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The Supernatural Birth of Jesus (Selected Scriptures)

Check here each week to keep up with the latest from John MacArthur's pulpit at Grace Community Church.




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Spotlight on Education: EWC Students Develop Leadership Skills by Organizing Cultural Festival

Spotlight on Education: EWC Students Develop Leadership Skills by Organizing Cultural Festival

East-West Fest logo designed by Imon Chowdhooree, an EWC degree fellow from Bangladesh.


Vietnamese students performed a dance from the Central Highlands of Vietnam.


Truna Jaya, or "victorious youth," a traditional dance from Bali, Indonesia.


East-West Center students from Indonesia.




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Historic Jefferson Hall Murals Get Freshened Up

Historic Jefferson Hall Murals Get Freshened Up

Two of the most prominent and important works in the East-West Center’s permanent art collection – the large murals in the stairways of Jefferson Hall by the internationally renowned artists Jean Charlot and Affandi – received an expert sprucing up this month, thanks to a visiting team from the Winterthur Museum/University of Delaware graduate program in art conservation.




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Journalists Kick Off Inaugural Pakistan-U.S. Exchange

HONOLULU (April 11, 2011) -- Participants in the East-West Center’s inaugural Pakistan-U.S. Journalists Exchange began their fellowship in Honolulu last week with lively discussions on the complex U.S.-Pakistan relationship and issues facing the media in both countries. Over the weekend, the Pakistani participants left for their tour to Washington, D.C., New York City, and Columbia, Missouri, while the Americans departed for Islamabad and Lahore, Pakistan. Follow the East-West Center’s Facebook and Twitter accounts for posts and news articles from the participants.




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GF Naturally Sweetened Banana Bread in a Mug Paleo

This is a gluten free and naturally sweetened banana bread in a mug.  It is super easy to fix and paleo, too! -- posted by francoroni




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Cultural Considerations in Advocacy: French-Speaking Africa

Wesley Pydiamah, Partner in our Litigation and International Arbitration department and Manuel Tomas, Counsel, recently contributed to the 4th edition of The Guide to Advocacy published by Global Arbitration Review. In the chapter "Cultural Consider...




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Chinese and American Journalists Meet In Inaugural Exchange Program

Chinese and American Journalists Meet In Inaugural Exchange Program
Travel and dialogue program is designed to deepen
public understanding of the two countries and their relationship

HONOLULU (Sept. 22, 2010) - Seven Chinese and seven American journalists are meeting at the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawai‘i this week for a mutual dialogue culminating a new journalism exchange program in which each group visited the other’s country and are now comparing impressions.

The Chinese journalists traveled to Washington, D.C., New York City and Los Angeles, while the U.S. journalists visited Beijing, Chengdu and Hong Kong. Both groups met with government officials, community and business leaders, educators, local journalists, and others to gain insights on diverse issues and perspectives that shape the relationship between the two countries.




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April 24 event will celebrate and discuss Indonesian cultural diversity

April 24 event will celebrate and discuss Indonesian cultural diversity
HONOLULU (April 16) -- This year’s annual, student-organized Indonesian Conference and Cultural Event (ICCE 2009) will be held on Friday April 24, from 2 - 9 p.m. at the East-West Center’s Hawaii Imin International Conference Center. Admission to the conference and cultural celebration is free and open to the public.

The topic for this year is ‘A Decade of Reform 1998-2009’; looking at changes after the end of the Soeharto regime in 1998. The underlying force guiding these changes has been a spirit of reformation promising democracy, equity and justice among Indonesia’s people. However, after a decade of reform, Indonesia’s ability to provide equal democratic rights and access to every citizen has still been questioned.




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East-West Center Hosts Inaugural Asia Pacific-Focused Sports Summit

East-West Center Hosts Inaugural Asia Pacific-Focused Sports Summit
HONOLULU (September 13) --  The East-West Center (EWC) teams up with Sports Marketing Japan to launch its inaugural East-West Sports Summit held from November 7-9 at the EWC’s Imin International Conference Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.  Designed for sports marketing executives, media professionals, and others working in sports-related enterprises in government, NGO, and business sectors, this conference brings together the industry’s top leaders in the field to discuss the changing dynamics of sports markets in the Asia Pacific region.
 




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East-West Center to Host Inaugural Myanmar Futures Exchange in Yangon

Innovative thinkers from diverse sectors will gather in Yangon on April 26 and 27, 2013, to develop and share scenarios about Myanmar’s economic development to the year 2020 at the first Myanmar Futures Exchange (MFE). Hosted by the Hawaii-based East-West Center, the program will lead participants through a series of risk analyses and scenario-building activities to determine driving forces and game changes that will shape Myanmar’s economic trajectory. The MFE will also feature a panel discussion with local entrepreneurs and prominent speakers, including influential Buddhist teacher, author and charitable works organizer Venerable Sitagu Dr. Nyanissara




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East-West Center Receives $108,000 for Projects on Local Governance and Natural Disasters

HONOLULU (May 22, 2013) -- The East-West Center has received $108,000 from the Swedish International Centre for Local Democracy to study how local governance mechanisms can be enhanced to address natural disasters more effectively. The ICLD grant of $108,000 will fund a collaborative research project to be conducted with partner institutions in Bangladesh and China, with EWC Senior Fellow G. Shabbir Cheema as Principal Investigator.




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East-West Center in Washington Kicks Off Inaugural Congressional Staff Program on Asia

WASHINGTON, D.C. (September 6, 2016) -- The East-West Center in Washington will hold the first session of the EWC-Sasakawa USA  Congressional Staff Program on Asia (CSPA), this week on Capitol Hill. This bipartisan educational certificate program for Congressional staff members will cover a range of contemporary, policy-relevant topics in U.S.-Asia relations over a series of weekly sessions, featuring speakers and discussions with U.S. officials and leading experts.




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East-West Center Publishes Report on Inaugural Asia Pacific Dialogue of Women20 for the G20 Process

HONOLULU (January 19, 2018) – The East-West Center in Honolulu Hawai‘i has just published a report on the findings of the inaugural Women20 for the G20 Asia Pacific Dialogue, which was held at the Center in June. The 20-page report expands on initial policy recommendations that the participants released soon after the meeting to help the G20 address several of the most pressing areas of ongoing disparity in women’s economic status throughout the Asia Pacific region and the world.

Findings from the report will be highlighted at several upcoming international meetings on women’s empowerment:




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East-West Center Hosts Inaugural Micronesian Conference of Leaders

Delegations from the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau
help chart course for a new era of the Pacific Islands Development Program




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Coronavirus – Functioning of courts: impact of COVID-19 on procedural time limits and functioning of courts in the Russian Federation - Russia

By Decree No. 206 On Declaring Non-Working Days in the Russian Federation dated 25 March 2020 ("Decree No. 206") the President of the Russian Federation announced that from 30 March 2020 until 3 April 2020 would be considered non-working days in the...




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Rural North Koreans Forced to Provide Food Aid to Privileged Pyongyang

Residents must pay in food or cash to help construction of a new hospital in the capital.




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Northwest Natural Holding Co (NWN) CEO David Anderson on Q1 2020 Results - Earnings Call Transcript




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Coronavirus - South Africa’s Mining and Natural Resources Sector is resilient and can survive Covid-19

On 15 March 2020, following the announcement by President Ramaphosa regarding South Africa’s precautionary measures that must be put in place to prevent the contraction and spread of COVID-19, South Africans came face to face with the stark re...




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Taobao Villages: Rural E-Commerce and Low-End Manufacturing in China

By Fan Lulu and Boy Luethje HONOLULU (July 31, 2019)—With more than 800 million Internet users, China has become the global leader in e-commerce—the buying and selling of products and services online. Taobao (roughly “treasure hunt” in English) is the leading Chinese online shopping and e-commerce website, founded by the Alibaba Group. As of 2018, more than 580 million active users visited Taobao and its sister website Tmall every month.

This is a summary only. Click the title for the full article, or visit www.EastWestCenter.org/Research-Wire for more.




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La naturaleza de la Palabra de Dios

La enseñanza bíblica en profundidad de John MacArthur lleva la verdad transformadora de la Palabra de Dios a millones de personas cada día.




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La naturaleza de la Palabra de Dios B

La enseñanza bíblica en profundidad de John MacArthur lleva la verdad transformadora de la Palabra de Dios a millones de personas cada día.




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Contractual Advantage: New Rules of Agricultural and Food Product Trade

The Act of 15 December 2016 on Counteracting Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in Trade of Agricultural and Food Products came into force and effect on 12 July 2017. The law confers additional powers on the President of the Office of Competition a...




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Environment, Food & Rural Affairs Committee report – Regulation of the water industry

The EFRA Select Committee’s report into regulation of the water sector was published on 9 October 2018. Its key conclusions & recommendations are outlined below. Water transfers Water transfers should play an important role in increasing s...




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'It's Gone Haywire': When COVID-19 Arrived in Rural America

Per capita death rates in counties in this impoverished southwest corner of Georgia climbed to among the worst in the country




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Local Government Briefing Note 6 of 2013 - State Aid Modernisation: proposed amendments to the Enabling and the Procedural Regulations

The European Commission (the "EC") presented two proposals on 5 December 2012, as part of its State Aid Modernisation initiative. The proposals will include amendments to two key State aid instruments, the Enabling Regulation and...




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CAT rejects Electro Rent appeal against procedural fine

The Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) has dismissed an appeal by Electro Rent against a fine of £100,000 imposed for failing to comply with the terms of an interim order (the “order”). Interim orders are a key tool employed by the ...




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China to further empower rural development with digital technologies

BEIJING - Chinese authorities released a guideline to promote digital technologies in rural areas as part of their efforts to advance agricultural and rural modernization. The guideline, jointly issued by four government departments including the...




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How Some Pacific Women are Responding to Climate Change and Natural Disasters

Women in the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu are dealing with six crises currently – COVID 19, drought, scarcity of potable water, and volcanic ash, acid rain and sulphur gas as there are several active volcanoes on the island. But global women’s rights organisations are collaborating with regional alliances in supporting local women.

The post How Some Pacific Women are Responding to Climate Change and Natural Disasters appeared first on Inter Press Service.




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Top 10 natural marvels in Turkey selected by Hürriyet’s jury

The Anatolian geography with its climate, unique location and biodiversity is home to several unique natural beauties. Lakes in the green valleys, mountain plains, unique rock formations, rivers, valleys and beaches… Hürriyet Travel has compiled the must-see natural marvels of Turkey. It is our hope to preserve these landscapes in the future. Click through for our top 10...




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Turkey’s ‘natural aquarium’ attracts visitors

Lake Gökpınar, dubbed a “natural aquarium,” enchants visitors as fall colors merge with its crystal-clear turquoise-hued waters.




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9 must-see natural wonders in Anatolia

Anatolia is home to a rich array of natural attractions, including unique geography, climate, location and biodiversity, to explore. Here are nine natural wonders to add to your Turkey must-see bucket list




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Live music needs structural change to survive COVID-19

With footfall having dropped dramatically at Japan's live music venues, many are turning to crowdfunding. But whether this will help mid-sized spaces remains to be ...




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Upcycle: Nurturing new value for rice and its rural domain

Ryo Saegusa started the Kotaki Rice & Future Project in 2015 to promote and sell the rice lovingly cultivated by Kotaki’s farmers. Today, it’s marketed ...




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Did Christ Promise Us Supernatural Power and Protection?

In the lead-up to the Truth Matters conference in October, we will be focusing our attention on the sufficiency, authority, and clarity of Scripture. Of our previous blog series, none better embodies that emphasis than Frequently Abused Verses. The following entry from that series originally appeared on February 10, 2016. -ed.

Next week will mark the second anniversary of Jamie Coots’s death. He was a father, pastor, and one of the stars of the National Geographic Channel’s reality series, Snake Salvation. The show followed Coots’s life and ministry as a prominent leader in a sect of Holiness Pentecostals who incorporate handling poisonous snakes into their worship in fulfilment of the promise of supernatural power and protection in Mark 16:17-18.

Coots died from a snakebite.

Snake handling—once popular throughout the Appalachian states—has dwindled to a tiny subculture of Pentecostals who believe in the practice of the extreme signs and wonders described in Mark 16:17-18. Specifically, they teach that they have the ability to cast out demons, speak in tongues, handle poisonous snakes, drink poison, and heal the sick (they also expose themselves to open flames, although that particular sign is not included in Mark’s gospel). And every couple years, the movement garners headlines because another pastor or congregant has died attempting to fulfill those supposed promises.

Virtually all other charismatics would disavow such extreme behavior, while holding just as tightly to the promises conveyed in the closing verses of Mark’s gospel—albeit more selectively.

For example, charismatic prosperity preacher Benny Hinn cites the passage in defense of his faith-healing ministry: “I knew the Lord had told me to pray for the sick as part of preaching the gospel, just as He told the disciples, in Mark 16:18: ‘They will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover.’” [1] Benny Hinn, The Anointing (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1997) 49.

And in his book When Heaven Invades Earth, Bill Johnson—pastor of Bethel Redding, one of the most influential charismatic churches in the country—points to the end of Mark’s gospel as a promise of God’s ongoing miraculous work.

As our ministry teams travel around the world, we have come to expect certain things. Healing, deliverance, and conversions are the fruits of our labors. While healing is seldom the subject we teach on, it is one of the most common results. As we proclaim the message of the Kingdom of God, people get well. The Father seems to say, Amen! To His own message by confirming the word with power (see Mark 16:20). [2] Bill Johnson, When Heaven Invades Earth (Shippensburg, PA: Treasure House, 2003) 89.

We could go on with examples of how charismatics of various traditions lean heavily on the closing verses of Mark’s gospel, but you get the point. For many it’s a foundational passage—one that explicitly promises all believers the power to perform signs and wonders.

But is that really the point of the passage? And more importantly, do those verses even belong in your Bible to begin with? Even a simple reading of the text raises some significant questions about its Scriptural authenticity.

Now after He had risen early on the first day of the week, He first appeared to Mary Magdalene, from whom He had cast out seven demons. She went and reported to those who had been with Him, while they were mourning and weeping. When they heard that He was alive and had been seen by her, they refused to believe it. After that, He appeared in a different form to two of them while they were walking along on their way to the country. They went away and reported it to the others, but they did not believe them either. Afterward He appeared to the eleven themselves as they were reclining at the table; and He reproached them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they had not believed those who had seen Him after He had risen. And He said to them, “Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation. He who has believed and has been baptized shall be saved; but he who has disbelieved shall be condemned. These signs will accompany those who have believed: in My name they will cast out demons, they will speak with new tongues; they will pick up serpents, and if they drink any deadly poison, it will not hurt them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover.” So then, when the Lord Jesus had spoken to them, He was received up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God. And they went out and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them, and confirmed the word by the signs that followed. [And they promptly reported all these instructions to Peter and his companions. And after that, Jesus Himself sent out through them from east to west the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal salvation.] (Mark 16:9-20)

As you can see, there are actually two endings to Mark’s gospel contained in the above quote. Verses 9-20 are referred to as the longer ending, while the portion in brackets at the end of verse 20 is called the shorter ending—on its own it would appear immediately after verse 8. Both have appeared individually in a variety of translations—the NASB includes both.

But neither ending appears in the earliest and most reliable New Testament manuscripts. No ancient book has been more carefully preserved than the Bible—we have several thousand manuscripts, with some dating all the way back to mere decades after they were first written. And through the science of textual analysis, scholars have determined that the final verses of Mark were not in the original, inspired text.    

On top of that, as John MacArthur explains in his commentary on the passage, there are also several internal indications that Mark didn’t write either ending.

First, the transition between verse 8 and verse 9 is awkward and disjointed. The conjunction now (from the Greek word de) implies continuity with the preceding narrative, but the focus of verse 9 abruptly shifts to Mary Magdalene rather than continuing a discussion of the women referred to in verse 8. Moreover, it would be strange for Mark to wait until the end of his narrative to introduce Mary Magdalene, as if for the first time . . . when she was already mentioned three times in the prior context (Mark 15:40, 47, 16:1). A similar discontinuity regards Peter, who is singled out in verse 7 yet not mentioned again in verses 9-20. The “shorter ending” . . . attempts to rectify those incongruities by highlighting both Peter and the other women. . . . But this shorter ending has even weaker manuscript evidence to support it than the longer ending.

Second, the vocabulary, style, and structure of the longer ending is not consistent with the rest of Mark’s gospel. There are eighteen words in this section that are not used elsewhere in Mark. For example, the title “Lord Jesus” is used here (v. 19) but is never used anywhere else in Mark’s account.

Third, the inclusion of apostolic signs does not fit the way the other three gospels conclude their accounts of the resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ. Though many signs mentioned in this section parallel portions of the book of Acts (cf. Acts 2:4; 9:17; 10:46; 28:8), some are clearly without biblical support, such as being able to “pick up” venomous “serpents” (though perhaps loosely based on Paul’s experience in Acts 28:3-5) or “drink any deadly poison.” [3] John MacArthur, The MacArthur New Testament Commentary: Mark 9-16 (Chicago: Moody Publishers, 2015) 411-412.

Summing up the case against the scriptural credentials of Mark 16:9-20, John MacArthur writes,

The evidence, both external and internal, conclusively demonstrates that verses 9-20 were not originally part of Mark’s inspired record. While they generally summarize truths taught elsewhere in the New Testament, they should always be evaluated in light of the rest of Scripture. No doctrines or practices should be established solely on them. The snake-handling preachers of the Appalachians provide a prime example of the errors that can arise from accepting these verses as authoritative.

Nonetheless, knowing that Mark 16:9-20 is not original should give believers more confidence in the accuracy of the New Testament, not less. As noted above, the science of textual analysis makes it possible for biblical scholars to identify the very few passages that were not part of the original. Such places are clearly marked in modern translations, making it easy for students of Scripture to identify them. Consequently, believers can approach the rest of the text with the settled assurance that the Bible they hold in their hands accurately reflects the original. [4] The MacArthur New Testament Commentary: Mark 9-16, 412.

That conclusion then begs the question: Where did these verses come from?

Most likely, they were added in by a scribe who felt Mark’s original ending was missing something. However, it does not appear that he was so audacious as to concoct an ending from his own imagination. Instead, Mark 16:9-20 is a patchwork quilt of other biblical passages concerning the life of Christ after His resurrection, His commissioning of the apostles, and stories from their ministry in the founding of the church.

Time and space don’t permit me to break down the probable origin of each verse, but let me encourage you to listen to John MacArthur’s sermon on the passage, called “The Fitting End to Mark’s Gospel,” or consult his commentary on Mark 9-16 for more details on how this extrabiblical passage was likely assembled.

And what of Mark’s original ending? Why was it deemed so deficient in the first place? True, it is abrupt and to the point: “They went out and fled from the tomb, for trembling and astonishment had gripped them; and they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid” (Mark 16:8). But as John MacArthur explains, that abrupt ending perfectly fits both Mark’s style and his purpose for writing at all.

Mark’s ending is abrupt but it is not incomplete. The tomb was empty; the angelic announcement explained that Jesus had risen; and multiple eyewitnesses confirmed those events. The purpose of Mark’s gospel was to demonstrate that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God (Mark 1:1). Having amply made that point, no further proof was necessary.

Throughout his gospel, Mark consistently punctuated key events in the life of the Lord Jesus by emphasizing the wonder He evoked in the hearts and minds of others. Mark simply moves from one point of amazement about Christ to the next. So the narrative ends where it ought to end. It climaxes with amazement and bewilderment at the resurrection of the crucified Savior (cf. John 20:31). In so doing, it leaves the reader in a place of wonder, awe, and worship, centered on its glorious subject: the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God. [5] The MacArthur New Testament Commentary: Mark 9-16, 417-418.

So while Mark 16:9-20 may be a significant proof text for many charismatics, their interpretation is invalidated when we understand that those verses never belonged in Scripture to begin with.




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Is Scripture Sufficient to Meet Modern Cultural Challenges?

Twenty-first century evangelists and missionaries are confronted with a vastly different world to that of the early church. In the realms of communication and technology, the changes are immense. And in the eyes of many church growth proponents, a lot of modern advancements have left the Bible looking older than ever.

READ MORE




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Coronavirus: Cathay Pacific eyes ‘structural change’ to see the Hong Kong carrier through pandemic crisis and its aftermath

Cathay Pacific is looking at “structural change” as it investigates how to downscale its business in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, the Post has learned.Hong Kong’s flag carrier is mulling scenarios that could reduce staff headcount, routes served and planes flown, as well as the possible consolidation of its airline brands, in drastic steps that would mirror those taken by rivals in recent weeks.“We are currently working with colleagues from across the airline to model varying degrees…




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Rethinking the design of rural roads -- by Rika Idei

Re-examining the design of rural road projects will make them more effective in improving the lives of the people living nearby.




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For rural water systems, small and simple is a "pipe dream" -- by Neeta Pokhrel

The idea that rural water schemes are only sustainable if small, simple and locally managed is a bias that must be overcome to get more clean water to the people who need it.




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Dual threat in the Pacific: COVID-19 and natural hazards -- by Anupma Jain

The pandemic demonstrates that disasters are triggered by multidimensional risks and hazards, and that a country’s approach to urban resilience needs to be multifaceted.




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ADB Provides $346 Million Loan for Rural Electricity in Maharashtra, India

ADB has approved a $346 million loan to India to help provide efficient and reliable power connection to rural agriculture customers in the state of Maharashtra.




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Resilience of Rural Development and Climate Change in Viet Nam

This report evaluates the performance of three technical assistance (TA) projects in Viet Nam for the resilience of rural development and climate change, approved by the Asian Development Bank over 2009–2013: (i) TA 7377: Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study in the Mekong Delta; (ii) TA 8102: Promoting Climate Resilient Rural Infrastructure in the Northern Mountain Provinces; and (iii) TA 8592: Improving Payment for Forest Ecosystem Service Implementation.




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Maharashtra Rural High Voltage Distribution System Expansion Program

Approved project 50193-003 in India.




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Incredible close-up images of the natural world recognised with awards

Ethereal photos of life’s building blocks, Earth’s toughest creature and a close-up of a gem win Olympus Global Image of the Year Life Science Light Microscopy Award regional prizes




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Corals on old North Sea oil rigs could help natural reefs recover

Not only are deep-sea coral ecosystems thriving on oil and gas rigs in the North Sea, their larvae may be helping repopulate damaged natural reefs




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Incredible close-up images of the natural world recognised with awards

Ethereal photos of life’s building blocks, Earth’s toughest creature and a close-up of a gem win Olympus Global Image of the Year Life Science Light Microscopy Award regional prizes




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Don't Miss: Apple TV's See, cultural creatures and a virtual ISS

Watch Apple TV's See where vision becomes a heresy, discover non-human animals that also rely on culture and enjoy the International Space Station from your own home




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Kids' Happiness Doesn't Depend on 2 Natural Parents, Says Study

Title: Kids' Happiness Doesn't Depend on 2 Natural Parents, Says Study
Category: Health News
Created: 4/25/2014 2:35:00 PM
Last Editorial Review: 4/28/2014 12:00:00 AM




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8 Natural Remedies for Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

Title: 8 Natural Remedies for Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Category: Doctor's & Expert's views on Symptoms
Created: 5/27/2000 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 12/13/2019 12:00:00 AM




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Lipid rafts and neurodegeneration: structural and functional roles in physiologic aging and neurodegenerative diseases [Thematic Reviews]

Lipid rafts are small, dynamic membrane areas characterized by the clustering of selected membrane lipids as the result of the spontaneous separation of glycolipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol in a liquid-ordered phase. The exact dynamics underlying phase separation of membrane lipids in the complex biological membranes are still not fully understood. Nevertheless, alterations in the membrane lipid composition affect the lateral organization of molecules belonging to lipid rafts. Neural lipid rafts are found in brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and are characterized by a high enrichment of specific lipids depending on the cell type. These lipid rafts seem to organize and determine the function of multiprotein complexes involved in several aspects of signal transduction, thus regulating the homeostasis of the brain. The progressive decline of brain performance along with physiological aging is at least in part associated with alterations in the composition and structure of neural lipid rafts. In addition, neurodegenerative conditions, such as lysosomal storage disorders, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases, are frequently characterized by dysregulated lipid metabolism, which in turn affects the structure of lipid rafts. Several events underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases appear to depend on the altered composition of lipid rafts. Thus, the structure and function of lipid rafts play a central role in the pathogenesis of many common neurodegenerative diseases.




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Structural Basis of Ca2+-Dependent Self-Processing Activity of Repeat-in-Toxin Proteins

ABSTRACT

The posttranslational Ca2+-dependent "clip-and-link" activity of large repeat-in-toxin (RTX) proteins starts by Ca2+-dependent structural rearrangement of a highly conserved self-processing module (SPM). Subsequently, an internal aspartate-proline (Asp-Pro) peptide bond at the N-terminal end of SPM breaks, and the liberated C-terminal aspartyl residue can react with a free -amino group of an adjacent lysine residue to form a new isopeptide bond. Here, we report a solution structure of the calcium-loaded SPM (Ca-SPM) derived from the FrpC protein of Neisseria meningitidis. The Ca-SPM structure defines a unique protein architecture and provides structural insight into the autocatalytic cleavage of the Asp-Pro peptide bond through a "twisted-amide" activation. Furthermore, in-frame deletion of the SPM domain from the ApxIVA protein of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae attenuated the virulence of this porcine pathogen in a pig respiratory challenge model. We hypothesize that the Ca2+-dependent clip-and-link activity represents an unconventional strategy for Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to the host target cell surface.

IMPORTANCE The Ca2+-dependent clip-and-link activity of large repeat-in-toxin (RTX) proteins is an exceptional posttranslational process in which an internal domain called a self-processing module (SPM) mediates Ca2+-dependent processing of a highly specific aspartate-proline (Asp-Pro) peptide bond and covalent linkage of the released aspartyl to an adjacent lysine residue through an isopeptide bond. Here, we report the solution structures of the Ca2+-loaded SPM (Ca-SPM) defining the mechanism of the autocatalytic cleavage of the Asp414-Pro415 peptide bond of the Neisseria meningitidis FrpC exoprotein. Moreover, deletion of the SPM domain in the ApxIVA protein, the FrpC homolog of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, resulted in attenuation of virulence of the bacterium in a pig infection model, indicating that the Ca2+-dependent clip-and-link activity plays a role in the virulence of Gram-negative pathogens.