Martin N. Hebart
Jun 13, 2012; 32:8107-8109
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Stephanie McMains
Jan 12, 2011; 31:587-597
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Tatiana Stepanova
Apr 1, 2003; 23:2655-2664
Cellular

Earl K. Miller
Aug 15, 1996; 16:5154-5167
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Joshua A. Gordon
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MN Shadlen
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Niko A. Busch
Jun 17, 2009; 29:7869-7876
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

WT Newsome
Jun 1, 1988; 8:2201-2211
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Gregor Thut
Sep 13, 2006; 26:9494-9502
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Matteo Carandini
Nov 1, 1997; 17:8621-8644
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EL Bienenstock
Jan 1, 1982; 2:32-48
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Cristopher M. Niell
Jul 23, 2008; 28:7520-7536
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Jamie D. Roitman
Nov 1, 2002; 22:9475-9489
Behavioral

KH Britten
Dec 1, 1992; 12:4745-4765
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Italian translation of the BIS press release on the presentation of the Annual Economic Report 2019, 30 June 2019.

Priming refers to the influence that a previously encountered object exerts on future responses to similar objects. For many years, visual priming has been known as a facilitation and sometimes an inhibition effect that lasts for an extended period of time. It contrasts with the recent finding of an oscillated priming effect where facilitation and inhibition alternate over time periodically. Here we developed a computational model of visual priming that combines rhythmic sampling of the environment (attentional oscillation) with active preparation for future events (temporal expectation). Counterintuitively, it shows that both the sustained and oscillated priming effects can emerge from an interaction between attentional oscillation and temporal expectation. The interaction also leads to novel predictions, such as the change of visual priming effects with temporal expectation and attentional oscillation. Reanalysis of two published datasets and the results of two new experiments of visual priming tasks with male and female human participants provide support for the model's relevance to human behavior. More generally, our model offers a new perspective that may unify the increasing findings of behavioral and neural oscillations with the classic findings in visual perception and attention.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is increasing behavioral and neural evidence that visual attention is a periodic process that sequentially samples different alternatives in the theta frequency range. It contrasts with the classic findings of sustained facilitatory or inhibitory attention effects. How can an oscillatory perceptual process give rise to sustained attention effects? Here we make this connection by proposing a computational model for a "fruit fly" visual priming task and showing both the sustained and oscillated priming effects can have the same origin: an interaction between rhythmic sampling of the environment and active preparation for future events. One unique contribution of our model is to predict how temporal contexts affects priming. It also opens up the possibility of reinterpreting other attention-related classic phenomena.

The superior colliculus (SC) is arguably the most important visual structure in the mouse brain and is well known for its involvement in innate responses to visual threats and prey items. In other species, the SC plays a central role in voluntary as well as innate visual functions, including crucial contributions to selective attention and perceptual decision-making. In the mouse, the possible role of the SC in voluntary visual choice behaviors has not been established. Here, we demonstrate that the mouse SC of both sexes plays a causal role in visual perceptual decision-making by transiently inhibiting SC activity during an orientation change detection task. First, unilateral SC inhibition-induced spatially specific deficits in detection. Hit rates were reduced, and reaction times increased for orientation changes in the contralateral but not ipsilateral visual field. Second, the deficits caused by SC inhibition were specific to a temporal epoch coincident with early visual burst responses in the SC. Inhibiting SC during this 100-ms period caused a contralateral detection deficit, whereas inhibition immediately before or after did not. Third, SC inhibition reduced visual detection sensitivity. Psychometric analysis revealed that inhibiting SC visual activity significantly increased detection thresholds for contralateral orientation changes. In addition, effects on detection thresholds and lapse rates caused by SC inhibition were larger in the presence of a competing visual stimulus, indicating a role for the mouse SC in visual target selection. Together, our results demonstrate that the mouse SC is necessary for the normal performance of voluntary visual choice behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mouse superior colliculus (SC) has become a popular model for studying the circuit organization and development of the visual system. Although the SC is a fundamental component of the visual pathways in mice, its role in visual perceptual decision-making is not clear. By investigating how temporally precise SC inhibition influenced behavioral performance during a visually guided orientation change detection task, we identified a 100-ms temporal epoch of SC visual activity that is crucial for the ability of mice to detect behaviorally relevant visual changes. In addition, we found that SC inhibition also caused deficits in visual target selection. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of the SC for visual perceptual choice behavior in the mouse.

Behavior can be guided by neuronal activity in visual, auditory, or somatosensory cerebral cortex, depending on task requirements. In contrast to this flexible access of cortical signals, several observations suggest that behaviors depend more on neurons in later areas of visual cortex than those in earlier areas, although neurons in earlier areas would provide more reliable signals for many tasks. We recorded from neurons in different levels of visual cortex of 2 male rhesus monkeys while the animals did a visual discrimination task and examined trial-to-trial correlations between neuronal and behavioral responses. These correlations became stronger in primary visual cortex as neuronal signals in that area became more reliable relative to the other areas. The results suggest that the mechanisms that read signals from cortex might access any cortical area depending on the relative value of those signals for the task at hand.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Information is encoded by the action potentials of neurons in various cortical areas in a hierarchical manner such that increasingly complex stimulus features are encoded in successive stages. The brain must extract information from the response of appropriate neurons to drive optimal behavior. A widely held view of this decoding process is that the brain relies on the output of later cortical areas to make decisions, although neurons in earlier areas can provide more reliable signals. We examined correlations between perceptual decisions and the responses of neurons in different levels of monkey visual cortex. The results suggest that the brain may access signals in any cortical area depending on the relative value of those signals for the task at hand.

New scans suggest unhatched dinosaurs reabsorbed a set of teeth during development

A newly discovered pyramid yields a baffling mystery: A royal tomb, usually reserved for kings, is found to contain a mystery woman. Who was she and why was she given such a great honor?

The following is a post by Kristi Finefield, Reference Specialist in the Prints & Photographs Division, and member of the Picture This blog team. Images have a way of opening our eyes to new aspects of a well-known story. When I think of singer Marian Anderson, an image of her performing at the Lincoln Memorial […]

Visitors to the 1900 Paris Exposition would have had the opportunity to view an extraordinary display of photographs, charts, publications and other items meant to demonstrate the progress and resilience of African Americans in the United States, only a few decades after the abolition of slavery. The materials were assembled by African American intellectuals Thomas J. […]

The Kansas City Chiefs will open defence of their Super Bowl championship by hosting Houston on Sept. 10 in the NFL's annual kickoff game — pending developments in the coronavirus pandemic, of course.

Some residents of Canmore, Alta., are mourning the death of an unusual elk that went by the name of Marvin. He was known to frequent backyards and hang out with pets.

The post Mastering SOLIDWORKS Visualize and Creating the FIRST Global Challenge Field appeared first on SOLIDWORKS Education Blog.

Two Mont Alto student-athletes named to the USCAA All-Academic Team; Corrine Custer-Grassmyer recognized as John Fritz Sportsmanship Award Honoree.

eDrawings Pro 2020 now supports choosing your own 360˚ images as your custom environment in VR! This blog post will help walk you through the process of creating a 360˚ equirectangular image in SOLIDWORKS Visualize and adding it to your Virtual Reality scene in eDrawings Pro 2020.

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The post Creating Your Own Sky for VR Mode in eDrawings Professional 2020 using SOLIDWORKS Visualize appeared first on SOLIDWORKS Tech Blog.

HOLIDAYS may be temporarily on hold, but planning magical trips is still possible. Spontaneity shapes thrilling travel escapades, but there's also a case for careful, methodical planning. Often, the preparation – deciding on a route, reading up about a destination – can be just as enjoyable as the trip itself.

Impaired visual development has been reported in infants born to mothers prescribed methadone in pregnancy. Immature visual evoked potentials have been reported in this population, but data were confounded by gestation, growth restriction, and illicit drug use.

Visual evoked potentials are small and immature in infants exposed to methadone and other drugs of misuse in utero. These changes are independently associated with methadone exposure and persist after controlling for gestation, socioeconomic deprivation, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking. (Read the full article)

Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) was identified as an important cause of "severe" hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) during the 2011–2012 outbreak in North America. The atypical cutaneous features in this outbreak have not been well documented.

The cutaneous manifestations of CVA6-associated HFMD may be more extensive and variable than classic HFMD. Four distinct morphologies characterize this exanthem: (1) widespread vesiculobullous and erosive lesions, (2) "eczema coxsackium," (3) an eruption similar to Gianotti-Crosti, and (4) purpuric lesions. (Read the full article)

Data available before the 1990s in addition to small studies with clinical populations have shown that ocular growth and development differ between extremely preterm and term-born children.

Contemporary data on long-term visual outcomes indicate that adolescents born extremely low birth weight and/or extremely preterm exhibit more visual sensory and perceptual morbidity than adolescents born at term. (Read the full article)

For a moment, Wall Street seemed to be inching away from Saudi Arabia. Now, it’s already inching back.

Extremely low or negative yields in global markets make it challenging for investors to generate meaningful returns, says Brian McMillan of Investec Structured Products.

As the Apple iPod turns 14, we take a look back at its history and influence over the last decade-plus.

Visual Art Studies program seniors Andrea Regalbuto and Gary Weyandt are showcasing their respective exhibitions “Flap/Flutter” and “MEDIAted” online via websites, Instagram, and virtual exhibits.

There are many ways to add more "visual impact" to your maps. Some techniques grab the users' attention, but often don't add anything useful to the message the map is trying to convey (such as 3D tricks, or flashy/gratuitous images and infographics). I encourage you to design maps that have [...]

The post Giving your maps more visual impact! appeared first on Graphically Speaking.

As we continue to process and understand the ongoing effects of the novel coronavirus, many of us have grown used to viewing COVID-19 dashboards and visualizations, including this popular coronavirus dashboard from SAS. If you are more accustomed to building graphs and visualizations using the SGPLOT and SGPANEL procedures, this [...]

The post Visualizing COVID-19 data using SGPLOT and SGPANEL appeared first on Graphically Speaking.

The bill has a provision for endorsers, under which they cannot be held liable for false and misleading ads if they are found to have done due diligence before signing the deal.

Common filters are filters that can be shared between objects in your reports. Common filter benefits include 1) Easy to assign the same filter conditions to other report objects, 2) When you edit a common filter, it is updated everywhere that the common filter is used, and 3) A common filter is available for the entire report, across pages.

Using common filters in SAS Visual Analytics was published on SAS Users.

With increasing interest in Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD), many SAS Users want to know what can be done for Visual Analytics reports. In this article, I will explain how to use Python and SAS Viya REST APIs to extract a report from a SAS Viya environment and import it into another environment.

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery – Using Python and REST APIs for SAS Visual Analytics reports was published on SAS Users.

Common filters are filters that can be shared between objects in your reports. Common filter benefits include 1) Easy to assign the same filter conditions to other report objects, 2) When you edit a common filter, it is updated everywhere that the common filter is used, and 3) A common filter is available for the entire report, across pages.

Using common filters in SAS Visual Analytics was published on SAS Users.

With increasing interest in Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD), many SAS Users want to know what can be done for Visual Analytics reports. In this article, I will explain how to use Python and SAS Viya REST APIs to extract a report from a SAS Viya environment and import it into another environment.

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery – Using Python and REST APIs for SAS Visual Analytics reports was published on SAS Users.

Palace on Wheels is the brainchild of Indian Railways and Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation. Functioning since 1982, this train has so far introduced the pristine locales of Rajasthan to millions of international guests in the country. Besides Agra and New Delhi, the train also traverses...

UAE has initiated a proposal to make more efficient and faster visa issuing facilities for the citizens of Egypt. Ministry of foreign affairs and international cooperation of UAE has already opened the fifth consular section and visa issuance center…

  What is data visualisation? Put simply, data visualisation is the pictorial representation of data. Any data set can be understood at a glance by representing it on interactive charts and graphs. Thi...

  Particle parameters are a powerful system built into the Unreal Engine* that allows the customization of particle systems outside of Unreal Engine 4's Cascade particle editor. This tutorial create...