Glastonbury is many things to many people. For some festivalgoers, it’s all about the music atmosphere. For others, they’re there to see some of the biggest artists in the world. Then there are those who really enjoy taking a look at some of the up-and-coming acts. Sally Howell, the organiser of the Croissant Neuf area, ... Read more

The post Why the Legends Slot is so Important at Glastonbury appeared first on Star Two.

There is not a soul in the world who doesn’t know about YouTube and this platform is the home of more than 800 million videos. If someone chose to watch every single video that is on this platform, they would need close to 20,000 years to finish them all. Some of the content on this ... Read more

The post 6 Most Popular Music Videos on YouTube in the Last 7 Years appeared first on Star Two.

Lane Bodor makes the trip down to Green River to attend the Green River Classic presented by In The Hills Gang.
( Photos: 1, Comments: 8 )

Koalas are the only non-primates with fingerprints. How is that possible—and why?

Minerallac Company, an electrical construction hardware manufacturer, find Repeat Signage software a useful tool for keeping staff updated on events and information. Staff is their satellite office, 2000 miles away, now feel more connected since digital signage was utilised.

Eastwood takes measured aim at the American justice system in a film that centers on a murder trial — and a juror who realizes he may be implicated in the crime.

The movie was the first Nesher made after returning to Israel following a decade-long stint in Hollywood.

Their movies feature lush cinematography (whether in color or black-and-white), passionate romances that are all the more affecting because the characters are so very British.

The hot Glass Animals from Oxford, England have carved a niche in the indie rock universe with their unique conceptual pop sound Their journey through career highs and lows of thrilling experiences about changing lives and birthed their most acclaimed project to date — the Dreamland album Dreamland The creative forces behind it came up with an equally ambitious project called Dreamland Tours. The Glass Animals Dreamland Tour has been hailed as an unparalleled experience for fans, going beyond the traditional concept of a concert. The tour is characterized by immersive visuals, interactive performances, and the tangible personal connection the band shares with its listeners This combination is a magical fan experience which continues to echo over the limits of the concert venue. As we delve into the highlights of the Glass Animals Dreamland Tour, we’ll see why it stands true to the ultimate fan experience.   Glass Animals Visiting the Land of Dreams: An Art Journey Glass helps with the back of the Dreamland album Musical journeys viewed by mirror animals Stained glass animals have made an indelible mark on the canvas of contemporary music. Rising from humble beginnings in 2010, the four-man band from Oxford have grown into a powerhouse with indie musical talent, marrying smooth beats and eclectic lyricism Their rise has been fueled by critically acclaimed albums, and taking on an ever-changing soundscape. Introduction to the Dreamland album and its themes “Dreamland,” their third album, due out in 2020, is a mosaic of memories, introspection and intimate stories. Explores topics such as nostalgia, personal growth, and the complexity of the human spirit. Songs like “Heat Waves” resonate with fans, not only because they are catchy, but because they are heartfelt. The transition to touring: The importance of dreamland in live performances The Dreamland Tour elevates the album from a purely listening experience to a multi-sensory event. Gives fans the chance to step into the world imagined by the lyrics on the album. The tour takes on more meaning as it marks the album’s life in a haunting place, inviting fans to share in the band’s most personal moments. Basically, a Dreamland tour isn’t just about performance. It’s a gateway to the true heartbeat of Glass Animals, delivering an immersive experience lifted straight from the kaleidoscopic world of the Dreamland album. The Unique Aspects of the Dreamland Tour Visuals and Stage Design One unmissable aspect of the Dreamland tour by Glass Animals is the impeccable visuals and stage design. Strikingly vivid and meticulously crafted, the stage becomes a living, pulsating extension of the Dreamland album itself. The stage setup incorporates a remarkable array of LED screens and lighting, bathed in a dreamy palette of pastels and bursts of neon. The visual effects transcend the typical, showcasing visuals that immerse fans in a psychedelic landscape filled with soaring palm trees and retro television sets. Imbued within these visuals are the specific themes and narratives of the Dreamland album, transforming songs into vibrant vignettes that captivate audiences. Interactive Performances Beyond the sensory feasts of the visuals and stage design, the Dreamland Tour stands out for its engaging and interactive performances. The band’s authenticity shines through each performance, fostering an intimate connection with the audience. During shows, the band members often break the metaphorical fourth wall, engaging directly with fans through candid banter, shared stories, and common jokes. Notable moments from the tour include frontman Dave Bayley’s famed crowd surfing, and encouragement for fans to join the band in singing along, creating a collective auditory experience. Setlist and Musical Arrangements The craft and care put into the setlist and musical arrangements have played a significant part in the tour’s resounding success. The setlist is composed not merely as a linear progression of songs but as a journey through Glass Animals’ discography, carefully curated to engage fans new and old. Signature hits from their previous albums such as “Gooey” from ZABA and “Youth” from How To Be A Human Being are woven seamlessly with tracks from Dreamland. Exclusive to the tour are special renditions of select tracks, including acoustic versions and extended instrumental segments that offer fans a unique and novel listening experience. In essence, the Dreamland Tour is marked by a synthesis of compelling visuals, engaging performances, and thoughtful setlist selection – offering fans a truly immersive and memorable experience. fan experiences and testimonials Personal information The Dreamland trip has left an indelible mark on fans, many of whom share fond stories of their experiences. These stories reflect not only the enjoyment of the concert, but also the deep emotional connection fans have made to the music of Glass Animals and the memories they remember while on tour Emotional resonance: A fan described a moment during “Heat Waves” when the crowd’s combined singing spoke of a sense of shared experience and understanding, bringing many to tears. Memorable connection: Another recounted a pre-concert meeting in which band member Dave Belle remembered their names from previous concerts, revealing the real connection the band has with its audience . community and stakeholders One of the outstanding features of the Dreamland tour is its ability to create a vibrant and inclusive community among fans. From the concert lineup to the final notes of fading music, belonging and shared passion is palpable. Before the concert: Fans often share information online, detailing their interests, clothing choices and itineraries, building anticipation and camaraderie even before the concert begins. During the performance: The interactive aspects of the show, such as music, crowd surfing, immediately become mainstream events in society, forcing connections with them the intensity of the desired interval. After the event: Social media platforms are buzzing with concert photos, videos and personal reflections, allowing the community to relive the experience and maintain the relationships built during the event. Through the power of music and shared experiences, the Dreamland tour has created a sense of community that extends beyond concert venues is not limited to Fans walking away with memories of a performance. Behind-the-Scenes Elements that Make the Tour Special Preparation and Inspiration The Dreamland Tour, as recounted by the members of Glass Animals, is not just a series of concerts but a deeply immersive experience designed to transport fans into the very essence of their latest album, Dreamland. The planning and creative process behind the tour was both exhaustive and exhilarating. Creative Process: The band members spent countless hours discussing and experimenting with different visual and auditory elements to ensure that the live experience would accurately reflect the album’s intimate and entrancing vibe. Band Quotes: “We wanted to pull the audience into Dreamland, to make them feel the nostalgia, the melancholy, and the euphoria that the album speaks to,” said Dave Bayley. “Every detail, from the visuals to the setlist, was crafted with this in mind.” Challenges and Triumphs Like many others, the Dreamland Tour faced its fair share of hurdles, most notably, the global pandemic. The uncertainties and health concerns posed significant challenges, leading to postponed dates and constant reevaluation of plans. Overcoming Obstacles: The band and their crew demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of these challenges. With a deep commitment to their fans and the music, they navigated through the uncertainty, enforcing strict health protocols to ensure the safety of everyone involved. Milestones: Despite the initial setbacks, the tour emerged triumphant. Sold-out shows and critical acclaim became testaments to the band’s hard work and the fans’ undying enthusiasm. “Seeing fans come together safely after such a difficult time has been incredibly touching and reinforces why we do what we do,” Bayley commented on the success of the tour. The behind-the-scenes preparation, boundless creativity, and relentless determination to overcome challenges underscore the Dreamland Tour’s success, making it not just a series of live performances, but a truly memorable and impactful experience for both the band and their fans. The lasting impact of a visit to dreamland Glass Animals’ Dreamland Tour not only captivated audiences around the world, it left an indelible mark on the music industry and its fans. This volume explores the transformative power of touring and its contribution to live music. It’s about the music industry The Dreamland tour set a new standard for live music, emphasizing the importance of an immersive concert experience. Here are some of the initiatives that have impacted the industry. New platform activities: The tour introduced new forms of drama and visual storytelling, turning the concert into an emotional experience. Fan interaction: Leveraging technology and social media, the team created more interactive and personal experiences, setting the trend for future tours It’s about the fans and the attendees Beyond the phenomenon, the Dreamland tour created a deep and lasting connection with fans and impacted them in many profound ways: Emotional resonance: Many attendees described the concert as emotionally transformative, providing a sense of escape and connection during difficult times. Community building: The tour has been a catalyst for community building, and fans have bonded over shared experiences, both online and in concert. conclusion The key to appreciating the Dreamland Tour was its unique blend of immersive storytelling, interactive performances and profound emotional journey for attendees not just a series of concerts; It was a public trip to the heart of the Glass Animals’ musical universe, and a program was designed to provide the ultimate fan experience. Visiting Dreamland with innovative stage design, personalized fan interaction and exciting performances reaffirmed what it means to attend a live concert Its legacy extends beyond nights out under neon lights and businesses the standards it has raised Reflecting on the impact of the Dreamland tour, it’s clear that his legacy will continue to inspire fans and artists alike, shaping the future of live performance and fan engagement in the music industry.

The post Why the Glass Animals Dreamland Tour Is the Ultimate Fan Experience appeared first on Geeky Traveller.

The following article, Kamala Harris: ‘It’s Our Last Hope’, was first published on The Black Sphere.

Kamala Harris' campaign has reach the point of being beyond hope. And everybody should have seen it coming.

Continue reading Kamala Harris: ‘It’s Our Last Hope’ ...

Rwanda is one of the world’s poorest and most densely-populated countries, with population growth placing pressure on forests and natural habitat. But despite that, mountain gorillas are making a comeback in Rwanda. The World Economic Forum explains: In the 1980s, fewer than 300 mountain gorillas in Rwanda remained in the Virunga mountains. Today, thanks to […]

The post Mountain gorillas are making a comeback in Rwanda appeared first on Liberty Unyielding.

Professors at many Ivy League universities canceled classes the day after the election — some because they were unhappy that Donald Trump won, and others because they believed that students needed to “recover” from the election. The Harvard Crimson reports that “Courses such as Sociology 1156: ‘Statistics for Social Sciences’ and Applied Math 22a: ‘Solving […]

The post Professors cancel classes in response to Trump winning the 2024 election appeared first on Liberty Unyielding.

After a successful launch, the upper-stage of the rocket goes on to experience an anomaly.

Shaolin Temple Cultural Centre has been able to expand classes thanks to BBC Children in Need.

There were no immediate reports of casualties after heavy rain on Thursday.

1. Song Jae Rim Passes Away: South Korean Star's Last Post Goes Viral, His Cryptic Insta Bio Grabs Eyeballs  News18
2. Song Jae Rim death: South Korean actor's last Instagram post sparks concern among fans  The Economic Times
3. South Korea’s popular actor Song Jae Rim found dead in Seoul apartment  Mint
4. Song Jae Rim's recent Instagram bio update was about 'starting a long journey'  Moneycontrol
5. 'My Military Valentine' fame South Korean actor Song Jae-rim dies 39  India TV News

velocityconf: LAST DAY for #velocityconf EU call for speakers http://t.co/qShofQCDPl Share your best #WPO, #Ops, and #DevOps stories.

velocityconf: Who's up for a 5 minute lightning talk. Last day to get your #Ignite proposal in for #velocityconf CA. http://t.co/pzL0WJtQH5

Companies have continued to cut jobs in 2024 after a wave of layoffs last year. Meta, Goldman Sachs, Google, and Tesla are among those shedding staff.

The carmaker has more than 4,000 employees at its Cologne plant. It also has another plant in Saarlouis, in southwestern Germany.

Côte d'Ivoire is sub Sahara Africa's biggest importer of wine, says the US department of agriculture, and it is time American companies take advantage of the market.

Family friends recently returned from a trip to the Wynn Las Vegas, but the first story they had to tell wasn’t about luxurious accommodations, gambling, restaurants, or shows. It was about the snacks on top of their minibar. The motion-detector minibar wasn’t new to me. Those are bad enough: You move any item in the […]

The mobile phone market is teeming with a large number of brands, which have been capable of gaining worldwide recognition. Similar to other, this market is also witnessing fiercely competitive scenario.

Meta launched AI chatbots voiced by Hollywood celebrities including Judi Dench and John Cena on Wednesday, betting its billions of users are eager to embrace artificial intelligence.

A family in Brackenfell, Cape Town, is looking for their missing teenage son, whom they last saw on Saturday morning heading to visit a friend in the area.

A formal disciplinary process, or lack thereof, around the suspensions of two high-ranking officials at the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) has pitted Higher Education and Training Minister Nobuhle Pamela Nkabane against NSFAS administrator Freeman Nomvalo.

TL;DR: Get 37% off this touchscreen infotainment system with CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility. 

Elon, who?? Okay, maybe Teslas have cool infotainment systems, but you don't have to pay crazy prices for an over-hyped screen—just grab one of these CarPlay displays for your old beater. — Read the rest

The post Teslas suck! What you really need is this whizz-bang CarPlay screen appeared first on Boing Boing.

You can download the official release of Adobe Flash Player 10.1 on the Adobe site.

This is the first step in what will be an extremely eventful year for streaming media. Adobe will soon enter the enterprise market in a big way with a version of Flash Media Server that supports both IP and Application Multicasting.

Flash has long dominated the public internet, but its inability to multicast meant corporations had to stick with Windows Media. This new capability will give large enterprises the opportunity to migrate to the Flash format and benefit from its ability to run on any OS and any browser, ease of use, support for higher quality codecs, ability to change bit rates on the fly etc.

MediaPlatform WebCaster and Adobe's Flash Media Enterprise Server 4 with Hybrid Flash Multicasting bring a game changing solution to the challenge of delivering video to the enterprise without requiring a seven figure hardware investment for multicasting.

Up to now, solutions for managing streaming video bandwidth issues required networks of expensive hardware, ranging from Enterprise Content Delivery Networks to WAN Acceleration devices. And all of these solutions dictated Windows Media as your video format. Hybrid Flash Multicasting offers a better way; it works seamlessly with traditional IP multicast networks AND it also provides a Peer Assist multicast solution for the parts of your network that are not IP multicast enabled.

Hybrid Flash Multicasting is an outstanding solution because it:

1) allows corporations to continue leveraging the hardware investments they have made and utilize traditional IP Multicasting with Flash instead of Windows Media.

2) allows corporations to reach bandwidth-challenged locations that are not on the multicast WAN or new locations whose networks are not multicast-enabled with a relatively low cost Peer Assist solution (because it does not require new routers and configuration of switches, etc.).

This solution solves the challenge of allowing video to reach 100% of your desktops without requiring a million dollar investment in a new eCDN. And unlike other peering solutions, there is no proprietary agent that has to be propagated to every desktop. All your employees' computers need is the latest Flash player.

Here is how MediaPlatform fits into the equation:

Our WebCaster software is the only streaming video solution that integrates the multicast-enabled Flash player, as well as leveraging Flash's ability to create a cross platform viewing experience, switch between multiple live and pre-recorded video sources, switch bit rates and codecs on the fly, support mobile devices, support H.264 and VP6 to create higher quality video at lower bandwidths, etc. With our software you can take advantage of Flash to upgrade your streaming communications to a more functional format that will work behind the firewall and to the public internet, will work on any browser and operating system, and can deliver content to mobile devices.

An article about Hybrid Flash Multicasting that features MediaPlatform's CTO, Greg Pulier, recently appeared in the Flex Developer's Journal.  Click here to link to the article

Here is the opening paragraph:

Hybrid Flash multicasting is the second and decisive wave of innovation that will enable enterprises to stream video without overtaxing their network infrastructures. It eliminates the usual tradeoffs between video consumption and network investment, regardless of increased video traffic in budget-constrained corporate networks. Hybrid Flash multicasting also solves the cost and complexity challenges of IP multicasting. By combining a new form of multicasting, known as application multicasting, which leverages a peer-assisted model of video sharing with an IP multicast network, a video stream can reach virtually everyone on the network using existing bandwidth and infrastructure. Hybrid multicasting finally unlocks the full potential for video within the enterprise by combining IP and application multicasting to deliver streaming media using the most efficient algorithms within a dynamic self-optimizing topology.

I’ve been to Las Vegas a handful of times for conferences and weekend trips. I don’t gamble, but I’d do some other Vegas-y things — graze the buffets, go to shows and nightclubs, and lounge around the pool. With the exception of the pools (I love the city’s extravagant pools), I was never a big fan of the […]

The article Getting Off the Las Vegas Strip originated at EverInTransit.com

One of the best parts about the first days after a Trump win is how the left has begun to devour themselves.

The post WATCH: Carville Has NO ‘Effs’ Left To Give — Blasts ‘Woke’ In Epic ‘I Told You So’ Rant appeared first on Clash Daily.

Shortly after President-elect Donald Trump appointed Tom Homan as “border czar,” the immigration hardliner’s hilarious 2019 smackdown of Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York went viral on social media. […]

The post Flashback: Video of Tom Homan Taking Down AOC Resurfaces, Showing Why Trump Picked Him appeared first on The Western Journal.

Jannik Sinner hit the accelerator at the end of each set as he cruised past Taylor Fritz 6-4, 6-4 on Tuesday to close in on a semi-final spot at the ATP Finals in Turin.

Total media ad spend in Russia to drop nearly 50%   March 30, 2022 (New York, NY) – Insider Intelligence expects the ongoing war in Ukraine to have a significant […]

Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) have been characterized and engineered as biocatalysts that convert epoxides to valuable chiral vicinal diol precursors of drugs and bioactive compounds. Nonetheless, the regioselectivity control of the epoxide ring opening by EHs remains challenging. Alp1U is an α/β-fold EH that exhibits poor regioselectivity in the epoxide hydrolysis of fluostatin C (compound 1) and produces a pair of stereoisomers. Herein, we established the absolute configuration of the two stereoisomeric products and determined the crystal structure of Alp1U. A Trp-186/Trp-187/Tyr-247 oxirane oxygen hole was identified in Alp1U that replaced the canonical Tyr/Tyr pair in α/β-EHs. Mutation of residues in the atypical oxirane oxygen hole of Alp1U improved the regioselectivity for epoxide hydrolysis on 1. The single site Y247F mutation led to highly regioselective (98%) attack at C-3 of 1, whereas the double mutation W187F/Y247F resulted in regioselective (94%) nucleophilic attack at C-2. Furthermore, single-crystal X-ray structures of the two regioselective Alp1U variants in complex with 1 were determined. These findings allowed insights into the reaction details of Alp1U and provided a new approach for engineering regioselective epoxide hydrolases.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a plasma membrane anion channel that plays a key role in controlling transepithelial fluid movement. Excessive activation results in intestinal fluid loss during secretory diarrheas, whereas CFTR mutations underlie cystic fibrosis (CF). Anion permeability depends both on how well CFTR channels work (permeation/gating) and on how many are present at the membrane. Recently, treatments with two drug classes targeting CFTR—one boosting ion-channel function (potentiators) and the other increasing plasma membrane density (correctors)—have provided significant health benefits to CF patients. Here, we present an image-based fluorescence assay that can rapidly and simultaneously estimate both CFTR ion-channel function and the protein's proximity to the membrane. We monitor F508del-CFTR, the most common CF-causing variant, and confirm rescue by low temperature, CFTR-targeting drugs and second-site revertant mutation R1070W. In addition, we characterize a panel of 62 CF-causing mutations. Our measurements correlate well with published data (electrophysiology and biochemistry), further confirming validity of the assay. Finally, we profile effects of acute treatment with approved potentiator drug VX-770 on the rare-mutation panel. Mapping the potentiation profile on CFTR structures raises mechanistic hypotheses on drug action, suggesting that VX-770 might allow an open-channel conformation with an alternative arrangement of domain interfaces. The assay is a valuable tool for investigation of CFTR molecular mechanisms, allowing accurate inferences on gating/permeation. In addition, by providing a two-dimensional characterization of the CFTR protein, it could better inform development of single-drug and precision therapies addressing the root cause of CF disease.

Hdac3 is a lysine deacetylase that removes acetyl groups from histones and additional proteins. Although Hdac3 functions within mesenchymal lineage skeletal cells are defined, little is known about Hdac3 activities in bone-resorbing osteoclasts. In this study we conditionally deleted Hdac3 within Ctsk-expressing cells and examined the effects on bone modeling and osteoclast differentiation in mice. Hdac3 deficiency reduced femur and tibia periosteal circumference and increased cortical periosteal osteoclast number. Trabecular bone was likewise reduced and was accompanied by increased osteoclast number per trabecular bone surface. We previously showed that Hdac3 deacetylates the p65 subunit of the NF-κB transcriptional complex to decrease DNA-binding and transcriptional activity. Hdac3-deficient osteoclasts demonstrate increased K310 NF-κB acetylation and NF-κB transcriptional activity. Hdac3-deficient osteoclast lineage cells were hyper-responsive to RANKL and showed elevated ex vivo osteoclast number and size and enhanced bone resorption in pit formation assays. Osteoclast-directed Hdac3 deficiency decreased cortical and trabecular bone mass parameters, suggesting that Hdac3 regulates coupling of bone resorption and bone formation. We surveyed a panel of osteoclast-derived coupling factors and found that Hdac3 suppression diminished sphingosine-1-phosphate production. Osteoclast-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate acts in paracrine to promote bone mineralization. Mineralization of WT bone marrow stromal cells cultured with conditioned medium from Hdac3-deficient osteoclasts was markedly reduced. Expression of alkaline phosphatase, type 1a1 collagen, and osteocalcin was also suppressed, but no change in Runx2 expression was observed. Our results demonstrate that Hdac3 controls bone modeling by suppressing osteoclast lineage cell responsiveness to RANKL and coupling to bone formation.

What are the lasting impacts of the AUKUS agreement? Interview LJefferson 15 August 2022

Drawing on their International Affairs article, Jamal Barnes and Samuel Makinda outline the effect of AUKUS on Australia-France relations and the liberal order.

Almost a year after the surprise announcement of the AUKUS treaty, its full diplomatic implications are still being understood. The security cooperation agreement between Australia, the US and the UK caused outrage in France and was a notable source of discord between states that see themselves as defenders of the liberal international order.

In this interview Jamal Barnes and Samuel Makinda discuss their recent article in International Affairs and assess the effect of the agreement on relationships between its signatories and France and the EU, the potential for reconciliation in the treaty’s aftermath, as well as the implications it has for trust in world politics.  

What was the AUKUS treaty and why did Australia sign it?

The AUKUS treaty is an agreement between Australia, the US and the UK. Signed in 2021, it facilitates cooperation on security issues in the Indo-Pacific between the three countries – specifically, it concerns the sharing of ‘military capabilities and critical technologies, such as cyber, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and undersea domains’.

A key aspect is that Australia will purchase nuclear-fuelled submarines from either the US or UK. Australia decided to purchase nuclear-powered submarines – and reneged on its 2016 agreement to purchase French-built diesel-propelled submarines – because it believed that the French-made submarines were no longer fit for purpose.

However, the agreement is about more than submarines. Although Australia, the UK and US argue that AUKUS is designed to defend the rules-based international order and help ‘preserve security and stability in the Indo-Pacific’, AUKUS has been largely seen as a response to the rise of China and its military activities in the region. The AUKUS agreement reflects the increased attention that the US, UK and Australia are paying to the Indo-Pacific and their commitment to constraining China’s exercise of power in the region.

What were the effects of the AUKUS treaty on relations between Australia and France?

It led to a serious diplomatic rift. Australian officials, including former Prime Minister Morrison, had visited President Macron in France and told him nothing about AUKUS. Morrison had assured Macron in June 2021 while former Australian foreign and defence ministers had assured their French counterparts that Australia was fully committed to the purchase of French submarines just two weeks before the announcement of AUKUS.

When French officials found out about AUKUS on the day it was announced on 15 September 2021, they declared publicly that they had been betrayed and stabbed in the back. Not only had France built its relationship with Australia on trust, but its relationship was more than just about submarines. It was designed to be central to France’s 50-year engagement strategy in the Indo-Pacific. However, France was not only left out of talks but was also betrayed by a country it considered a close ally.

France responded by temporarily recalling its ambassador and stated that it would ‘redefine’ its relationship with Australia. It did not say that it would not work with Australia, but rather downgraded its relationship to one where it would only do so on a case-by-case basis.

In your article you mention that the AUKUS treaty was seen as a betrayal of trust by France in particular. Why use the word ‘betrayal’?

The word betrayal is accurate because Australia’s actions went beyond simply cancelling a business contract. Australia breached France’s trust. Not all agreements involve trust. Some are driven by self-interest while others are simply legal contracts. When these agreements are broken, the usual response is feelings of disappointment and a belief that one party is unreliable and has not lived up to its end of the agreement.

However, when diplomatic partnerships involve trust, they often contain an emotional element. A key element of trust is that one party makes itself vulnerable to another in the expectation that neither party will take advantage. When that trust is breached, the response is different from a breach of contract.

It involves feelings of betrayal as deeper emotional factors are involved. This could be seen in President Macron’s anger, and his and other French officials’ willingness to publicly call Prime Minister Morrison a liar who had stabbed France in the back. If the previous France-Australia agreement was simply a legal contract, it would have been difficult to explain the emotional element of this diplomatic fallout.

How did the signing of the AUKUS treaty affect wider relations between members of AUKUS and EU member states?

The EU, like France, felt betrayed by the AUKUS announcement. Despite being a key ally of the US, Australia, and the UK, it was left out of AUKUS discussions, and was not aware of the agreement until it was announced in the media.

What made this worse was that the EU was in the process of announcing its Indo-Pacific strategy, which was characterized as ‘maybe one of the [EU’s] most important geopolitical documents’ by High Representative for Foreign and Security Affairs, Josep Borrell. For the EU, this was the latest in a long line of recent policy betrayals that had left it uncertain if it could trust key allies on important issues. The result was greater calls from within the EU to more forcefully pursue ‘strategic autonomy’, meaning a more assertive and independent EU foreign policy.

Do betrayals of trust affect the health of the liberal international order?

Yes, they can. While it is common for leaders in liberal democracies to lie to their own people, lying to the leaders of other countries can have serious repercussions for the norms, rules and institutions of international society. A key aspect of international society is the ‘presumption of trust’ that facilitates legal compliance and diplomatic cooperation.

Without this presumption it is difficult for states to engage in long term partnerships or have confidence that diplomatic agreements will be upheld. In our article, we highlight how Australia’s violation of a particular norm, that agreements must be kept, has undermined this presumption of trust. This norm not only helps build trust between states, but also contributes to the maintenance of international order by helping to support the presumption of trust in international society.

Michal Bassani-Sternberg
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Hasmik Keshishian
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Sean R. Collins
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Leigh Anderson
Apr 1, 2006; 5:573-588
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Mathias Uhlén
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N. Leigh Anderson
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Reviews/Perspectives

Margrit Schwarz
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