World War, 1939-1945 -- Aerial operations, American.

What would a new Democratic administration mean for education? We're getting a clearer idea as former Vice President Joe Biden and Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders emerge as top contenders for the nomination.

A group of high school students from Anchorage spent spring break at a remote Native Village as part of an unusual cultural exchange program in Alaska. See what they learned.

London (Charlotte Street, Rathbone Place) : Published as the Act directs ... by Wm. Woollett, engraver to His Majesty, 4 June, 1778.

London (No. 90, Cheapside, & 8, Pall Mall) : Published ... by Hurst, Robinson & Co., March 1st. 1824.

London (No. 90, Cheapside, & 8, Pall Mall) : Published ... by Hurst, Robinson & Co., March 1st. 1824.

[London], [1824]

[1905?]

Benjamin Meyer
Jul 3, 2019; 39:5326-5335
Systems/Circuits

Earl K. Miller
Aug 15, 1996; 16:5154-5167
Articles

Italian translation of Press Release about BIS General Manager Agustín Carstens giving a speech on "Money in the digital age: what role for central banks?" (6 February 2018)

We can adapt flexibly to environment changes and search for the most appropriate rule to a context. The orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) has been associated with decision making, rule generation and maintenance, and more generally has been considered important for behavioral flexibility. To better understand the neural mechanisms underlying the flexible behavior, we studied the ability to generate a switching signal in monkey PFo when a strategy is changed. In the strategy task, we used a visual cue to instruct two male rhesus monkeys either to repeat their most recent choice (i.e., stay strategy) or to change it (i.e., shift strategy). To identify the strategy switching-related signal, we compared nonswitch and switch trials, which cued the same or a different strategy from the previous trial, respectively. We found that the switching-related signal emerged during the cue presentation and it was combined with the strategy signal in a subpopulation of cells. Moreover, the error analysis showed that the activity of the switch-related cells reflected whether the monkeys erroneously switched or not the strategy, rather than what was required for that trial. The function of the switching signal could be to prompt the use of different strategies when older strategies are no longer appropriate, conferring the ability to adapt flexibly to environmental changes. In our task, the switching signal might contribute to the implementation of the strategy cued, overcoming potential interference effects from the strategy previously cued. Our results support the idea that ascribes to PFo an important role for behavioral flexibility.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We can flexibly adapt our behavior to a changing environment. One of the prefrontal areas traditionally associated with the ability to adapt to new contingencies is the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo). We analyzed the switching related activity using a strategy task in which two rhesus monkeys were instructed by a visual cue either to repeat or change their most recent choice, respectively using a stay or a shift strategy. We found that PFo neurons were modulated by the strategy switching signal, pointing to the importance of PFo in behavioral flexibility by generating control over the switching of strategies.

Although the etiology of schizophrenia is still unknown, it is accepted to be a neurodevelopmental disorder that results from the interaction of genetic vulnerabilities and environmental insults. Although schizophrenia's pathophysiology is still unclear, postmortem studies point toward a dysfunction of cortical interneurons as a central element. It has been suggested that alterations in parvalbumin-positive interneurons in schizophrenia are the consequence of a deficient signaling through NMDARs. Animal studies demonstrated that early postnatal ablation of the NMDAR in corticolimbic interneurons induces neurobiochemical, physiological, behavioral, and epidemiological phenotypes related to schizophrenia. Notably, the behavioral abnormalities emerge only after animals complete their maturation during adolescence and are absent if the NMDAR is deleted during adulthood. This suggests that interneuron dysfunction must interact with development to impact on behavior. Here, we assess in vivo how an early NMDAR ablation in corticolimbic interneurons impacts on mPFC and ventral hippocampus functional connectivity before and after adolescence. In juvenile male mice, NMDAR ablation results in several pathophysiological traits, including increased cortical activity and decreased entrainment to local gamma and distal hippocampal theta rhythms. In addition, adult male KO mice showed reduced ventral hippocampus-mPFC-evoked potentials and an augmented low-frequency stimulation LTD of the pathway, suggesting that there is a functional disconnection between both structures in adult KO mice. Our results demonstrate that early genetic abnormalities in interneurons can interact with postnatal development during adolescence, triggering pathophysiological mechanisms related to schizophrenia that exceed those caused by NMDAR interneuron hypofunction alone.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT NMDAR hypofunction in cortical interneurons has been linked to schizophrenia pathophysiology. How a dysfunction of GABAergic cortical interneurons interacts with maturation during adolescence has not been clarified yet. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that early postnatal ablation of the NMDAR in corticolimbic interneurons results in an overactive but desynchronized PFC before adolescence. Final postnatal maturation during this stage outspreads the impact of the genetic manipulation toward a functional disconnection of the ventral hippocampal-prefrontal pathway, probably as a consequence of an exacerbated propensity toward hippocampal-evoked depotentiation plasticity. Our results demonstrate a complex interaction between genetic and developmental factors affecting cortical interneurons and PFC function.

Adaptive coding of stimuli is well documented in perception, where it supports efficient encoding over a broad range of possible percepts. Recently, a similar neural mechanism has been reported also in value-based decision, where it allows optimal encoding of vast ranges of values in PFC: neuronal response to value depends on the choice context (relative coding), rather than being invariant across contexts (absolute coding). Additionally, value learning is sensitive to the amount of feedback information: providing complete feedback (both obtained and forgone outcomes) instead of partial feedback (only obtained outcome) improves learning. However, it is unclear whether relative coding occurs in all PFC regions and how it is affected by feedback information. We systematically investigated univariate and multivariate feedback encoding in various mPFC regions and compared three modes of neural coding: absolute, partially-adaptive and fully-adaptive.

Twenty-eight human participants (both sexes) performed a learning task while undergoing fMRI scanning. On each trial, they chose between two symbols associated with a certain outcome. Then, the decision outcome was revealed. Notably, in one-half of the trials participants received partial feedback, whereas in the other half they got complete feedback. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to explore value encoding in different feedback conditions.

We found that both obtained and forgone outcomes were encoded in mPFC, but with opposite sign in its ventral and dorsal subdivisions. Moreover, we showed that increasing feedback information induced a switch from absolute to relative coding. Our results suggest that complete feedback information enhances context-dependent outcome encoding.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study offers a systematic investigation of the effect of the amount of feedback information (partial vs complete) on univariate and multivariate outcome value encoding, within multiple regions in mPFC and cingulate cortex that are critical for value-based decisions and behavioral adaptation. Moreover, we provide the first comparison of three possible models of neural coding (i.e., absolute, partially-adaptive, and fully-adaptive coding) of value signal in these regions, by using commensurable measures of prediction accuracy. Taken together, our results help build a more comprehensive picture of how the human brain encodes and processes outcome value. In particular, our results suggest that simultaneous presentation of obtained and foregone outcomes promotes relative value representation.

Hundreds of millions of people around the world continue to suffer from hunger and malnutrition. Governments are urged to make stronger commitments at November’s Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) to ensure healthier diets for all. That's according to the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization of the United Nations. Watch this video to find out the challenges that [...]

Helping health care workers treat patients and public safety officials contain the pandemic, these robots offer lessons for future disasters

COVID-19 is not an equal opportunity pandemic. As Memorial president Vianne Timmons writes in this guest column, women are often in harm's way because of their work.

For those working in CHSLDs — the province's long-term care homes which are the site of the most serious outbreaks — the bonus will amount to as much as $1,000 per month.

Nearly 5 ½ years ago, the water source for the city of Flint was switched in an effort to save money. A disaster followed resulting in deaths, illness and mistrust of government. Tuesday at 10:00 p.m. on WKAR-TV, the documentary series Frontlin e examines the crisis by bringing to light conversations and documents never seen on television before. We spoke with Abby Ellis, the Michigan native who is the film’s director.

The Canadian four-time world champion figure skater took part in the Americares Blades for the Brave fundraiser for front-line workers battling the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Quebec-born Super Bowl champion is making the move from the offensive line to the medical front line.

CBC Toronto wants to introduce you to all the people making a difference during the COVID-19 pandemic through a series we're calling Front-line Heroes.

The post Aero Design Series- Stock Wheel – Part 2: Front Plane Sketch and Revolve appeared first on SOLIDWORKS Education Blog.

Penn State Mont Alto recognizes and honors winners during awards ceremony

Apple has now launched a new shop front online which is expressly for making it easier to buy, and get technical help, from home.

There is little to like about the present predicament, but one thing I don’t miss is checking my diary every evening for a reminder of what tomorrow will bring. Our social life is not what you’d call a whirl, so usually memory can be relied on for the occasional gatherings. Here in Hoolet, socialising is often impromptu, a random encounter leading to a casual evening drink a few hours later, or a last-minute supper in a kitchen, so soon after the invite that nobody could possibly forget.

Source: Infobae - El cambio climático es probablemente el mayor desafío ambiental y social que enfrenta la humanidad, y que fue generado por el ser humano. Es un problema global que se resuelve en forma global, en donde existen muchos matices que hacen difícil el consenso entre los países respecto a las decisiones que deben tomarse. Sin embargo, todos reconocen el siguiente principio como marco de discusión: principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas. Este principio reconoce que todos los países tienen responsabilidad común de solucionar el problema, aunque no todos en el mismo nivel y grado, ya que históricamente los países desarrollados han contaminado más a efecto de construir sus economías que aquellos que están en vías de desarrollo. Y no todos los países tienen la misma capacidad y recursos para enfrentar la problemática.

Three Penn State Lehigh Valley students majoring in biobehavioral health and working in health care talked to us about the impact of COVID-19 at their jobs.

Media literacy belongs in science class, insists Media Literacy Now’s Andy Zucker. Here’s how to bring it there.

The staff of Hershey Medical Center is one of only several academic hospitals in the country with specialized infrastructure and and training geared around offering care during a contagion outbreak. But they have another advantage, too. “We are all a family,” says one doctor. “And we look out for one another.”

The local church and OM Germany create a space for contemplation in the busyness of Halle's annual Christmas Fair.

The participants of the Intensive Training programme begin neighbourhood evangelism by gluing paintings about God's love to the sides of their front gate.

The Delaware General Assembly, the Delaware Commission of Veterans Affairs and the Delaware Heritage Commission unveiled a new monument in honor of those Delawareans who served their state and the nation in World War I.

The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) is investigating a mumps outbreak among attendees of a February Hispanic dance festival in New Castle County. Officials have confirmed three cases of the mumps, all involving attendees of a social dance (Baile Mejicano or Mexican Dance) that took place at the Chase Center on the Riverfront in Wilmington on Feb.10, 2018. DPH is recommending that anyone who attended the dance, contact their primary care physician to determine if they may have contracted mumps and if they and their family or close contacts need to receive vaccination against mumps.

Warner posted a time-lapse video from his official Insta account where he can be seen tonsuring his head with a trimmer in front of the mirror.

PM Modi also said let us pledge to work towards a cleaner, healthier and a more prosperous planet.

The Watson virtual agent is AI-enabled and will be able to understand and respond to queries in English and Hindi.

Learn how Senior Security Researcher, Chad Anderson, identified coordinated astroturfing when he came across a reddit comment with a number of suspect domains.

The National Hot Rod Association is working toward resuming the 2020 season in August, with fans in attendance, according to a Monday press release.

Hi,

i am designing a broadband (100 MHz -6 GHz BW) receiver chain for  radar/rcs measurement tester. i will put Low noise amplifier after antenna input followed by mixed(10 MHz IF BW and digitizer.

I am facing problem regarding LAN. bandwidth of LAN is  approx 6 GHz(100 MHz-6GHz), gain 25-35 dB, with NF less than 2. I am uncertain about noise floor at the output of LNA.  I dont know exact SNR at the input of LNA but it shall be good.System operation will be on stepped CW waveform so receiver input signal will sweep over the BW and some step size.

so LNA output r noise floor will be? i assume, we can neglect thr role of input noise because it will be lesser than internal noise of LNA.

will it be LNA internal noise (Thermal noise due to BW) only ?

will it be LNA internal noise (Thermal noise due to BW)  + LAN Gain ? -78+25 =-53 dB? internal noise shall be lesser because NF is less than 3 . 

i have practically observed that that output noise floor is much lesser then even thermal noise( over LNA BW). i have gone through some tutorial where  formula says( internal noise+input noise)+gain. in  my case input noise shall be much less than theoretical internal noise. 

Thanks

This week artificial intelligence (AI)-driven energy storage services provider Stem said that it had formed a partnership with New York-based private equity company Syncarpha Capital to build 28.2 megawatt-hours (MWh) of large-scale storage projects co-sited with solar in Massachusetts.

Of all the efforts to break up utility monopolies in the U.S., the one unfolding in Arizona may be the most important to watch.

Of all the efforts to break up utility monopolies in the U.S., the one unfolding in Arizona may be the most important to watch.

Trump's proposed budget severely cuts the EPA and DOE's efficiency and renewables offices, but allocates funding for R&D, clean coal and advanced nuclear.

This week artificial intelligence (AI)-driven energy storage services provider Stem said that it had formed a partnership with New York-based private equity company Syncarpha Capital to build 28.2 megawatt-hours (MWh) of large-scale storage projects co-sited with solar in Massachusetts.

Trump's proposed budget severely cuts the EPA and DOE's efficiency and renewables offices, but allocates funding for R&D, clean coal and advanced nuclear.

This week artificial intelligence (AI)-driven energy storage services provider Stem said that it had formed a partnership with New York-based private equity company Syncarpha Capital to build 28.2 megawatt-hours (MWh) of large-scale storage projects co-sited with solar in Massachusetts.