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TRIM46 Is Required for Microtubule Fasciculation In Vivo But Not Axon Specification or Axon Initial Segment Formation

Vertebrate nervous systems use the axon initial segment (AIS) to initiate action potentials and maintain neuronal polarity. The microtubule-associated protein tripartite motif containing 46 (TRIM46) was reported to regulate axon specification, AIS assembly, and neuronal polarity through the bundling, or fasciculation, of microtubules in the proximal axon. However, these claims are based on TRIM46 knockdown in cultured neurons. To investigate TRIM46 function in vivo, we examined male and female TRIM46 knock-out mice. Contrary to previous reports, we find that TRIM46 is dispensable for axon specification and AIS formation. TRIM46 knock-out mice are viable, have normal behavior, and have normal brain structure. Thus, TRIM46 is not required for AIS formation, axon specification, or nervous system function. However, we confirm that TRIM46 is required for microtubule fasciculation. We also show TRIM46 enrichment in the first ~100 μm of axon occurs independently of ankyrinG (AnkG) in vivo, although AnkG is required to restrict TRIM46 only to the AIS. Our results highlight the need for further investigation of the mechanisms by which the AIS and microtubules interact to shape neuronal structure and function.




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Retinal Input to Macaque Superior Colliculus Derives from Branching Axons Projecting to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

The superior colliculus receives a direct projection from retinal ganglion cells. In primates, it remains unknown if the same ganglion cells also supply the lateral geniculate nucleus. To address this issue, a double-label experiment was performed in two male macaques. The animals fixated a target while injection sites were scouted in the superior colliculus by recording and stimulating with a tetrode. Once suitable sites were identified, cholera toxin subunit B-Alexa Fluor 488 was injected via an adjacent micropipette. In a subsequent acute experiment, cholera toxin subunit B-Alexa Fluor 555 was injected into the lateral geniculate nucleus at matching retinotopic locations. After a brief survival period, ganglion cells were examined in retinal flatmounts. The percentage of double-labeled cells varied locally, depending on the relative efficiency of retrograde transport by each tracer and the precision of retinotopic overlap of injection sites in each target nucleus. In counting boxes with extensive overlap, 76–98% of ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus were double labeled. Cells projecting to the superior colliculus constituted 4.0–6.7% of the labeled ganglion cell population. In one particularly large zone, there were 5,746 cells labeled only by CTB-AF555, 561cells double labeled by CTB-AF555 and CTB-AF488, but no cell labeled only by CTB-AF488. These data indicate that retinal input to the macaque superior colliculus arises from a collateral axonal branch supplied by ~5% of the ganglion cells that project to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Surprisingly, there exist no ganglion cells that project exclusively to the SC.




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FAO calls for “paradigm shift” towards sustainable agriculture and family farming

Policy makers should support a broad array of approaches to overhauling global food systems, [...]




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Euro-Mediterranean Conference on Agriculture welcomes FAO transformational changes

Rome, 2 December 2014 – The Ministers of Agriculture of the European Union and of other Mediterranean countries welcomed FAO’s transformational changes implemented in the last two years, and underlined [...]




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FAO Director-General highlights International Year of Soils to Agriculture Ministers in Berlin

Berlin- FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva has highlighted some of the most important events on the organization’s 2015 calendar during meetings with agriculture ministers who attended the Global Forum [...]




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THE HINDU: Agriculture can't remain the same, says FAO official

With rapid soil degradation, fast depletion of groundwater, excessive use of pesticides-fertilizers and extreme weather events all collectively putting stress on farming and forestry, it is time to recognise the [...]




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EL PAÍS, Maria Helena Semedo: “Agriculture should be integrated in climate change policies”

MANUEL PLANELLES, EL PAÍS, Paris- “Agriculture is seen as a threat in the fight against climate change,” Maria Helena Semedo warns. The Deputy Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization [...]




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International symposium on agricultural biotechnologies

February’s international symposium, entitled “The role of agricultural biotechnologies in sustainable food systems and nutrition”, will explore how the application of science and technology, and particularly agricultural biotechnologies, can benefit [...]




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FAO tapped to lead a global dialogue to mainstream biodiversity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries

Cancun, Mexico. On [...]




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Launch of The State of Food and Agriculture 2017 – Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformation

Since the 1990s, rural transformations have helped millions of people exit poverty while remaining in rural areas. This underscores an important fact: revitalising rural economies helps create jobs for rural [...]




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The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2018

The report will be released during a presentation on Monday, 17 September, at 11:30 CEST, in FAO-HQ, Sheikh Zayed Center.

This new edition of the report focuses on the complex [...]




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The State of Food and Agriculture 2018

The report will be released during Press Conference on Monday, 15 October, at 1:00 PMRome time, in FAO-HQ, Sheikh Zayed Center. The Press Conference will be webcast [...]




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Upcoming launch of FAO's State of Food and Agriculture 2020

On 26 November 2020, 15:00 - 16:30 (CET), FAO will launch the 2020 edition of the State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA).

This year's edition of this flagship publication presents [...]




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Webinar: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and Ecosystem Restoration

Rome - The experience of farmers who manage agricultural heritage can help achieve the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration's main goals: support and scale-up efforts [...]




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Invitation for the launch event: The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security, 2021

Understanding and managing disaster risks in global agriculture: Better data for ambitious action



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FAO - Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme call for experts

Rome - The FAO - Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme opens the process of establishing a new Scientific Advisory Groupfor the 2021-2022 term.  The Programme is seeking for [...]




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Global Dialogue and High-level Segment on the Role of Food and Agriculture in the Global Biodiversity Framework 6-7 July 2021

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), will hold a Global Dialogue on the [...]




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Join us: virtual symposium on Agricultural Heritage and Family Farming

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, through the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Programme, will organise the International Symposium on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and Family Farming from [...]




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FAO and Grow Asia partner to mobilize support for smallholder agriculture

Rome - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Grow Asia, a multi-stakeholder partnership platform that brings together farmers, the private sector, governments, [...]




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Join us: International Conference on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems 2021

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), through the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Programme, is organizing the International Conference on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems 2021 [...]




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FAO Director-General addresses G7 Agriculture Ministers on Global Food Markets and Prices

Click here to access the presentation by QU Dongyu.

 




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The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict

Information Note.




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Three sites in China designated FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

Three sites in China - an ancient tea-producing area, a nomadic livestock-rearing region and a rain-fed stone terrace farming system - were formally recognised  as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage [...]




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20 years of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

2022 marks the 20th anniversary of the FAO GIAHS Programme. FAO launched the GIAHS initiative at the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. Since its inception, [...]




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Latest issue: The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2022

This edition of The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) discusses how trade policies, based on both multilateral and regional approaches, can address today’s challenges for sustainable development. 




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Two new sites in Japan designated FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

Rome - Two new sites in Japan - an inland fisheries and associated paddy farming system centred on the country’s largest lake and a traditional fruit-growing area  believed to have been the [...]




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The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2022

This edition of The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) discusses how trade policies, based on both multilateral and regional approaches, can address today’s challenges for sustainable development. Trade policies [...]




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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) launches its new Annual and Monthly Funding Overview websites

Rome – The newly released Annual Report for 2020, 2021 and 2022 raises the visibility of the Organization's Resource Partners, including FAO Members, international financial institutions (IFIs), United Nations entities, [...]




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Livestock and agricultural mechanization take center stage in September at FAO

For the first time ever, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) will be hosting two back-to-back conferences looking at the challenges and solutions for sustainable livestock [...]




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Glückwunsch! Hay Milk in Austria celebrates its recognition as FAO global agricultural heritage

Salzburg – Austria, marked a significant milestone as it celebrated the formal recognition of Traditional Hay Milk Farming in the Austrian Alpine Arc as a FAO Globally Important Agricultural [...]




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Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection for Just Transitions: Investing in food and agriculture to achieve the SDGs

Social protection and decent jobs are cornerstones of agrifood systems transformation, but they require strong political commitment




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Traditional knowledge and innovation in Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

In this workshop, we will explore the role of innovation in supporting traditional practices that conserve agricultural heritage systems.  

Traditional agricultural practices, often rooted in the local communities and the knowledge [...]




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Three new sites recognized as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)

Indonesia and Sao Tome and Principe receive their first designations from FAO along with Austria’s second system




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Transporting a Live Elephant Is Exactly as Difficult as You Would Imagine

The team at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy needs to transport Kinani, a blind male elephant, to a 4,000-acre compound where he'll be able to roam freely without disturbing other wildlife. Weighing in at nearly eight tons, it'll take careful maneuvering and custom equipment to bring the animal to his new sanctuary.




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The Past, Present and Future of Agriculture

Humans have been modifying plants since the beginning of agriculture, but now, globalization and new technologies have given us more control and more power over our food than ever before.




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Is a Charlottetown business group's call to remove rent controls 'ridiculous' or necessary?

Some business owners in Charlottetown have made suggestions for increasing the city’s housing supply, but not everyone is happy with their recommendations when it comes to rental properties.



  • News/Canada/PEI


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Compassion in difficult times

Balboa, Panama :: Logos Hope's volunteers make an uplifting visit to a shelter for migrant men, testing their eyesight and handing out reading glasses.




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Sweden: how sweet it is-and how difficult

OM Sweden hosts its first outreach in 17 years.




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Trapped in difficult circumstances

Behind the glow of city lights, a group of people easily go unnoticed—lost sheep in desperate need of the hope of the gospel.




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News24 Business | Mining and agriculture give Omnia a profit boost, but tax woes weigh

Explosives, chemicals and fertiliser group Omnia reported a 17% surge in interim operating profit on Monday thanks largely to standout performances from its mining segment and its South African agriculture business.




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How the Russians Hacked Our Math Curriculum

An overemphasis on calculus in high school may be harming students, writes Dickinson College professor Jeffrey Forrester.




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News24 Business | OPINION | Matriculants' other big test - how they'll manage their money

Ensuring and tracking your financial progress, no matter what path your life takes, is easier than navigating careers or relationships. But good habits have to be set up early, says Laura du Preez.




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Multimedia Curriculum Teaches About 9/11

Multimedia lessons for teaching about the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks are unveiled.




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Winter sports practices, extracurriculars allowed to resume




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Penn State Harrisburg and Thaddeus Stevens College expand articulation agreement

Thaddeus Stevens College, a two-year trade and technology-focused college, has recently expanded its articulation agreement with Penn State Harrisburg. Students completing their studies at Thaddeus Stevens College can transfer a variety of general education credits toward receiving a bachelor of science degree in human development and family studies from Penn State Harrisburg.




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Four Penn State Commonwealth Campuses sign articulation agreement with LCCC

Students who meet transfer requirements at Lehigh Carbon Community College are guaranteed admission to Penn State Hazleton, Lehigh Valley, Schuylkill and Wilkes-Barre.




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Attention School Leaders: Students Are Demanding Anti-Racist Curriculum and Instruction

Students in cities around the country are organizing petition drives that are generating thousands of signatures to demand that their schools offer anti-racist curricula and instruction.




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New faith makes arranging marriage difficult

One father in Bangladesh struggles to find believing husbands for his two daughters, after all three have come to faith in Jesus.




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Appeals Court Finds No Disparagement of Hinduism in Calif. Curricular Framework

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit turned aside a challenge to California's history and social science content standards and curriculum framework.