Birth control pills in 1976 in New York. The birth control pill was approved by the FDA 60 years ago this week.; Credit: /Bettmann/Getty Images

Updated at 9:44 a.m. ET

As a young woman growing up in a poor farming community in Virginia in the 1940 and '50s, with little information about sex or contraception, sexuality was a frightening thing for Carole Cato and her female friends.

"We lived in constant fear, I mean all of us," she said. "It was like a tightrope. always wondering, is this going to be the time [I get pregnant]?"

Cato, 78, now lives in Columbia, S.C. She grew up in the years before the birth control pill was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, on May 9, 1960. She said teenage girls in her community were told very little about how their bodies worked.

"I was very fortunate; I did not get pregnant, but a lot of my friends did. And of course, they just got married and went into their little farmhouses," she said. "But I just felt I just had to get out."

At 23, Cato married a widower who already had seven children. They decided seven was enough.

By that time, Cato said, the pill allowed the couple to avoid having more babies — and she eventually was able to go on to college.

"It was just like going from night to day, as far as the freedom of it," Cato said. "And to know that I had control, that I had choice, that I controlled my body. It gave me a whole new lease on life."

Loretta Ross, an activist and visiting women's studies professor at Smith College, was among the first generation of young women to have access to the birth control pill throughout their reproductive years.

Ross, now 66, said by the time she came of age around 1970, the pill was giving young women more control over their fertility than previous generations had enjoyed.

"We could talk about having sex – not without consequences, because there were still STDS ... but at the same time, with more freedom than our foremothers had," Ross said. "So it changed the world."

For all it's done for women, Ross said that the pill has a complex and controversial history; it was first tested on low-income women in Puerto Rico. Ross said the pill also has limitations; she'd like to see it made available over the counter, as it is in some countries – not to mention, a pill for men.

When the pill was approved in 1960, women had few relatively few contraceptive options, and the pill offered more reliability and convenience than methods like condoms or diaphragms, said Dr. Eve Espey, chair of the Department of Ob/Gyn and Family Planning at the University of New Mexico.

"There was a huge, pent-up desire for a truly effective form of contraception, which had been lacking up to that point," Espey said.

By 1965, she said, 40% of young married women were on the pill.

For Pat Fishback, now 80 and living in Richmond, Va., the newly-available pill allowed her to delay having children in her early 20s until she'd been married for a couple of years.

"It also made having children a positive experience," Fishback said. "Because we had actually, emotionally and intellectually, gotten to the point where we really desired to have children."

It took a bit longer for unmarried women to gain widespread access to the pill and other forms of contraception: Linda Gordon, 80, a historian at New York University, remembers the stigma around single women and contraception at the time.

"When I was in college, a number of women had a wedding ring – a gold ring –that we would pass around and use when we wanted to go see a doctor to get fitted for a diaphragm," Gordon said. "In other words, there were people finding their way to do that, even then."

The pill also gave rise to a variety of other forms of hormonal contraception, many of which are popular today, Gordon said. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly 13% of American women of reproductive age use the pill — making it the second most popular form of contraception, after female sterilization.

Gordon said that 60 years after the pill's approval, contraception remains a contentious political issue.

Just this week, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in a case involving the birth control mandate in the Affordable Care Act. A decision on whether some institutions with religious or moral objections can deny contraceptive coverage to their employees is expected in the months to come.

This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org.

Source: Streetwise Reports   04/22/2020

In an April 20 research note, Dawson James analyst Jason Kolbert wrote that results from Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd.'s (CANF:NYSE.MKT) Phase 2 trial of Namodenoson for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with or without nonalcoholic steatohepatitis "look pretty good."

He added that "the consistency of the data from the studies (preclinical and clinical), should support business development interest."

Dawson James has a $9 per share target price on Can-Fite; the stock is currently trading at around $1.75 per share.

Kolbert recapped the study design and provided the results.

This purpose of this multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial involving 60 patients was to determine dose efficacy and safety. Patients were treated twice a day with either 12.5 milligrams or 25 milligrams of oral Namodenoson or a placebo for 12 weeks.

The primary endpoint was effect on inflammation, measured by mean percent change from baseline in alanine transaminase blood levels and safety. The second endpoints included the percent change from baseline in liver fat, as determined by MRI proton density fat fraction.

In terms of safety, study participants tolerated Namodenoson at both doses, and no adverse events were reported. Otitis media occurred in two patients but was deemed to be unrelated to the drug. The four other events that occurred that were drug related were mild and self-limited.

Regarding efficacy of Namodenoson, Kolbert noted that "for a small Phase 2 exploratory study, there appears to be a significant efficacy signal."

Kolbert provided updates on other Can-Fite clinical trials.

The company's COVID-19 trial is now designed. Plans call for it to be randomized, open label, and double armed with Piclidenoson administered plus standard supportive care, compared to standard supportive care alone, in 40 hospitalized COVID-19-infected patients with moderate to severe symptomatic disease.

Patients are to be randomized at a 1:1 ratio to one of the trial arms and treated for up to four weeks. The primary efficacy measures will be time to resolution of viral shedding, time to resolution of clinical symptoms, respiratory function, need for ventilatory support and overall mortality.

Piclidenoson, Can-Fite's lead drug candidate, also is in Phase 3 in two indications: moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (the ACROBAT study) and moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (the COMFORT study). Enrollment for both trials is more halfway complete. In both, Piclidenoson "hold great promise as alternative therapies with what appears to be a more favorable side effects profile," Kolbert commented.

Dawson James has a Buy rating on Can-Fite BioPharma.

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( Companies Mentioned: CANF:NYSE.MKT, )

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