The interaction of intense synchrotron radiation with molecular crystals frequently modifies the crystal structure by breaking bonds, producing fragments and, hence, inducing disorder. Here, a second-rank tensor of radiation-induced lattice strain is proposed to characterize the structural susceptibility to radiation. Quantitative estimates are derived using a linear response approximation from experimental data collected on three materials Hg(NO3)2(PPh3)2, Hg(CN)2(PPh3)2 and BiPh3 [PPh3 = triphenylphosphine, P(C6H5)3; Ph = phenyl, C6H5], and are compared with the corresponding thermal expansivities. The associated eigenvalues and eigenvectors show that the two tensors are not the same and therefore probe truly different structural responses. The tensor of radiative expansion serves as a measure of the susceptibility of crystal structures to radiation damage.

The NaZr2P3O12 family of materials have shown low and tailorable thermal expansion properties. In this study, SrZr4P6O24 (SrO·4ZrO2·3P2O5), CaZr4P6O24 (CaO·4ZrO2·3P2O5), MgZr4P6O24 (MgO·4ZrO2·3P2O5), NaTi2P3O12 [½(Na2O·4TiO2·3P2O5)], NaZr2P3O12 [½(Na2O·4ZrO2·3P2O5)], and related solid solutions were synthesized using the organic–inorganic steric entrapment method. The samples were characterized by in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction from 25 to 1500°C at the Advanced Photon Source and National Synchrotron Light Source II. The average linear thermal expansion of SrZr4P6O24 and CaZr4P6O24 was between −1 × 10−6 per °C and 6 × 10−6 per °C from 25 to 1500°C. The crystal structures of the high-temperature polymorphs of CaZr4P6O24 and SrZr4P6O24 with R3c symmetry were solved by Fourier difference mapping and Rietveld refinement. This polymorph is present above ∼1250°C. This work measured thermal expansion coefficients to 1500°C for all samples and investigated the differences in thermal expansion mechanisms between polymorphs and between compositions.

Reaction of CoBr2 with 2-methyl­pyridine N-oxide in n-butanol leads to the formation of the title compound, [CoBr2(C6H7NO)2] or [CoBr2(2-methyl­pyridine N-oxide)2]. Its asymmetric unit consists of one CoII cation as well as two bromide anions and two 2-methyl­pyridine N-oxide coligands in general positions. The CoII cations are tetra­hedrally coordinated by two bromide anions and two 2-methyl­pyridine N-oxides, forming discrete complexes. In the crystal structure, these complexes are linked predominantly by weak C–H⋯Br hydrogen bonding into chains that propagate along the crystallographic a-axis. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements indicate that a pure phase was obtained. Thermoanalytical investigations prove that the title compound melts before decomposition; before melting, a further endothermic signal of unknown origin was observed that does not correspond to a phase transition.

Reaction of Co(NCS)2 with 4-methyl­pyridine N-oxide in methanol leads to the formation of crystals of the title compound, [Co2(NCS)4(C6H7NO)4(CH4O)2] or Co2(NCS)4(4-methyl­pyridine N-oxide)4(methanol)2. The asymmetric unit consist of one CoII cation, two thio­cyanate anions, two 4-methyl­pyridine N-oxide coligands and one methanol mol­ecule in general positions. The H atoms of one of the methyl groups are disordered and were refined using a split model. The CoII cations octa­hedrally coordinate two terminal N-bonded thio­cyanate anions, three 4-methyl­pyridine N-oxide coligands and one methanol mol­ecule. Each two CoII cations are linked by pairs of μ-1,1(O,O)-bridging 4-methyl­pyridine N-oxide coligands into dinuclear units that are located on centers of inversion. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) investigations prove that the title compound is contaminated with a small amount of Co(NCS)2(4-meth­yl­pyridine N-oxide)3. Thermogravimetric investigations reveal that the methanol mol­ecules are removed in the beginning, leading to a compound with the composition Co(NCS)2(4-methyl­pyridine N-oxide), which has been reported in the literature and which is of poor crystallinity.

The title compound, [Co(NCS)2(C6H7N)4] or Co(NCS)2(4-methyl­pyridine)4, was prepared by the reaction of Co(NCS)2 with 4-methyl­pyridine in water and is isotypic to one of the polymorphs of Ni(NCS)2(4-methyl­pyridine)4 [Kerr & Williams (1977). Acta Cryst. B33, 3589–3592 and Soldatov et al. (2004). Cryst. Growth Des. 4, 1185–1194]. Comparison of the experimental X-ray powder pattern with that calculated from the single-crystal data proves that a pure phase has been obtained. The asymmetric unit consists of one CoII cation, two crystallographically independent thio­cyanate anions and four independent 4-meth­yl­pyridine ligands, all located in general positions. The CoII cations are sixfold coordinated to two terminally N-bonded thio­cyanate anions and four 4-methyl­pyridine coligands within slightly distorted octa­hedra. Between the complexes, a number of weak C—H⋯N and C—H⋯S contacts are found. This structure represent a polymorphic modification of Co(NCS)2(4-methyl­pyridine)4 already reported in the CCD [Harris et al. (2003). NASA Technical Reports, 211890]. In contrast to this form, the crystal structure of the new polymorph shows a denser packing, indicating that it is thermodynamically stable at least at low temperatures. Thermogravimetric and differential thermoanalysis reveal that the title compound starts to decomposes at about 100°C and that the coligands are removed in separate steps without any sign of a polymorphic transition before decomposition.

The title compound, [Ni(NCS)2(C6H7N)2]n, was prepared by the reaction of Ni(NCS)2 with 4-methyl­pyridine in water. Its asymmetric unit consists of two crystallographically independent NiII cations, of which one is located on a twofold rotational axis whereas the second occupies a center of inversion, two independent thio­cyanate anions and two independent 4-methyl­pyridine co­ligands in general positions. Each NiII cation is octa­hedrally coordinated by two 4-methyl­pyridine coligands as well as two N- and two S-bonded thio­cyanate anions. One of the cations shows an all-trans, the other a cis–cis–trans configuration. The metal centers are linked by pairs of μ-1,3-bridging thio­cyanate anions into [101] chains. X-ray powder diffraction shows that a pure crystalline phase has been obtained and thermogravimetry coupled to differential thermoanalysis reveals that the title compound loses half of the 4-methyl­pyridine coligands and transforms into Ni(NCS)2(C6H7N). Nearly pure samples of this compound can be obtained by thermal annealing and a Rietveld refinement demonstrated that it is isotypic to its recently reported Cd analog [Neumann et al., (2020). CrystEngComm. 22, 184–194] In its crystal structure, the metal cations are linked by one μ-1,3(N,S)- and one μ-1,3,3(N,S,S)-bridging thio­cyanate anion into single chains that condense via the μ-1,3,3(N,S,S)-bridging anionic ligands into double chains.

In the structure of the title salt, {[Ba(μ3-C3H2N3O2)2(μ-H2O)(H2O)]·H2O}n, the barium ion and all three oxygen atoms of the water mol­ecules reside on a mirror plane. The hydrogen atoms of the bridging water and the solvate water mol­ecules are arranged across a mirror plane whereas all atoms of the monodentate aqua ligand are situated on this mirror plane. The distorted ninefold coord­ination of the Ba ions is completed with four nitroso-, two carbonyl- and three aqua-O atoms at the distances of 2.763 (3)–2.961 (4) Å and it is best described as tricapped trigonal prism. The three-dimensional framework structure is formed by face-sharing of the trigonal prisms, via μ-nitroso- and μ-aqua-O atoms, and also by the bridging coordination of the anions via carbonyl-O atoms occupying two out of the three cap positions. The solvate water mol­ecules populate the crystal channels and facilitate a set of four directional hydrogen bonds. The principal Ba–carbamoyl­cyano­nitro­somethanido linkage reveals a rare example of the inherently polar binodal six- and three-coordinated bipartite topology (three-letter notation sit). It suggests that small resonance-stabilized cyano­nitroso anions can be utilized as bridging ligands for the supra­molecular synthesis of MOF solids. Such an outcome may be anti­cipated for a broader range of hard Lewis acidic alkaline earth metal ions, which perfectly match the coordination preferences of highly nucleophilic nitroso-O atoms. Thermal analysis reveals two-stage dehydration of the title compound (383 and 473 K) followed by decomposition with release of CO2, HCN and H2O at 558 K.

High-repetition-rate free-electron lasers impose stringent requirements on the thermal deformation of beamline optics. The Shanghai HIgh-repetition-rate XFEL aNd Extreme light facility (SHINE) experiences high average thermal power and demands wavefront preservation. To deeply study the thermal field of the first reflection mirror M1 at the FEL-II beamline of SHINE, thermal analysis under a photon energy of 400 eV was executed by fluid and solid heat transfer method. According to the thermal analysis results and the reference cooling water temperature of 30 °C, the temperature of the cooling water at the flow outlet is raised by 0.15 °C, and the wall temperature of the cooling tube increases by a maximum of 0.5 °C. The maximum temperature position of the footprint centerline in the meridian direction deviates away from the central position, and this asymmetrical temperature distribution will directly affect the thermal deformation of the mirror and indirectly affect the focus spot of the beam at the sample.

Geothermal power is a renewable energy source that uses the Earth's internal heat to produce electricity and heat water. One-hundred and fifty megawatts is roughly enough electricity to power 38,000 homes.

The newly developed thermal-oil-heated tunnel oven combines the constant radiant heat typical for thermal oils with true vertical turbulence for convective heat transfer, and can also work with different baked goods carriers even without conveyor belts.

The Digital Air Velocity Sensor Array delivers a precise picture of airflow patterns inside an oven, dryer, or cooling tunnel, from side-to-side and end-to-end.

M.O.L.E. EV6 delivers handheld thermal profiling control, freeing bakery operators from time-consuming, offline PC download.

Thermal management is crucial to processing, storing and delivering several types of snacks and baked goods. The latest systems cover a wide range of functions, including chilling dough, cooling product after exiting the oven, and refrigerating or freezing finished product. Specialized cold storage facilities also are part of the mix.

The product qualifies for a 30% federal tax credit as well as stackable state and local rebates.

When most people think about solar, they think about photovoltaic panels that generate electricity, but they don’t often think about solar thermal. When considering heating water, solar thermal is incredibly efficient by comparison.

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, more than half (51%) of the energy used in U.S. homes is directly spent on just two end uses, heating and air-conditioning. As such, producing a comfortable temperature within your living space creates one of the biggest carbon footprints of our modern living environment.

Each module is $140 for RPA and IAPMO members, and $170 for non-members.

What does a looming housing shortage, a significant increase in energy prices and 52% of home buyers ready to heat and cool their homes with electricity have in common? They’re all remedied in the same way: All-geothermal residential developments.

There are multiple ways to dehumidify a space — mechanical, reheat and desiccant to name a few. The biggest issue has been that conventional air conditioning units are only 10% effective at removing humidity. Until now, standard de-humidification systems were expensive to purchase and install.

New technical assistance capacity will help the federal government lead by example in demonstrating benefits and potential of decarbonizing buildings with geothermal energy.

PPI MS-7 includes detailed specifications for four plastic piping materials which have been proven in ground-source heat exchange systems: HDPE, PE-RT, PEX, and PP (PP-R and PP-RCT).

In 2009 under President Barack Obama, the economic stimulus package of 2009 was signed into law. Egg Geo was a regional engineering and contracting company in the southeastern United States with robust business in our central Florida offices.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 has delivered good news in the form of federal income tax credits and accelerated depreciation deductions that help make geothermal a more attractive option.

Greenwashing is deceptive advertising that uses green PR to make products seem eco-friendly and desensitizes consumers to environmental claims. TerraChoice describes "seven sins of greenwashing" to help consumers spot misleading environmental claims.

The document addresses the need for enforceable safety provisions for geothermal district ambient temperature loop systems.

In order to achieve a more environmentally friendly footprint for its new education and research campus in Narre Warren, Australia, IAPMO and the Plumbing Industry Climate Action Centre (PICAC) chose one technology rooted quite literally in the earth.

District systems, which have been around for centuries, provide buildings with a product created with technology beyond what an individual can either afford or apply. The primary advantage is the delivery of more cost-effective heating or cooling to the building.

Circulating ground-temperature water in a Thermal Energy Network (TEN) provides efficient heating and cooling, reducing costs and mitigating climate change through decarbonization. The water must be kept within a specific temperature range, known as the performance zone.

Water-to-water heat pumps, supplied from geothermal earth loops, represent a growing sector of the hydronic heat source market. Most current-generation models can produce water temperatures up to about 125° F, perhaps a little higher if you’re willing to push the compressor operating envelope.

Although the market for solar thermal systems is a tiny fraction of what it once was, I still believe there are viable applications that could help in decarbonizing thermal energy systems.

Hydronic-based heating and cooling systems stand ready to offer plenty of design and performance benefits. One of them is the potential for thermal storage.

Enhanced LWIR thermal performance with leading SWaP provides low-risk integration for unmanned platforms, security applications, handhelds, wearables, and thermal sights.

The DOE aims to build upon current Enhanced Geothermal Shots by accelerating research, development, and demonstrations within enhanced geothermal systems, to tap into and better understand resources while significantly reducing the cost of EGS.

WaterFurnace has launched the 7 Series, which the company said represents breakthroughs in energy efficiency, integrated technologies, communication capabilities, and comfort.

The Bosch Greensource CDi geothermal heat pump comes equipped with innovative technology that only Bosch can provide including: 10 year limited warranty on parts and labor; fiber-free, closed-cell insulation to help keep the system’s high efficiency and improve IAQ; and more.

The Millennium Tower, a luxurious condo-and-retailer tower in Boston, will incorporate Schöck Isokorb® structural thermal breaks in the terraces at the penthouse levels to ensure thermal comfort in the city’s tallest and most expensive residential building. 

A new, national program from Carrier and Orca Energy, a leading geothermal utility provider, is designed to makes geothermal heating and cooling more accessible in new construction homes. Orca Energy will provide financing for geothermal earth loops in new residential developments with the purchase of a Carrier geothermal system.

The first thing that comes to mind when thinking about high-end air conditioning systems is usually cost.

The awardees will focus on early-stage R&D projects exploring innovative technologies for drilling geothermal wells that show the ability to reduce non-drilling time, improve rates of penetration, and identify methods to accelerate the transfer of geothermal drilling and related technologies from the laboratory to the marketplace. 

Geothermal energy can be used to heat and cool commercial buildings. The highly efficient systems that make this possible are geothermal heat pumps.

HVAC contractors should be prepared to sell geothermal to new customers regardless of any incentives.

Geothermal heat pumps tap into a renewable source of energy to provide comfort for a home, and HVAC contractors can tap into this market for increased sales.

The moment for geothermal seemed to have arrived several times since the 1970s. A number of factors are forecasting wider use of this type of heating and cooling solution.

In the latest episode of The NEWSMakers podcast, Kyle Gargaro, editorial director for The ACHR NEWS, talks to WaterFurnace CEO John Thomas.

Since President Joe Biden invoked the DPA back in June 2022, HVAC-related energy efficiency incentives and renewable energy technology, have made their way into the spotlight. Many of those who work in the geothermal industry have been “waiting for this day” for decades.

Though geothermal systems can cost several times more than traditional HVAC units, the energy savings may be substantial.

The Inflation Reduction Act’s major incentive for the installation of a qualified geothermal system is a 30% federal clean energy credit, which can be used at filing time to offset taxes owed or add to any refund.

Kyle Gargaro, editorial director, The ACHR NEWS, traveled to Oklahoma City to talk with Climate Control Group COO Kevin McNamara about the state of the geothermal industry.