Interview with Mark J. Mulligan, MD, author of Emergency Postexposure Vaccination With Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Ebola Vaccine After Needlestick

Interview with Anny H. Xiang, PhD, author of Association of Maternal Diabetes With Autism in Offspring

Interview with Ezio Bonifacio, PhD, author of Effects of High-Dose Oral Insulin on Immune Responses in Children at High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes: The Pre-POINT Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Krista F. Huybrechts, MS, PhD, author of Antidepressant Use Late in Pregnancy and Risk of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

Interview with Patrick H. Conway, MD, MSc, author of Association of Pioneer Accountable Care Organizations vs Traditional Medicare Fee for Service With Spending, Utilization, and Patient Experience

Interview with Ellen Wright Clayton, MD, JD , author of Why the Americans With Disabilities Act Matters for Genetics

Interview with Diana W. Bianchi, MD, author of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing and Incidental Detection of Occult Maternal Malignancies

Interview with Thomas A. Gaziano, MD, MSc, author of Cost-effectiveness of 10-Year Risk Thresholds for Initiation of Statin Therapy for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Interview with Carolina Malta Hansen, MD, author of Association of Bystander and First-Responder Intervention With Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in North Carolina, 2010-2013

Interview with Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, SM, author of Mortality, Hospitalizations, and Expenditures for the Medicare Population Aged 65 Years or Older, 1999-2013

Interview with Melissa A. Polusny, PhD, author of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Edward H. Livingston, MD, interviews a war veteran and discusses PTSD with Maria Steenkamp, PhD, author of Psychotherapy for Military-Related PTSD, and Michele Spoont, PhD, author of Rational Clinical Exam: Does This Patient Have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? The article by Dr Steenkamp reports that many military personnel and veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder achieve clinically meaningful improvement with use of the first-line trauma-focused interventions cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure.
 The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review by Dr Spoont examines the utility of self-report screening instruments for posttraumatic stress disorder among primary care and high-risk populations.

Interview with Shalender Bhasin, MBBS, author of Effects of Testosterone Administration for 3 Years on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Older Men With Low or Low-Normal Testosterone Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Rachel E. Patzer, PhD, MPH, author of Variation in Dialysis Facility Referral for Kidney Transplantation Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease in Georgia. This population epidemiology study uses United States Renal Data System data to characterize dialysis facility–level referral for kidney transplant evaluation in Georgia, the US state with the lowest transplantation rates, and patient and facility factors associated with referral and waitlisting.

Interview with Adam M. Leventhal, PhD, author of Association of Electronic Cigarette Use With Initiation of Combustible Tobacco Product Smoking in Early Adolescence

Interview with Nancy A. Rigotti, MD, author of e-Cigarette Use and Subsequent Tobacco Use by Adolescents: New Evidence About a Potential Risk of e-Cigarettes

Interview with Timothy Ley, MD, author of Association Between Mutation Clearance After Induction Therapy and Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Interview with Bridget A. Fernandez, MD, author of Molecular Diagnostic Yield of Chromosomal Microarray Analysis and Whole-Exome Sequencing in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Interview with Andy Menke, PhD, author of Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988-2012

Interview with Anupam Jena, MD, PhD, author of Sex Differences in Academic Rank in US Medical Schools in 2014

Interview with Timothy Fendler, MD, MS, author of Alignment of Do-Not-Resuscitate Status With Patients’ Likelihood of Favorable Neurological Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Interview with James Fleshman, MD, author of Effect of Laparoscopic-Assisted Resection vs Open Resection of Stage II or III Rectal Cancer on Pathologic Outcomes: The ACOSOG Z6051 Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Elizabeth T. H. Fontham, MPH, DrPH, author of Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk: 2015 Guideline Update From the American Cancer Society, Nancy L. Keating, MD, MPH, author of New Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening in US Women, and Evan R. Myers, MD, MPH, author of Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review

Interview with Elizabeth D. Kantor, PhD, MPH, author of Trends in Prescription Drug Use Among Adults in the United States From 1999-2012

Interview with David A. Asch, MD and Kevin G. Volpp, MD, PhD, authors of Effect of Financial Incentives to Physicians, Patients, or Both on Lipid Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with David Simel, MD, author of Does This Patient With Chest Pain Have Acute Coronary Syndrome? The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review

ACS is a common and potentially lethal problem. However, only about 10% of patients who present to an emergency department with chest pain actually have ACS. In this JAMA Clinical Reviews podcast, we discuss which signs, symptoms and tests used to make the diagnosis of ACS are reliable.

Edward H. Livingston MD, speaks with Alexander Fanaroff, MD, author of Does This Patient With Chest Pain Have Acute Coronary Syndrome? The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review as well as a patient who was diagnosed with myocardial infarction.

Interview with Leonard B. Bacharier, MD, author of Early Administration of Azithromycin and Prevention of Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Preschool Children With a History of Such Illnesses: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Alex B. Haynes, MD, MPH, author of Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality

Interview with Ingrid M. Libman, MD, PhD, author of Effect of Metformin Added to Insulin on Glycemic Control Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

Interview with Thomas L. Schwenk, MD, author of Resident Depression: The Tip of a Graduate Medical Education Iceberg

Edward H. Livingston, MD discusses Graves disease with David Cooper, MD, author of Management of Graves Disease: A Review

Interview with Dalane W. Kitzman, MD, author of Effect of Caloric Restriction or Aerobic Exercise Training on Peak Oxygen Consumption and Quality of Life in Obese Older Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Constipation is one of the most frequent problems clinicians are asked to deal with. Despite how common it is, constipation is frequently not treated adequately. In this podcast, Arnold Wald, MD, explains a stepwise approach to the management of constipation ranging from very simple measures to the most novel and complicated new medical therapies.

Interview with Justin E. Bekelman, MD, author of Comparison of Site of Death, Health Care Utilization, and Hospital Expenditures for Patients Dying With Cancer in 7 Developed Countries

Interview with Michael P. Pignone, MD, MPH, author of Screening for Depression in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

The 2015-2020 US Dietary Guidelines for Americans were recently released. They are intended to provide guidance for health policy officials and clinicians regarding healthy diets and establishing goals for improving nutrition. These are important since bad eating habits are the underlying cause for a great deal of disease in the US and that these guidelines influence the operations of programs such as school lunch assistance, meals on wheels etc. Because these guidelines influence policy, they have been criticized by various investigators and special interest groups. Karen DeSalvo, MD, Acting Assistant Secretary for Health at HHS and author of Dietary Guidelines for Americans responds to some of these criticisms and explains how the guideline was created and what it is intended to do. Implementation of the guidelines dietary advice may be challenging and Deborah Clegg, RD, PhD, Professor of Internal Medicine at UCLA discusses how the various recommendations can be followed.

Interview with John G. Laffey, MD, MA, author of Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries

Interview with Lynn Babcock, MD, MS, author of Identifying Children and Adolescents at Risk for Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms

Polypharmacy is a rapidly worsening problem that hits elderly patients particularly hard.  As patients grow older, they need more medications but at the same time become less capable of managing the complexity of drug treatments.  In order to simplify treatment regimens for older patients, it is necessary to consider the evidence supporting treatment of various conditions and when the evidence is not particularly strong, reduce or eliminate medications accordingly.  Diabetes management in the elderly is highlighted in this podcast with specific attention given to deintensifying diabetes treatment in the elderly.

Articles discussed in this episode:

• Polypharmacy in the Aging Patient: Glycemic Control in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Review (Kasia J. Lipska, MD, MHS)
• Evaluation and Treatment of Older Patients With Hypercholesterolemia: A Clinical Review (Timo E. Strandberg, MD, PhD)
• Trends in Prescription Drug Use Among Adults in the United States From 1999-2012 (Elizabeth D. Kantor, PhD, MPH)

Interview with Saad B. Omer, MBBS, MPH, PhD, author of Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States A Review of Measles and Pertussis

An opioid abuse epidemic now plagues US healthcare. It was caused, in part, by overzealous advocacy for controlling chronic pain resulting in overuse of narcotics. There are now 2 million Americans addicted to opioids. The approach for treating chronic pain must change. In this podcast, we summarize recent CDC guidelines for the proper use of opioids for treating chronic pain.

Articles discussed in this episode:

• CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain— United States, 2016,
• The CDC Guideline on Opioid Prescribing: Rising to the Challenge (Yngvild Olsen, MD, MPH),
• The DSM-V definition for opioid use disorder and 11 point checklist

Interview with Daniel C. Cherkin, PhD, author of Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care on Back Pain and Functional Limitations in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Raj Chetty, PhD, author of The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014, and Angus Deaton, PhD, author of On Death and Money: History, Facts, and Explanations

Interview with Antoni Ribas, MD, PhD, author of Association of Pembrolizumab With Tumor Response and Survival Among Patients With Advanced Melanoma

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD is a very common problem affecting about 10% of all adolescents. Children with ADHD have short attention spans, are hyperactive, talk a great deal, can be disruptive in the classroom etc.-features that are common in many adolescents. However, to have true ADHD, children must be significantly impaired by these problems. An array of medical and behavioral treatments can successfully help manage ADHD. These are reviewed in a series of articles appearing in the May 10, 2016, issue of JAMA. In this podcast, we discuss ADHD with the authors of some of those papers, Eugenia Chan, MD, MPH from Harvard and Philip Shaw, MD, PhD from the National Human Genome Research Institute.

Articles discussed in this episode:

• Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents: A Systematic Review
• Quantifying the Benefits and Risks of Methylphenidate as Treatment for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Methylphenidate for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Drs Stuart Spechler and Peter Kahrilis discuss GERD and esophagitis--how they occur and how they are treated. Dr Spechler also discusses a new hypothesis regarding how reflux esophagitis is caused that differs from the traditional teaching that acid and pepsin reflux into the esophagus and burn the mucosa layers.

Related articles:
Association of Acute Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease With Esophageal Histologic Changes
Turning the Pathogenesis of Acute Peptic Esophagitis Inside Out

Interview with Gillian L. Booth, MD, author of Association of Neighborhood Walkability With Change in Overweight, Obesity, and Diabetes

Interview with Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD, author of Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014

Interview with Jeff D. Williamson, MD, MHS, author of Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged ≥75 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial