000 patients.ConclusionRollout of link workers has not been sufficiently targeted at areas with the highest need. Future deployments should be targeted at those areas.

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, for which there are effective pharmacological treatments that improve symptoms and reduce complications. Guidelines published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommend that primary care practitioners prescribe medication for adult ADHD under shared-care agreements with Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS). However, provision remains uneven, with some practitioners reporting a lack of support.AimThis study aimed to describe elements of support, and their availability/use, in primary care prescribing for adult ADHD medication in England to improve access for this underserved population and inform service improvement.Design and settingCross-sectional surveys were used to elicit data from commissioners, health professionals (HPs), and people with lived experience of ADHD (LE) across England about elements supporting pharmacological treatment of ADHD in primary care.MethodThree interlinked cross-sectional surveys were used to ask every integrated care board in England (commissioners), along with convenience samples of HPs and LEs, about prescribing rates, AMHS availability, wait times, and shared-care agreement protocols/policies for the pharmacological treatment of ADHD in primary care. Descriptive analyses, percentages, and confidence intervals were used to summarise responses by stakeholder group. Variations in reported provision and practice were explored and displayed visually using mapping software.ResultsData from 782 responders (42 commissioners, 331 HPs, 409 LEs) revealed differences in reported provision by stakeholder group, including for prescribing (95% of HPs versus 64% of LEs). In all, >40% of responders reported extended AMHS wait times of ≥2 years. There was some variability by NHS region – for example, London had the lowest reported extended wait time (25%), while East of England had the highest (55%).ConclusionElements supporting appropriate shared-care prescribing of ADHD medication via primary care are not universally available in England. Coordinated approaches are needed to address these gaps.

BackgroundIncident benzodiazepine prescriptions in primary care for anxiety decreased between 2003 and 2018. However, from 2008, incident prescribing of benzodiazepines for anxiety increased among those aged 18–34 years. There are increasing concerns around prescribing of benzodiazepines. Further, although guidelines state benzodiazepines should only be prescribed short term, in 2017, 44% of incident prescriptions were prescribed for longer than the recommended duration of 2–4 weeks.AimTo understand when and why GPs prescribe benzodiazepines for anxiety in young adults.Design and settingA qualitative study was undertaken using in-depth interviews with 17 GPs from 10 general practices in South West England.MethodInterviews were conducted by telephone or videocall. A topic guide was used to ensure consistency across interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and data analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsGPs described caution in prescribing benzodiazepines for anxiety in young adults, but thought they had an important role in acute situations. GPs described caution in prescribing duration, but some thought longer-term prescriptions could be appropriate. In light of these views, some GPs questioned whether primary care needs to revisit how clinicians are using benzodiazepines. GPs perceived that some young adults requested benzodiazepines and suggested this might be because they wanted quick symptom relief. GPs noted that refusing to prescribe felt uncomfortable and that the number of young adults presenting to general practice, already dependent on benzodiazepines, had increased.ConclusionPatient-driven factors for prescribing benzodiazepines suggest there are current unmet treatment needs among young adults with anxiety. Given increases in prescribing in this age group, it may be timely to revisit the role of benzodiazepines in the management of people with anxiety in primary care.

BackgroundBetween 2003 and 2018, incident prescriptions of beta-blockers for anxiety increased substantially, particularly for young adults. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance for anxiety does not recommend beta-blockers, probably due to a lack of evidence to support such use. Recent reports have highlighted the potential risks of beta-blockers.AimTo understand when and why GPs prescribe beta-blockers for people with anxiety.Design and settingIn-depth interviews with 17 GPs in Bristol and the surrounding areas.MethodInterviews were held by telephone or video call. A topic guide was used to ensure consistency across interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically.ResultsMany GPs viewed beta-blockers as ‘low risk’, particularly for young adults. Some GPs viewed beta-blockers as an alternative to benzodiazepines, acting quickly and not leading to dependence. GPs reflected that some patients appeared to want an ‘immediate fix’ to their symptoms, which GPs thought beta-blockers could potentially offer. This is salient in light of substantial waiting lists for talking therapies and delays in antidepressants taking effect. GPs described how some patients seemed more willing to try beta-blockers than antidepressants, as patients did not perceive them as ‘mental health drugs’ and therefore viewed them as potentially more acceptable and less stigmatising. Further, GPs viewed beta-blockers as ‘patient-led’, with patients managing their own dose and frequency, without GP input.ConclusionMany GPs believe that beta-blockers have a role to play in the management of anxiety. Given recent increases in the prescribing of these drugs in primary care, there is a need to assess their safety and effectiveness as a treatment for people with anxiety disorders.

Devlin takes us inside her new installation, which features as part of The Vinyl Factory: Reverb at 180 Studios.

The post Es Devlin: Screenshare appeared first on Fact Magazine.

Movies can’t, by definition, be all things to all people, and yet Anora—winner of the Cannes Film Festival’s highest honor, the Palme d’Or—manages to vacillate between assorted registers with stunning, and ultimately affecting, aplomb.

Another of The Florida Project and Red Rocket writer/director Sean Baker’s tales of marginalized individuals struggling to survive and find themselves in an often-unforgiving world, the film is a character study, romance, crime saga, screwball comedy, and vérité drama all wrapped into one unique and dexterous package. More impressive than its nimbleness, however, is its poise and empathy, the latter of which is chiefly bestowed upon its protagonist, whose life is thrown for a rollercoaster-grade loop-di-loop thanks to a chance introduction.

Ani (Mikey Madison, in a star-making turn) is a Brighton Beach 23-year-old who lives with her sister and earns a living stripping at a local club. Anora, which hits theaters Oct. 18, introduces her at the end of a long pan along a bench where men are receiving lap dances from erotic professionals. Fixating on Ani’s face as she flashes the fake smile that her customers crave and her superiors demand, Baker’s camera creates immediate, intimate engagement with the young woman, and that continues as it presents snapshots of her daily (or, rather, nightly) routine at her place of employment.

Read more at The Daily Beast.

The Elder Scrolls: Legends, the free-to-play card game set in Bethesda's fantasy world, has been removed from sale on Steam. Its servers will shut down for good on January 30th, 2025, after which it will no longer be playable. The closure comes five years after the game was last updated.

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I first played Taiko no Tatsujin in an arcade (in Japan, because I am very cool), where it's controlled by hitting a recreation of an actual taiko drum. It was fun enough that I wish there was a taiko drum peripheral available for PC now the series is on our platform.

Taiko no Tatsujin: Rhythm Festival is out now via Steam, where it offers over 70 songs to drum through, and a subscription service through which to unlock over 700 more. Maybe I should try to get my Donkey Konga drums working on PC, but I'll probably settle for playing it with a gamepad.

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Electromagnetic radiation leaking from the cable between your computer and monitor can be intercepted and decoded by AI to reveal what you are looking at

U.S.-based startup company Heliospect Genomics reportedly is offering wealthy couples embryo screening for IQ and other traits at $50,000 for 100 embryos.

Welcome challenger. Why not sit down, and play a little game?

Dallas Mavericks minority owner Mark Cuban returned to the Bluesky social media platform with a post after weeks of contentious X posts.

Tactile controls are back in vogue. Apple added two new buttons to the iPhone 16, home appliances like stoves and washing machines are returning to knobs, and several car manufacturers are reintroducing buttons and dials to dashboards and steering wheels.

With this “re-buttonization,” as The Wall Street Journal describes it, demand for Rachel Plotnick’s expertise has grown. Plotnick, an associate professor of cinema and media studies at Indiana University in Bloomington, is the leading expert on buttons and how people interact with them. She studies the relationship between technology and society with a focus on everyday or overlooked technologies, and wrote the 2018 book Power Button: A History of Pleasure, Panic, and the Politics of Pushing (The MIT Press). Now, companies are reaching out to her to help improve their tactile controls.

Rachel Plotnick on...

• Researching the history of buttons
• The renaissance of physical controls
• Working with companies on “re-buttoning”

You wrote a book a few years ago about the history of buttons. What inspired that book?

Rachel Plotnick: Around 2009, I noticed there was a lot of discourse in the news about the death of the button. This was a couple years after the first iPhone had come out, and a lot of people were saying that, as touchscreens were becoming more popular, eventually we weren’t going to have any more physical buttons to push. This started to happen across a range of devices like the Microsoft Kinect, and after films like Minority Report had come out in the early 2000s, everyone thought we were moving to this kind of gesture or speech interface. I was fascinated by this idea that an entire interface could die, and that led me down this big wormhole, to try to understand how we came to be a society that pushed buttons everywhere we went.

Rachel Plotnick studies the ways we use everyday technologies and how they shape our relationships with each other and the world.Rachel Plotnick

The more that I looked around, the more that I saw not only were we pressing digital buttons on social media and to order things from Amazon, but also to start our coffee makers and go up and down in elevators and operate our televisions. The pervasiveness of the button as a technology pitted against this idea of buttons disappearing seemed like such an interesting dichotomy to me. And so I wanted to understand an origin story, if I could come up with it, of where buttons came from.

What did you find in your research?

Plotnick: One of the biggest observations I made was that a lot of fears and fantasies around pushing buttons were the same 100 years ago as they are today. I expected to see this society that wildly transformed and used buttons in such a different way, but I saw these persistent anxieties over time about control and who gets to push the button, and also these pleasures around button pushing that we can use for advertising and to make technology simpler. That pendulum swing between fantasy and fear, pleasure and panic, and how those themes persisted over more than a century was what really interested me. I liked seeing the connections between the past and the present.

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We’ve experienced the rise of touchscreens, but now we might be seeing another shift—a renaissance in buttons and physical controls. What’s prompting the trend?

Plotnick: There was this kind of touchscreen mania, where all of a sudden everything became a touchscreen. Your car was a touchscreen, your refrigerator was a touchscreen. Over time, people became somewhat fatigued with that. That’s not to say touchscreens aren’t a really useful interface, I think they are. But on the other hand, people seem to have a hunger for physical buttons, both because you don’t always have to look at them—you can feel your way around for them when you don’t want to directly pay attention to them—but also because they offer a greater range of tactility and feedback.

If you look at gamers playing video games, they want to push a lot of buttons on those controls. And if you look at DJs and digital musicians, they have endless amounts of buttons and joysticks and dials to make music. There seems to be this kind of richness of the tactile experience that’s afforded by pushing buttons. They’re not perfect for every situation, but I think increasingly, we’re realizing the merit that the interface offers.

What else is motivating the re-buttoning of consumer devices?

Plotnick: Maybe screen fatigue. We spend all our days and nights on these devices, scrolling or constantly flipping through pages and videos, and there’s something tiring about that. The button may be a way to almost de-technologize our everyday existence, to a certain extent. That’s not to say buttons don’t work with screens very nicely—they’re often partners. But in a way, it’s taking away the priority of vision as a sense, and recognizing that a screen isn’t always the best way to interact with something.

When I’m driving, it’s actually unsafe for my car to be operated in that way. It’s hard to generalize and say, buttons are always easy and good, and touchscreens are difficult and bad, or vice versa. Buttons tend to offer you a really limited range of possibilities in terms of what you can do. Maybe that simplicity of limiting our field of choices offers more safety in certain situations.

It also seems like there’s an accessibility issue when prioritizing vision in device interfaces, right?

Plotnick: The blind community had to fight for years to make touchscreens more accessible. It’s always been funny to me that we call them touchscreens. We think about them as a touch modality, but a touchscreen prioritizes the visual. Over the last few years, we’re seeing Alexa and Siri and a lot of these other voice-activated systems that are making things a little bit more auditory as a way to deal with that. But the touchscreen is oriented around visuality.

It sounds like, in general, having multiple interface options is the best way to move forward—not that touchscreens are going to become completely passé, just like the button never actually died.

Plotnick: I think that’s accurate. We see paradigm shifts over time with technologies, but for the most part, we often recycle old ideas. It’s striking that if we look at the 1800s, people were sending messages via telegraph about what the future would look like if we all had this dashboard of buttons at our command where we could communicate with anyone and shop for anything. And that’s essentially what our smartphones became. We still have this dashboard menu approach. I think it means carefully considering what the right interface is for each situation.

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Several companies have reached out to you to learn from your expertise. What do they want to know?

Plotnick: I think there is a hunger out there from companies designing buttons or consumer technologies to try to understand the history of how we used to do things, how we might bring that to bear on the present, and what the future looks like with these interfaces. I’ve had a number of interesting discussions with companies, including one that manufactures push-button interfaces. I had a conversation with them about medical devices like CT machines and X-ray machines, trying to imagine the easiest way to push a button in that situation, to save people time and improve the patient encounter.

I’ve also talked to people about what will make someone use a defibrillator or not. Even though it’s really simple to go up to these automatic machines, if you see someone going into cardiac arrest in a mall or out on the street, a lot of people are terrified to actually push the button that would get this machine started. We had a really fascinating discussion about why someone wouldn’t push a button, and what would it take to get them to feel okay about doing that.

In all of these cases, these are design questions, but they’re also social and cultural questions. I like the idea that people who are in the humanities studying these things from a long-term perspective can also speak to engineers trying to build these devices.

So these companies also want to know about the history of buttons?

Plotnick: I’ve had some fascinating conversations around history. We all want to learn what mistakes not to make and what worked well in the past. There’s often this narrative of progress, that things are only getting better with technology over time. But if we look at these lessons, I think we can see that sometimes things were simpler or better in a past moment, and sometimes they were harder. Often with new technologies, we think we’re completely reinventing the wheel. But maybe these concepts existed a long time ago, and we haven’t paid attention to that. There’s a lot to be learned from the past.

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