technique

ELECTRICAL CORD CONNECTION COVERING TECHNIQUES

An electrical cord covering system includes a first housing portion and a second housing portion. The housing portions each include compression portions around their respective rims. The compression portions each have two recessed areas. When the housing portions are in a closed position a hollow region is formed to cover mated electrical cord plugs. A rim seal is formed with the compression portions. Two apertures are formed in the rim seal from the recessed apertures. The cable apertures form seals against electrical cords running to the electrical cord plugs.




technique

POLARIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR SUPPRESSION OF HARMONIC COUPLING AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS

A system comprising: an interrogator device, comprising: a first transmit antenna configured to transmit radio-frequency (RF) signals circularly polarized in a first rotational direction; and a first receive antenna configured to receive RF signals circularly polarized in a second rotational direction different from the first rotational direction; and a target device, comprising: a second receive antenna configured to receive RF signals circularly polarized in the first rotational direction and a second transmit antenna configured to transmit, to the interrogator device, RF signals circularly polarized in the second rotational direction.




technique

Input Device Securing Techniques

Input device adhesive techniques are described. A pressure sensitive key includes a sensor substrate having one or more conductors, a spacer layer, and a flexible contact layer. The spacer layer is disposed proximal to the sensor substrate and has at least one opening. The flexible contact layer is spaced apart from the sensor substrate by the spacer layer and configured to flex through the opening in response to an applied pressure to initiate an input. The flexible contact layer is secured to the spacer layer such that at first edge, the flexible contact layer is secured to the spacer layer at an approximate midpoint of the first edge and is not secured to the spacer along another portion of the first edge and at a second edge, the flexible contact layer is not secured to the spacer layer along an approximate midpoint of the second edge.




technique

TECHNIQUES FOR MAGNETICALLY MOUNTING A TRANSDUCER TO A CYMBAL AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS

According to some aspects, a cymbal system is provided, comprising a cymbal, and a vibrational transducer magnetically coupled to the cymbal, the magnetic coupling provided by at least one magnetic component on an upper side of the cymbal and at least one magnetic component on a lower side of the cymbal. According to some aspects, a method for transducing vibrations of a cymbal is provided, comprising magnetically coupling a vibrational transducer to a cymbal, the magnetic coupling provided by at least one magnetic component on an upper side of the cymbal and at least one magnetic component on a lower side of the cymbal.




technique

MULTI-SPECTRAL RADIO-FREQUENCY LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS, DEVICES AND METHODS

A device comprising: a receive antenna configured to receive a first radio-frequency (RF) signal having a first center frequency; a first transmit antenna configured to transmit a second RF signal having a second center frequency that is a harmonic of the first center frequency; a second transmit antenna configured to transmit a third RF signal having a third center frequency that is a harmonic of the first center frequency and is different from the second center frequency; first circuitry, coupled to the receive antenna and to the first transmit antenna, configured to generate the second RF signal using the first RF signal and provide it to the first transmit antenna for transmission; and second circuitry, coupled to the receive antenna and to the second transmit antenna, configured to generate the third RF signal using the first RF signal and provide it to the second transmit antenna for transmission.




technique

Deke's Techniques

This course is a collection of short Photoshop and Illustrator projects and creative effects that can be completed in ten minutes or less. The series is taught by computer graphics guru Deke McClelland, and presented in his signature step-by-step style. The intent is to reveal how various Photoshop and Illustrator features can be combined and leveraged in real-world examples so that they can be applied to creative projects right away.

Note: Because this is an ongoing series, viewers will not receive a certificate of completion.




technique

3ds Max: Tips, Tricks and Techniques

3ds Max is a powerful, deep, and multifaceted program, so there's always more to learn. This weekly series aims to keep you on top of the latest tools and techniques, and introduces fresh perspectives on traditional methods for architectural and product visualization, animation, visual effects, games and virtual worlds, and motion graphics. Instructor Aaron F. Ross presents a new topic every week, spanning the full range of 3D graphics tasks, including modeling, rigging and animation, shading and lighting, camera operation, and rendering. He gives special attention to streamlining workflows, such as automation of time-consuming tasks, so your productions run more smoothly and efficiently. Come back every Wednesday for a new tutorial to expand your 3ds Max knowledge and skills.

Note: Because this is an ongoing series, viewers will not receive a certificate of completion.




technique

Blender: Tips, Tricks and Techniques

Blender boasts a variety of essential features and add-ons for 3D creation. In this weekly series, learn how to better leverage these tools—and work with some features that you may not have heard of yet. Join David Andrade as he covers a variety of topics, including useful Blender simulations, updates to Blender such as the Principled BSDF shader, and animation techniques. Tune in every Wednesday for a new Blender trick to enhance your media production workflow.

Note: Because this is an ongoing series, viewers will not receive a certificate of completion.




technique

Grasshopper: Tips, Tricks, and Techniques

Since its inception, the Grasshopper plugin for Rhino 3D has consistently grown in popularity with designers. This graphical algorithm editor boasts capabilities that make the process of creating complex 3D models less tedious and more efficient. In this series, instructor Walter Zesk shows you how to work even smarter with this powerful plugin. Get techniques that can help you resolve common challenges in Grasshopper and make the most out of its capabilities. Tune in every week for a new tip.

Note: Because this is an ongoing series, viewers will not receive a certificate of completion.




technique

Ableton Live Techniques: Creating Complex Sequences

Dubspot's Rory PQ explores Generative Music and demonstrates an effective technique used to generate complex sequences of music using Live's native devices.

/files/2017/02/Complex-Thumb.jpg

The post Ableton Live Techniques: Creating Complex Sequences appeared first on Dubspot Blog.




technique

Fake news isn't new: Modern disinformation uses centuries-old techniques, author says

Author Heidi Tworek says we can learn from media manipulation's long history to understand how disinformation functions now.





technique

Improving your memory using ancient indigenous techniques

Forget Sudoku and cryptic crosswords, Australia's senior memory champion draws on indigenous cultures from around the world for memory techniques.



  • ABC Central Victoria
  • centralvic
  • Arts and Entertainment:Kids Games and Links:Memory and Puzzles
  • Community and Society:All:All
  • Community and Society:Indigenous (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander):Indigenous Culture
  • Community and Society:Indigenous (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander):Indigenous Protocols
  • Community and Society:Indigenous (Other Peoples):All
  • Health:All:All
  • Health:Older People:All
  • Australia:VIC:Castlemaine 3450

technique

Auburn receives $5.2M NASA contract to develop 3D printing techniques to boost rocket performance

Auburn University’s Samuel Ginn College of Engineering announced that NASA has awarded a three-year, $5.2 million contract to its National Center for Additive Manufacturing Excellence



  • 3D Printing Applications

technique

New technique uses ultrasound to align living cells in 3D bioprinted tissues

One of the ways of making bioengineered tissues is to embed living cells within 3D printed structures. But one challenge has been organizing the cells in 3D bioprinted gels, so that the engineered tissue more closely mimics natural tissues.



  • 3D Printing Applications

technique

Five issues to avoid for accessible presentations. Learn how to duck them with these techniques

Five common accessibility presentation problems — the frustrating five — can thwart your attempts to enlighten your listeners. Rest easy. This article identifies these troublesome issues, then details the techniques you can use to avoid the issues, whether you are using IBM® Symphony® or Microsoft® PowerPoint®.




technique

From Playing Games to Committing Crimes: A Multi-Technique Approach to Predicting Key Actors on an Online Gaming Forum

I recently travelled to Pittsburgh, USA, to present the paper “From Playing Games to Committing Crimes: A Multi-Technique Approach to Predicting Key Actors on an Online Gaming Forum” at eCrime 2019, co-authored with Ben Collier and Alice Hutchings. The accepted version of the paper can be accessed here. The structure and content of various underground … Continue reading From Playing Games to Committing Crimes: A Multi-Technique Approach to Predicting Key Actors on an Online Gaming Forum




technique

IBM QRadar Advisor with Watson étend ses connaissances sur les techniques cybercriminelles

IBM Security annonce le lancement de QRadar Advisor with Watson, avec de nouvelles fonctionnalités pour les plateformes sécurisées par IA : elles bénéficient désormais d'une meilleure compréhension des comportements cybercriminels et peuvent tirer des leçons des mesures de sécurité mises en place au sein d'une entreprise. IBM Security a également adopté le modèle Open Source MITRE ATT&CK, une base de données qui s'appuie sur les constats concrets de la communauté de sécurité pour soutenir les analystes dans leur compréhension de l'évolution des attaques et de leurs possibles conséquences.




technique

Quarantine Beauty: The Tools And Techniques That Have Me Glowing!

I don’t know about you, but giving daily make-up a rest has been doing wonders for my skin. But in case we’ve never met before — hi, I’m Gala! — I like to maximize things. My train of thought goes something like, ‘Sure, my skin looks good… But what if I came out of quarantine looking better than […]

The post Quarantine Beauty: The Tools And Techniques That Have Me Glowing! appeared first on Gala Darling.




technique

How Can You Use Viral Marketing Techniques to Get Free Home Business Leads?

So, you are here to learn how you can use viral marketing techniques to get free home business leads! Well great stuff I have a few magical tips for you to achieve just that.




technique

How to make a face-mask step-by-step - The four simple techniques you can try at home



FACE MASKS are in short supply across the UK with the Government facing criticism for failing to deliver enough essential PPE equipment for those NHS workers on the frontline. But how can you make a face mask at home?




technique

Computational techniques explore 'the dark side of amyloid aggregation in the brain'

(University of Massachusetts Amherst) As physicians and families know too well, though Alzheimer's disease has been intensely studied for decades, too much is still not known about molecular processes in the brain that cause it. Now researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst say new insights from analytic theory and molecular simulation techniques offer a better understanding of amyloid fibril growth and brain pathology.




technique

Fluorescent technique brings aging polymers to light

(American Chemical Society) Modern society relies on polymers, such as polypropylene or polyethylene plastic, for a wide range of applications, from food containers to automobile parts to medical devices. However, like people, polymers age, and when they do, the materials become prone to cracking or breaking. Now, researchers reporting in ACS Central Science have developed a method to visualize variations in polymers that arise with age.




technique

New technique delivers complete DNA sequences of chromosomes inherited from mother and father

(University of Adelaide) An international team of scientists led by the University of Adelaide's Davies Research Centre has shown that it is possible to disentangle the DNA sequences of the chromosomes inherited from the mother and the father, to create true diploid genomes from a single individual.




technique

Characterization of Prenylated C-terminal Peptides Using a Thiopropyl-based Capture Technique and LC-MS/MS

James A. Wilkins
Apr 13, 2020; 0:RA120.001944v1-mcp.RA120.001944
Research




technique

Characterization of Prenylated C-terminal Peptides Using a Thiopropyl-based Capture Technique and LC-MS/MS [Research]

Post-translational modifications play a critical and diverse role in regulating cellular activities. Despite their fundamentally important role in cellular function, there has been no report to date of an effective generalized approach to the targeting, extraction and characterization of the critical c-terminal regions of natively prenylated proteins. Various chemical modification and metabolic labelling strategies in cell culture have been reported. However, their applicability is limited to cell culture systems and does not allow for analysis of tissue samples. The chemical characteristics (hydrophobicity, low abundance, highly basic charge) of many of the c-terminal regions of prenylated proteins have impaired the use of standard proteomic workflows. In this context, we sought a direct approach to the problem in order to examine these proteins in tissue without the use of labelling.  Here we demonstrate that prenylated proteins can be captured on chromatographic resins functionalized with mixed disulfide functions. Protease treatment of resin-bound proteins using chymotryptic digestion revealed peptides from many known prenylated proteins. Exposure of the protease-treated resin to reducing agents and hydro organic mixtures released c-terminal peptides with intact prenyl groups along with other enzymatic modifications expected in this protein family. Database and search parameters were selected to allow for c-terminal modifications unique to these molecules such as CAAX box processing and c-terminal methylation. In summary, we present a direct approach to enrich and obtain information at a molecular level of detail about prenylation of proteins from tissue and cell extracts using high performance LCMS without the need for metabolic labeling and derivatization.




technique

The Royal School of Needlework book of embroidery : a guide to essential stitches, techniques and projects.

Embroidery.




technique

Dictionnaire technologique : dans les langues Française, Anglaise et Allemande ; renfermant les termestechniques usités dans les arts et métiers et dans l'industrie en général / rédigé par Alexandre Tolhausen. Revu p

Leipzig : Tauchnitz, 1873-1876.




technique

Generating Thermal Image Data Samples using 3D Facial Modelling Techniques and Deep Learning Methodologies. (arXiv:2005.01923v2 [cs.CV] UPDATED)

Methods for generating synthetic data have become of increasing importance to build large datasets required for Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) based deep learning techniques for a wide range of computer vision applications. In this work, we extend existing methodologies to show how 2D thermal facial data can be mapped to provide 3D facial models. For the proposed research work we have used tufts datasets for generating 3D varying face poses by using a single frontal face pose. The system works by refining the existing image quality by performing fusion based image preprocessing operations. The refined outputs have better contrast adjustments, decreased noise level and higher exposedness of the dark regions. It makes the facial landmarks and temperature patterns on the human face more discernible and visible when compared to original raw data. Different image quality metrics are used to compare the refined version of images with original images. In the next phase of the proposed study, the refined version of images is used to create 3D facial geometry structures by using Convolution Neural Networks (CNN). The generated outputs are then imported in blender software to finally extract the 3D thermal facial outputs of both males and females. The same technique is also used on our thermal face data acquired using prototype thermal camera (developed under Heliaus EU project) in an indoor lab environment which is then used for generating synthetic 3D face data along with varying yaw face angles and lastly facial depth map is generated.




technique

On the impact of selected modern deep-learning techniques to the performance and celerity of classification models in an experimental high-energy physics use case. (arXiv:2002.01427v3 [physics.data-an] UPDATED)

Beginning from a basic neural-network architecture, we test the potential benefits offered by a range of advanced techniques for machine learning, in particular deep learning, in the context of a typical classification problem encountered in the domain of high-energy physics, using a well-studied dataset: the 2014 Higgs ML Kaggle dataset. The advantages are evaluated in terms of both performance metrics and the time required to train and apply the resulting models. Techniques examined include domain-specific data-augmentation, learning rate and momentum scheduling, (advanced) ensembling in both model-space and weight-space, and alternative architectures and connection methods.

Following the investigation, we arrive at a model which achieves equal performance to the winning solution of the original Kaggle challenge, whilst being significantly quicker to train and apply, and being suitable for use with both GPU and CPU hardware setups. These reductions in timing and hardware requirements potentially allow the use of more powerful algorithms in HEP analyses, where models must be retrained frequently, sometimes at short notice, by small groups of researchers with limited hardware resources. Additionally, a new wrapper library for PyTorch called LUMINis presented, which incorporates all of the techniques studied.




technique

Maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography : principles, techniques and clinical applications

9783319620619 (electronic bk.)




technique

Intelligent wavelet based techniques for advanced multimedia applications

Singh, Rajiv, author
9783030318734 (electronic bk.)




technique

Insect collection and identification : techniques for the field and laboratory

Gibb, Timothy J., author.
9780128165713 (ePub ebook)




technique

Green food processing techniques : preservation, transformation and extraction

9780128153536





technique

Newly Discovered Mac Malware Uses Fileless Technique




technique

EU To Investigate VoIP-Tapping Techniques




technique

Dridex Trojan Updated With AtomBombing Evasion Techniques




technique

Possible IPC Counterfeit Avoidance Management Technique

Presentation by Dennis Fritz of SAIC and MacDermid, Inc.




technique

Back to basics: Food preservation techniques for the urban kitchen

Although preserving food can seem time consuming and old-fashioned, freezing and pickling your produce is an easy way to save money and avoid food waste.




technique

'Freezing' Technique May Work for Some Women With Early Breast Cancer

Title: 'Freezing' Technique May Work for Some Women With Early Breast Cancer
Category: Health News
Created: 4/30/2014 2:36:00 PM
Last Editorial Review: 5/1/2014 12:00:00 AM




technique

Redefining Medical Competencies for an Oral Medicine Specialty Training Curriculum Using a Modified Delphi Technique

This article describes the development of medical competencies for oral medicine specialty training in the UK and Ireland by a collaborative working group using a modified Delphi technique. The current specialty training curriculum for oral medicine (OM) in the UK was developed by a working group including members of the British Society for Oral Medicine (BSOM) and members of the Specialty Advisory Committee for Additional Dental Specialties (SACADS) and adopted by the UK General Dental Council (GDC) in 2010. When the curriculum was developed, the entry requirements for specialty training in OM included undergraduate degrees in both dentistry and medicine. At the time of adoption, the requirement for a medical degree was removed. Medical competencies were assumed to have been delivered in medical undergraduate and postgraduate training. Accordingly, there was a need to define the medical competencies for OM specialty training to benefit trainees, trainers, and assessors. In 2018, a group comprising specialty trainers, recent former specialty trainees, and current specialty trainees in OM held face-to-face meetings in addition to email discussions and developed an updated curriculum document to better reflect the medical competencies required in specialty training. A collaborative modified Delphi approach was used to evaluate medical foundation competencies and to include only those that were considered relevant to OM specialty training. A list of relevant and achievable medical competencies was determined that has been approved by SACADS and will be incorporated into a revised OM curriculum from the UK GDC. The newly agreed-upon document for medical competencies in OM specialty training will serve as a reference for trainees, trainers, and assessors and reflects a successful use of a modified Delphi approach.




technique

Forced oscillation technique for optimising PEEP in ventilated extremely preterm infants

Ventilatory settings are critical in mechanically ventilated extremely preterm newborn infants due to the risk of ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) and the subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) [1]. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) settings usually rely on blood gases, oxygen requirement, lung auscultation, evaluation of chest radiograph and assessment of the pressure/volume curves provided by ventilators. Studies of optimal PEEP settings in the surfactant-treated preterm infant in need of mechanical ventilation are limited and evidence-based clinical guidelines are sparse [2, 3]. A bedside method identifying the PEEP value that comprises maximal lung volume recruitment and minimising tissue overdistension could improve real-time optimisation of PEEP and potentially minimise the risk of VILI and BPD [4, 5].




technique

Machine Learning Techniques for Classifying the Mutagenic Origins of Point Mutations [Methods, Technology, [amp ] Resources]

There is increasing interest in developing diagnostics that discriminate individual mutagenic mechanisms in a range of applications that include identifying population-specific mutagenesis and resolving distinct mutation signatures in cancer samples. Analyses for these applications assume that mutagenic mechanisms have a distinct relationship with neighboring bases that allows them to be distinguished. Direct support for this assumption is limited to a small number of simple cases, e.g., CpG hypermutability. We have evaluated whether the mechanistic origin of a point mutation can be resolved using only sequence context for a more complicated case. We contrasted single nucleotide variants originating from the multitude of mutagenic processes that normally operate in the mouse germline with those induced by the potent mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). The considerable overlap in the mutation spectra of these two samples make this a challenging problem. Employing a new, robust log-linear modeling method, we demonstrate that neighboring bases contain information regarding point mutation direction that differs between the ENU-induced and spontaneous mutation variant classes. A logistic regression classifier exhibited strong performance at discriminating between the different mutation classes. Concordance between the feature set of the best classifier and information content analyses suggest our results can be generalized to other mutation classification problems. We conclude that machine learning can be used to build a practical classification tool to identify the mutation mechanism for individual genetic variants. Software implementing our approach is freely available under an open-source license.




technique

In vitro-virtual-reality: an anatomically explicit musculoskeletal simulation powered by in vitro muscle using closed loop tissue-software interaction [METHODS [amp ] TECHNIQUES]

Christopher T. Richards and Enrico A. Eberhard

Muscle force-length dynamics are governed by intrinsic contractile properties, motor stimulation and mechanical load. Although intrinsic properties are well-characterised, physiologists lack in vitro instrumentation accounting for combined effects of limb inertia, musculoskeletal architecture and contractile dynamics. We introduce in vitro virtual-reality (in vitro-VR) which enables in vitro muscle tissue to drive a musculoskeletal jumping simulation. In hardware, muscle force from a frog plantaris was transmitted to a software model where joint torques, inertia and ground reaction forces were computed to advance the simulation at 1 kHz. To close the loop, simulated muscle strain was returned to update in vitro length. We manipulated 1) stimulation timing and, 2) the virtual muscle's anatomical origin. This influenced interactions among muscular, inertial, gravitational and contact forces dictating limb kinematics and jump performance. We propose that in vitro-VR can be used to illustrate how neuromuscular control and musculoskeletal anatomy influence muscle dynamics and biomechanical performance.




technique

A fast and effective method for dissecting parasitic spores: myxozoans as an example [METHODS [amp ] TECHNIQUES]

Qingxiang Guo, Yang Liu, Yanhua Zhai, and Zemao Gu

Disassembling the parasitic spores and acquiring the main subunits is a prerequisite for deep understanding of the basic biology of parasites. Herein we present a fast and efficient method to dissect the myxospores in a few steps, which mainly involved sonication, sucrose density gradient and Percoll density gradient. We tested our method on three myxozoans species and demonstrated this method allows the dismembering of myxospores, isolation of intact and clean nematocysts and shell valves within 2h by low-cost. This new tool will facilitate subsequent analyses and enable a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary significance of parasitic spores.




technique

The aerodynamic force platform as an ergometer [METHODS [amp ] TECHNIQUES]

Marc E. Deetjen, Diana D. Chin, and David Lentink

Animal flight requires aerodynamic power, which is challenging to determine accurately in vivo. Existing methods rely on approximate calculations based on wake flow field measurements, inverse dynamics approaches, or invasive muscle physiological recordings. In contrast, the external mechanical work required for terrestrial locomotion can be determined more directly by using a force platform as an ergometer. Based on an extension of the recent invention of the aerodynamic force platform, we now present a more direct method to determine the in vivo aerodynamic power by taking the dot product of the aerodynamic force vector on the wing with the representative wing velocity vector based on kinematics and morphology. We demonstrate this new method by studying a slowly flying dove, but it can be applied more generally across flying and swimming animals as well as animals that locomote over water surfaces. Finally, our mathematical framework also works for power analyses based on flow field measurements.




technique

New developments in field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site technologies and their place in mineral exploration

This paper focuses on handheld and top-of-hole techniques which have appeared since 2007 or have undergone major improvements, and discusses their benefits, challenges and pitfalls, why we use them and what to expect from them. There is an ongoing need to be innovative with the way we undertake mineral exploration. Recent technological advances that have been applied to successful mineral exploration include on-site or portable instruments, on-site laboratory technologies, various core scanners, and technologies for fluid analysis. Portable or field technologies such as pXRF, pXRD, pNIR-SWIR, µRaman and LIBS aid in obtaining chemical and mineralogical information. Spectral gamma tools, a well-known technology, recently took advantage of improved ground and airborne (drone) instruments, to complement hyperspectral imagery. At mine and exploration sites, top-of-hole sensing technologies, such as Lab-at-Rig® and various core scanners (both spectral- and XRF-based) have become useful tools to analyse metres of core as it is being drilled. Fluid analyses are not as common as analyses of solid materials, but there are advances in such technologies as anodic stripping voltammetry, polarography and ion-exchange electrodes aiming for analysis of commodity or environmentally important elements.

Field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site technologies now offer instant response and flexibility for most exploration tasks. By providing relevant data within minutes, they allow safer field decisions and focus on the most promising finds, while saving valuable resources in sampling grids or drilling. More efficient laboratory analysis programs are supported by sample screening and homogeneity checking on-site. Field analyses are not always as accurate as laboratory ones, but most of the time can be correlated with them, enabling reliable decisions. The level of confidence in field-made decisions needs to be compared between later and less numerous laboratory analyses, and less precise but more abundant and immediate field analyses. It may be demonstrated that, in many cases, the fit–for-purpose nature of the latter allows a better confidence level. Quality compromises associated with field analyses can be reduced by the application of better sample preparation and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures. Most of the further development of on-site chemical analysis is expected to be based on its integration with lab methods and on sound QA/QC practice, allowing a precise evaluation of its confidence level and uncertainties. Mineralogical analyses are constrained by our ability to interpret the data in near-real time but offer promising approaches in both surface and drilling exploration campaigns.

Thematic collection: This article is part of the Exploration 17 collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/exploration-17




technique

Method Enables Nanoscale Mapping of Protein Interactions on Live Cells [Techniques]

A new method called MicroMapping can identify nanoscale protein–protein interactions on live cells.




technique

[TECHNIQUE] Animal Models of Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important and underreported infectious disease, causing chronic infection in ~71 million people worldwide. The limited host range of HCV, which robustly infects only humans and chimpanzees, has made studying this virus in vivo challenging and hampered the development of a desperately needed vaccine. The restrictions and ethical concerns surrounding biomedical research in chimpanzees has made the search for an animal model all the more important. In this review, we discuss different approaches that are being pursued toward creating small animal models for HCV infection. Although efforts to use a nonhuman primate species besides chimpanzees have proven challenging, important advances have been achieved in a variety of humanized mouse models. However, such models still fall short of the overarching goal to have an immunocompetent, inheritably susceptible in vivo platform in which the immunopathology of HCV could be studied and putative vaccines development. Alternatives to overcome this include virus adaptation, such as murine-tropic HCV strains, or the use of related hepaciviruses, of which many have been recently identified. Of the latter, the rodent/rat hepacivirus from Rattus norvegicus species-1 (RHV-rn1) holds promise as a surrogate virus in fully immunocompetent rats that can inform our understanding of the interaction between the immune response and viral outcomes (i.e., clearance vs. persistence). However, further characterization of these animal models is necessary before their use for gaining new insights into the immunopathogenesis of HCV and for conceptualizing HCV vaccines.