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Xiaomi Mi Smart Band 5 Review

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Xiaomi Mi 10T Pro 5G Review

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Xiaomi Redmi 9 Power Review

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Xiaomi Mi Watch Revolve Active Review

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Xiaomi Mi 5X 55-Inch 4K TV Review

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Sitaram Yechury - "Unrepentant Marxist", Author and Editor

The CPIM lost one of its pillars today as Sitaram Yechury, the party's three-time general secretary, strategist, think tank, author and editor of its mouthpiece People's Democracy, died at the age of 72.





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Locking When Emulating Xtensa LX Multi-Core on a Xilinx FPGA

Today's high-performance computing systems often require the designer to instantiate multiple CPU or DSP cores in their subsystem. However, the performance gained by using multiple CPUs comes with additional programming complexity, especially when accessing shared memory data structures and hardware peripherals. CPU cores need to access shared data in an atomic fashion in a multi-core environment. Locking is the most basic requirement for data sharing. A core takes the lock, accesses the shared data structure, and releases the lock. While one core has the lock, other cores are disallowed from accessing the same data structure. Typically, locking is implemented using an atomic read-modify-write bus transaction on a variable allocated in an uncached memory.

This blog shares the AXI4 locking mechanism when implementing an Xtensa LX-based multi-core system on a Xilinx FPGA platform. It uses a dual-core design mapped to a KC705 platform as an example.

Exclusive Access to Accomplish Locking

The Xtensa AXI4 manager provides atomic access using the AXI4 atomic access mechanism. While Xtensa's AXI manager interface generates an exclusive transaction, the subordinate's interface is also expected to support exclusive access, i.e., AXI monitoring. Xilinx BRAM controller's AXI subordinate interface does not support exclusive access, i.e., AXI monitoring: AXI Feature Adoption in Xilinx FPGAs.

Leveraging Xtensa AXI4 Subordinate Exclusive Access

The Xtensa LX AXI subordinate interface supports exclusive access. One approach is to utilize this support and allocate locks in one of the core's local data memories. Ensure that the number of external exclusive managers is configured, typically to the number of cores (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Note that the Xtensa NX AXI subordinate interface does not support exclusive access. For an Xtensa NX design, shared memory with AXI monitoring is required.

In Figure 2, the AXI_crossbar#2 (block in green) routes core#0's manager AXI access (blue connection) to both core's local memories. Core#1's manager AXI (yellow connection) can also access both core's local memories. Locks can be allocated in either core's local data memory.

In-Bound Access on Subordinate Interface

On inbound access, the Xtensa AXI subordinate interface expects a local memory address, i.e., an external entity needs to present the same address as the core would use to access local memory in its 4GB address space. AXI address remap IP (block in pink) translates the AXI system address to each core's local address. For example, assuming locks are allocated in core#0's local memory, core#1 generates an AXI exclusive to access a lock allocated in core#0's local memory (yellow connection). AXI_crossbar#2 forwards transaction to M03_AXI port (green connection). AXI_address_remap#1 translates the AXI system address to the local memory address before presenting it to core#0's AXI subordinate interface (pink connection).

It is possible to configure cores with disjoint local data memory addresses and avoid the need for an address remap IP block. But then it will be a heterogeneous multi-core design with a multi-image build. An address remap IP is required to keep things simple, i.e., a homogeneous multi-core with a single image build. A single image uses a single memory map. Therefore, both cores must have the same view of a lock, i.e., the lock's AXI bus address must be the same for both.

Figure 2

AXI ID Width

Note Xtensa AXI manager interface ID width=4 bits. Xtensa's AXI subordinate interface ID width=12 bits. So, you must configure AXI crossbar#2 and AXI address remap AXI ID width higher than 4. AXI IDs on a manager port are not globally defined; thus, an AXI crossbar with multiple manager ports will internally prefix the manager port index to the ID and provide this concatenated ID to the subordinate device. On return of the transaction to its manager port of origin, this ID prefix will be used to locate the manager port, and the prefix will be truncated. Therefore, the subordinate port ID is wider in bits than the manager port ID. Figure 3 shows the Xilinx crossbar IP AXI ID width configuration.

Figure 3

Software Tools Support

Cadence tools provide a way to place locks at a specific location. For more details, please refer to Cadence's Linker Support Packages (LSP) Reference Manual for Xtensa SDK. .xtos.lock(green) resides in core#0's local memory and holds user-defined and C library locks. The lock segment memory attribute is defined as shared inner (cyan) so that L32EX and S32EX instructions generate an exclusive transaction on an AXI bus. See Figure 4. The stack and per-core Xtos and C library contexts are allocated in local data memory (yellow).

…………..LSP memory map………….
BEGIN dram0
0x40000000: dataRam : dram0 : 0x8000 : writable ;
dram0_0 : C : 0x40000400 - 0x40007fff : STACK : .dram0.rodata .clib.percpu.data .rtos.percpu.data .dram0.data .clib.percpu.bss .rtos.percpu.bss .dram0.bss;
END dram0
…………………
BEGIN sysViewDataRam0
0xA0100000: system : sysViewDataRam0 : 0x8000 : writable, uncached, shared_inner;
lockRam_0 : C : 0xA0100000 - 0xA01003ff : .xtos.lock;
END sysViewDataRam0
…………..

Figure 4

Please visit the Cadence support site for more information on emulating Xtensa cores on FPGAs.




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what is "cell with Zero maximum clock transition time" ?

anyone know what is "cell with Zero maximum clock transition time"  ?

not zero transition, not maximum transtion, it is zero maximum clock transition time.

it means X0 cell? (drive-strength)

can you explain? 

thanks :-)




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Stream in gds to virtuoso from directory other than where cds.lib exists

I am scripting gds streamin using 'strmin', which works fine so far.

But, as it apparently doesn't have an option to specify where the cds.lib file is, I have to run it from the directory where the cds.lib file is, or I guess I could create a dummy one to source that one.

Is there a way to tell strmin where the cds.lib file is?




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ask some functions that we don't know if it exists

We have a big circuit having 12K gates totally and trying to show it in one page slide visually. But it is so hard for us to shrink it down from gate-level to module-level. Do you have any function like these:

  • Toggle wires on and off
  • “Right click” elements and group them into black boxes
  • Quickly left or right align elements to clean up pictures




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Coalesce Xcelium Apps to Maximize Performance by 10X and Catch More Bugs

Xcelium Simulator has been in the industry for years and is the leading high-performance simulation platform. As designs are getting more and more complex and verification is taking longer than ever, the need of the hour is plug-and-play apps that ar...(read more)




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How to reuse device files for existing components

Have you ever encountered ERROR(SPMHNI-67) while importing logic? If yes, you might already know that you had to export libraries of the design and make sure that paths (devpath, padpath, and psmpath) include the location of exported files.  

Starting in SPB23.1, if you go to File > Import > Logic/Netlist and click on the Other tab, you will see an option, Reuse device files for existing components. 

After selecting this option, ERROR(SPMHNI-67) will no longer be there in the log file, because the tool will automatically extract device files and seamlessly use them for newly imported data. In other words, SPB_23.1 lets you reuse the device / component definitions already in the design without first having to dump libraries manually. An excellent improvement, don’t you think?  




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Maximizing Display Performance with Display Stream Compression (DSC)

Display Stream Compression (DSC) is a lossless or near-lossless image compression standard developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) for reducing the bandwidth required to transmit high-resolution video and images. DSC compresses video streams in real-time, allowing for higher resolutions, refresh rates, and color depths while minimizing the data load on transmission interfaces such as DisplayPort, HDMI, and embedded display interfaces.

Why Is DSC Needed?

In the ever-evolving landscape of display technology, the pursuit of higher resolutions and better visual quality is relentless. As display capabilities advance, so do the challenges of managing the immense amounts of data required to drive these high-performance screens. This is where DSC steps in. DSC is designed to address the challenges of transmitting ultra-high-definition content without sacrificing quality or performance. As displays grow in resolution and capability, the amount of data they need to transmit increases exponentially. DSC addresses these issues by compressing video streams in real-time, significantly reducing the bandwidth needed while preserving image quality.
 

DSC Use in End-to-end System

DSC Key Features

  • Encoding tools:
    • Modified Median-Adaptive Prediction (MMAP)
    • Block Prediction (BP)
    • Midpoint Prediction (MPP)
    • Indexed color history (ICH)
    • Entropy coding using delta size unit-variable length coding (DSU-VLC)
  • The DSC bitstream and decoding process are designed to facilitate the decoding of 3 pixels/clock in practical hardware decoder implementations. Hardware encoder implementations are possible at 1 pixel/clock.
  • DSC uses an intra-frame, line-based coding algorithm, which results in very low latency for encoding and decoding.

DSC encoding algorithm
 

  • Compression can be done to a fractional bpp. The compressed bits per pixel ranges from 6 to 63.9375.
  • For validation/compliance certification of DSC compression and decompression engines, cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) are used to verify the correctness of the bitstream and the reconstructed image.
  • DSC supports more color bit depths, including 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 bpc.
  • DSC supports RGB and YCbCr input format, supporting 4:4:4, 4:2:2, and 4:2:0 sampling.
  • Maximum decompressor-supported bits/pixel values are as listed in the Maximum Allowed Bit Rate column in the table below

  • DP DSC Source device shall program the bit rate within the range of Minimum Allowed Bit Rate column in the table:

          


Summary

Display Stream Compression (DSC) is a technology used in DisplayPort to enable higher resolutions and refresh rates while maintaining high image quality. It works by compressing the video data transmitted from the source to the display, effectively reducing the bandwidth required. DSC uses a visually lossless algorithm, meaning that the compression is designed to be imperceptible to the human eye, preserving the fidelity of the image. This technology allows for smoother, more detailed visuals at higher resolutions, such as 4K or 8K, without requiring a significant increase in data bandwidth.

More Information

  • Cadence has a very mature Verification IP solution. Verification over many different configurations can be used with DisplayPort 2.1 and DisplayPort 1.4 designs, so you can choose the best version for your specific needs.
  • The DisplayPort VIP provides a full-stack solution for Sink and Source devices with a comprehensive coverage model, protocol checkers, and an extensive test suite.
  • More details are available on the DisplayPort Verification IP product page, Simulation VIP pages.
  • If you have any queries, feel free to contact us at talk_to_vip_expert@cadence.com




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Solutions to Maximize Data Center Performance Featured at OCP Global Summit 2024

The demand for higher compute performance, energy efficiency, and faster time-to-market drove the conversations at this year's Open Compute Project (OCP) Global Summit in San Jose, California. It was the scene of showcasing groundbreaking innovations, expert-led sessions, and networking opportunities to drive the future of data center technology. For those who didn't get to attend or stop by our booth, here's a recap of Cadence's comprehensive solutions that enable next-generation compute technology, AI data center design, analysis, and optimization. Optimized Data Center Design and Operations As the data center community increasingly faces demands for enhanced efficiency, thermal management, sustainability, and performance optimization, data center operators, IT managers, and executives are looking for solutions to these challenges. At the Cadence booth, attendees explored the Cadence Reality Digital Twin Platform and Celsius EC Solver. These technologies are pivotal in achieving high-performance standards for AI data centers, providing advanced digital twin modeling capabilities that redefine next-generation data center design and operation. The Celsius EC Solver demonstration showed how it solves challenging thermal and electronics cooling management problems with precision and speed. CadenceCONNECT: Take the Heat Out of Your AI Data Center Cadence hosted a networking reception on October 16 titled "Take the Heat Out of Your AI Data Center." In today's AI era, managing the heat generated by high-density computing environments is more critical than ever. This reception offered insights into current and emerging data center technologies, digital twin cooling strategies that deliver energy-saving operations, and a chance to engage with industry leaders, Cadence experts, and peers to explore the latest cooling, AI, and GPU acceleration advancements. Here's a recap: Researcher, author, and entrepreneur Dr. Jon Koomey highlighted the inefficiency of data centers in his talk "The Rise of Zombie Data Centers," noting that 20-30% of their capacity is stranded and unused. He advocated for organizational changes and technological solutions like digital twins to reduce wasted energy and improve computational effectiveness as AI deployments increase. In "A New Millennium in Multiphysics System Analysis," Cadence Corporate VP Ben Gu explained the company's significant strides in multiphysics system analysis, evolving from chip simulation to a broader application of computational software for simulating various physical systems, including entire data centers. He noted that the latest Cadence venture, a digital twin platform for data center optimization, opened the opportunity to use simulation technology to optimize the efficiency of data centers. Senior Software Engineering Group Director Albert Zeng highlighted the Cadence Reality DC suite's ability to transform data center operations through simulation, emphasizing its multi-phase engine for optimal thermal performance and the integration of AI capabilities for enhanced design and management. A panel discussion titled "Turning AI Factory Blueprints into Reality at the Speed of Light" featured industry experts from NVIDIA, Norman Wright Precision Environmental and Power, NV5, Switch Data Centers, and Cadence, who explored the evolving requirements and multidimensional challenges of AI factories, emphasizing the need for collaboration across the supply chain to achieve high-performing and sustainable data centers. Watch the highlights. Transforming Designs from Chips to Data Centers The OCP Global Summit 2024 has reaffirmed its status as a pivotal event for data center professionals seeking to stay at the forefront of technological advancements. Cadence's contributions, from groundbreaking digital twin technologies to innovative cooling strategies, have shed light on the path forward for efficient, sustainable data centers. For data center professionals, IT managers, and engineers, the insights gained at this summit are invaluable in navigating the challenges and opportunities presented by the burgeoning AI era. Partnering with Arm Arm Total Design Cadence is a member of the Arm Total Design program. At an invitation-only special Arm event, Cadence's VP of Research and Development, Lokesh Korlipara, delivered a presentation focusing on data center challenges and design solutions with Arm Neoverse Compute Subsystem (CSS). The session highlighted: Efficient integration of Arm Neoverse CSS into system on chips (SoCs) with pre-integrated connectivity IP Performance analysis and verification of the Neoverse CSS integration into the SoC through Cadence's System VIP verification suite and automated testbench creation, enhancing both quality and productivity Jumpstarting designs through Cadence's collaboration with Arm for 3D-IC system planning, chiplets, and interposers Design Services readiness and global scale to support and/or deliver the most demanding Arm Neoverse CSS-based SoC design projects Cadence Supports Arm CSS in Arm Booth During the event, Cadence conducted a demo in the Arm booth that showcased the Cadence System VIP verification suite. The demo highlighted automated testbench creation and performance analysis for integrating the Arm CSS into SoCs while enhancing verification quality and productivity. Summary Cadence offers data center solutions for designing everything from the compute and networking chips to the board, racks, data centers, and campuses. Stay connected with Cadence and other industry leaders to continue exploring the innovations set to redefine the future of data centers. Learn More Cadence Joins Arm Total Design Cadence Arm-Based Solutions Cadence Reality Digital Twin Platform




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Display Resource Editor: Different Colors for Schematic and Layout Axis

Hi

In the environment I'm currently working, axes are shown for schematic, symbol, and layout views.For schematics and symbols, I'd prefer a dim gray, such that the axes are just visible but not dominant. For the layout, I'd prefer a brighter color. Is there a way to realize this? So far when I change the color of the 'axis' layer in the display resource editor, the axes in all three views get changed together:

Thanks very much for your input!




xi

How to get maximum value of s11 Trace

Hello

i did a sp-Analysis and now i want to extract the maximum value of the s11 trace and the corresponding frequency.

I already tried ymax() in the calculator but i am suspecting it only works on transient Signals.




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UVM Adapter for Pipelined protocols like AHB, AXI etc

Hello,

I have been running this `uvm_reg_hw_reset_seq` sequence for the AHB protocol. My UVM Adapter looks like:


Issue: When I use basic reg.write, my write access are working well, as that is managed by the driver i.e. once adapter gives the packet to the driver, the driver supplies the address and the control signals to the DUT on the first clock cycle and then the write data on the next clock cycle. But when I am performing the read operation, somehow the UVM adapter is reading the data at the same clock cycle where read address + Controls are supplied and this is triggering read failure messages from the `uvm_reg_hw_reset_seq` sequence. What should I modify in the driver/sequencer/adapter so that the UVM adapter can read the data on the next cycle instead of the same clock cycle.

Just FYI: The waveforms of the read operation are correct, it is just the Adapter and the `uvm_reg_hw_reset_seq`. The AHB Driver + AHB Monitor is fully proven and verified to be working correctly.




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Virtuoso Meets Maxwell: Getting Your Existing SiP File Into Virtuoso RF Solution

I have been involved in the Virtuoso RF Solution for the last four years. Most of the customers I work with have a SiP package already in progress. They often ask "How do I get my SiP design into Virtuoso RF Solution?" I am excited about new functionality in the latest ICADVM20.1 ISR25 release. It is a new GUI under the Tools menu called Enablement. (read more)




xi

Allegro PCB Router quit unexpectedly with an exit code of -1073741701. Also, nothing is logged in log file.

Has anyone experienced the same situation?




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Brexit uncertainty drives auto industry towards Germany

Tesla's decision part of broader trend of investment into Germany at UK's expense.




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Nokia Bell Labs looks to make maximum impact from minimum sites

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Mexico teams up with Singapore to launch Tehuantepec trade corridor

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Why mixing wine with tourism could pay off for Moldova

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Manufacturing FDI in Mexico stumbles again in 2018

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Insight – Mexican Government suspends tariffs on agricultural and fishery products

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Auxin Solar alleges unfair trade practices from Chinese suppliers, asks Commerce to intervene

Auxin Solar named more than a dozen companies in its petition to Commerce Department officials.




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Site of the Korean government in exile a symbol of long friendship

An obscure three-story shikumen (stone-gate) building, tucked away in Shanghai’s busy Xintiandi commercial hub, has become a site of pilgrimage for tens of thousands of South Koreans every year.




xi

Xi to attend opening ceremony

CHINESE President Xi Jinping will attend the opening ceremony of the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou and hold a welcoming banquet and bilateral events for foreign leaders attending the opening ceremony,




xi

Calling Beijing Out on Xinjiang Abuses

Calling Beijing Out on Xinjiang Abuses Calling Beijing Out on Xinjiang Abuses
ferrard Thu, 01/27/2022 - 15:11

East-West Wire

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East-West Wire

The East-West Wire is a news, commentary, and analysis service provided by the East-West Center in Honolulu. Any part or all of the Wire content may be used by media with attribution to the East-West Center or the person quoted. To receive East-West Center Wire media releases via email, subscribe here.

For links to all East-West Center media programs, fellowships and services, see www.eastwestcenter.org/journalists.

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East-West Wire

Tagline
News, Commentary, and Analysis
East-West Wire

The East-West Wire is a news, commentary, and analysis service provided by the East-West Center in Honolulu. Any part or all of the Wire content may be used by media with attribution to the East-West Center or the person quoted. To receive East-West Center Wire media releases via email, subscribe here.

For links to all East-West Center media programs, fellowships and services, see www.eastwestcenter.org/journalists.

Explore




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Cops arrest three linked to taxi violence murders in EC




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Soldier with Yemen's exiled government opens fire, killing 2 Saudi troops

DUBAI, United Arab Emirates — A soldier for Yemen's exiled government opened fire on Saudi troops as they exercised in eastern Yemen, killing two of them and wounding another in a rare insider attack during the kingdom's nearly decadelong war there, officials said Saturday. The assault in eastern Hadramawt province comes as a yearslong cease-fire between Saudi Arabia and Yemen's Houthi rebels largely has held despite the militants' ongoing attacks against shipping in the Red Sea corridor. While the Houthis did not claim the attack, at least one Houthi official praised it as being "the beginning and an indication of a harsh future awaiting the invaders." Meanwhile, U.S. warplanes carried out new strikes targeting Houthi positions that lasted into early Sunday morning, the American military said. The strikes come after the militants likely shot down yet-another American reconnaissance drone over the country. The attack on the Saudi troops took place Friday night in Seiyun, a city some 500 kilometers east of Sanaa. As troops worked out at a Saudi-led base there, the soldier opened fire, killing an officer and a noncommissioned officer, the state-run Saudi Press Agency said, citing a military statement. "The Joint Forces Command underscores that this 'Lone Wolf' cowardly attack does not represent the honorable members of the Yemeni Ministry of Defense," the statement added. The dead and the other wounded Saudi solider have been brought back to the kingdom, it added. Aidarous al-Zubaidi, the leader of Yemen's successionist Southern Transitional Council, identified the soldier who carried out the attack as belonging to the First Military Region, which is based out of Seiyun. Police in the area published pictures of the soldier, saying there was a 30-million-Yemeni-rial reward for information leading to the soldier's arrest. That's worth around $15,000 on the black market. Authorities offered no motive for the attack. Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula, the militant group's Yemen branch, long has operated around Hadramawt. However, the group did not immediately claim the attack. A recent United Nations expert report has said that the al-Qaida group and the Houthis have begun to "coordinate operations directly with each other." The Houthis meanwhile did not claim the attack either. However, Houthi official Hamid Rizq praised the attack in a message on the social platform X, claiming it came from "the feeling of oppression" over Saudi troops being stationed in the area. "The heroic operation is the beginning and an indication of a harsh future awaiting the invaders," Rizq wrote. Yemen has been mired in a decadelong war since the Houthis swept into Sanaa from their northern strongholds in September 2014. A Saudi-led coalition entered the war on behalf of Yemen's exiled government in 2015. The war further internationalized, with Iran backing the Houthis with weapons and support that cemented the conflict into a yearslong stalemate. The war has killed more than 150,000 people, including fighters and civilians, and created one of the world's worst humanitarian disasters, killing tens of thousands more. A cease-fire that expired in October 2022 largely has held in the time since, however, even as the Houthis have seized on the Israel-Hamas war in the Gaza Strip and Israel's invasion of Lebanon. On Saturday night, Houthi-run media reported U.S. airstrikes targeting areas around Sanaa. The airstrikes continued into Sunday morning and also included sites in Amran province just outside of the capital, the Houthis said. The rebels offered no immediate damage assessment from the strikes. The U.S. military later told The Associated Press on Sunday it conducted airstrikes "on numerous Iran-backed Houthi weapons storage facilities within Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen." It described the sites as housing advanced conventional weapons used to target military and civilian ships in the Red Sea corridor but offered no other immediate details. The U.S. military has targeted radar stations, military bases and drone and missile launch sites since beginning its ongoing airstrike campaign against the Houthis in January. 




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‘The need for a strong and decisive response has never been greater’: Tourism operators on taxi patroller extortion