Medici, an Italian family of merchants and bankers who ruled the republic of Florence through economic power and personal influence. By their patronage of the arts they made Florence the center of the Italian Renaissance. The Medici were created dukes of Florence by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1531, and grand dukes of Tuscany by Emperor Maximilian II in 1575. The last Medici grand duke was deposed by the Austrians in 1737. Important members of the Medici family included the following. Giovanni De' Medici: (1360-1429) established the family fortune and made himself ruler of Florence's merchant oligarchy. Cosimo De' Medici: (1389-1464), his son, used his banking business to gain political power and led Florence in a long period of prosperity and artistic achievement. Lorenzo the Magnificent: (1449-1492), grandson of Cosimo, gained fame as a statesman and patron of arts and letters. He was recognized as a poet himself and was largely responsible for the Tuscan dialect becoming the national speech of Italy. Cosimo (I) the Great: (1519-1574) succeeded to the dukedom in 1537 and ruled as a despot. He restored the duchy of Tuscany by conquering the other republics that had been part of it.

Between the Fall of Rome and the dawn of the Renaissance, Europe plunged into a dark night of constant war, splintered sovereignties, marauding pagans, rabid crusaders and devastating plague. That anything of value arose from this chaotic muck - much less the Renaissance - is nothing short of miraculous. Through masterful cinematography and ground-breaking research, THE DARK AGES brings to life this amazing and mysterious time. Relive in striking detail critical turning points in the Early Middle Ages including the fall of Rome to the Visigoths, the horrors of Bubonic Plague, the rise of Charlemagne and the launching of the First Crusade.

Religious policy: Constantine is perhaps best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor; his reign was certainly a turning point for the Church. In February 313, Constantine met with Licinius in Milan where they developed the Edict of Milan. The edict stated that Christians should be allowed to follow the faith of their choosing. This removed penalties for professing Christianity (under which many had been martyred in previous persecutions of Christians) and returned confiscated Church property. The edict protected from religious persecution not only Christians but all religions, allowing anyone to worship whichever deity they chose. A similar edict had been issued in 311 by Galerius, then senior emperor of the Tetrarchy; Galerius' edict granted Christians the right to practice their religion but did not restore any property to them. The Edict of Milan included several clauses which stated that all confiscated churches would be returned as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians. ... Constantine did not patronize Christianity alone, however. After gaining victory in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312), a triumphal arch-the Arch of Constantine-was built (315) to celebrate it; the arch is decorated with images of Victoria and sacrifices to gods like Apollo, Diana, and Hercules, but contains no Christian symbolism. In 321, Constantine instructed that Christians and non-Christians should be united in observing the venerable day of the sun, referencing the esoteric eastern sun-worship which Aurelian had helped introduce, and his coinage still carried the symbols of the sun cult until 324. Even after the pagan gods had disappeared from the coinage, Christian symbols appeared only as Constantine's personal attributes: the chi rho between his hands or on his labarum, but never on the coin itself. Even when Constantine dedicated the new capital of Constantinople, which became the seat of Byzantine Christianity for a millennium, he did so wearing the Apollonian sun-rayed Diadem. -- The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the position of the emperor as having some influence within the religious discussions going on within the Catholic Church of that time, e.g., the dispute over Arianism. Constantine himself disliked the risks to societal stability that religious disputes and controversies brought with them, preferring where possible to establish an orthodoxy. The emperor saw it as his duty to ensure that God was properly worshiped in his empire, and that what proper worship consisted would be determined by the Church. In 316, Constantine acted as a judge in a North African dispute concerning the validity of Donatism. After deciding against the Donatists, Constantine led an army of Christians against the Donatist Christians. More significantly, in 325 he summoned the Council of Nicaea, effectively the first Ecumenical Council (unless the Council of Jerusalem is so classified). Nicaea was dealt mostly with Arianism. Constantine also enforced the prohibition of the First Council of Nicaea against celebrating the Lord's Supper on the day before the Jewish Passover (14th of Nisan) (see Quartodecimanism and Easter controversy). Constantine made new laws regarding the Jews. They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves.

At the time, most followers of Jesus (which historians refer to as Jewish Christians) were Jewish by birth and even converts would have considered the early Christians as a part of Judaism. According to Alister McGrath, the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of then contemporary (Second Temple) Judaism with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were circumcised, they could not be God's People. Genesis 17:14 said "No uncircumcised man will be one of my people." The meeting was called because, according to the NRSV translation of Acts 15:1-2, "Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved." However, this command is given considerably before Moses' time, stemming from the time of Abraham (see also Abrahamic covenant), but it is cited as 'the custom of Moses' because Moses is the traditional giver of the Law as a whole. And then the circumcision mandate was made more official and binding in the Mosaic Law Covenant. Jesus himself also says in John 7:22 that Moses gave the people circumcision. It was hard for Gentile Christians to keep up with all the laws listed in the Jewish Scriptures, which many Christians came to generally call the "Old Testament", a term linked with Supersessionism.

The Council of Jerusalem: We may prove this quite readily by turning to Acts 15:6-31, where we read of the first General Church Council. A serious question of doctrine arose, and "the apostles and the presbyters came together to consider this matter" (Acts 15:6). After hearing the arguments and testimony of Peter, Paul and Barnabas, the leader of the Council, James [half brother of Jesus, writer of the book of James], then passed a decree with the words, "Therefore I judge" (Acts 15:19, 'dio ego krino'). This passage describes no truly democratic process, but rather it describes submission to the judgment of a central ecclesiastical authority [an authority completely submitted to Jesus Christ]. -- After receiving the judgment of James, "it pleased the apostles and presbyters together with the whole Church" (Acts 15:22: 'apostolois kai tois presbyterois syn hole ekklesia') to dispatch delegates with a letter promulgating the decree of the Council. The council then drafted a letter in the name of "the apostles and the brother-presbyters" (Acts 15:23: 'hoi apostoloi kai hoi presbyteroi adelphoi'). This phrasing, and especially the apposition of 'presbyteroi' and 'adelphoi', is quite precise in establishing the authority of the decision of the Council in the office of the ministers who serve and lead the Church, as opposed to a democratic process. -- Does the phrase "whole Church" here refer to the universal Church, or merely to the entirety of the congregation at Jerusalem. Recalling that the leadership of the Council was comprised of the apostles who were planting local churches in the Hellenistic world, delegates of the Hellenistic churches, and the presbyters of the church at Jerusalem, we can only rightly conclude that they spoke in the name of the universal Church. Indeed, the letter explicitly states that the authors speak in the authority of the Holy Spirit (Acts 15:28); since Paul tells us that it is by one Spirit that we were baptized into one body (1 Cor. 12:13) which is Christ (1 Cor. 12:27) and over which Christ is the head (1 Eph. 1:22-23), when Luke writes in Acts 15:22 of the leadership of the whole Church assenting to the decree of James which is binding on all Gentile Christians, he is necessarily speaking of the Church in its universal or catholic sense. -- The Council then sent the letter to the local churches in Antioch, Syria and Cilicia. This letter remarks that the false doctrine which the council repudiated was in fact discernibly false because "we gave no such commandments" (Acts 15:24). Hence, the Bible tells us that right doctrine is subject to the discernment of the leadership of the whole Church. The decree of the Council of Jerusalem went on, then, to establish a binding obligation upon all Christians in the local churches of Antioch, Syria and Cilicia: "that you abstain from things offered to idols, from blood, from things strangled, and from sexual immorality" (Acts 15:29). Did the local churches bristle at this imposition of doctrine and practice from the ecclesiastical leadership of the whole Church? Not at all, but rather they "rejoiced over its encouragement" (Acts 15:31). Clearly, the Bible itself sets a precedent for the government of the universal Church by means of General Councils.

General VoNguyen Giap.
General Giap was a brilliant, highly respected leader
of the North Vietnam military. The following quote
is from his memoirs currently found in the
Vietnam war memorial in Hanoi :
'What we still don't understand is why you Americans
stopped the bombing of Hanoi . You had us on the
ropes. If you had pressed us a little harder,
just for another day or two, we were ready
to surrender! It was the same at the
battle of TET. You defeated us!
We knew it, and we thought
you knew it.
But we were elated to notice your media was
helping us. They were causing more disruption in
America than we could in the battlefields. We
were ready to surrender. You had won!'
General Giap has published his memoirs and confirmed
what most Americans knew. The Vietnam war was not
lost in Vietnam -- it was lost at home. The
same slippery slope, sponsored by the US media,
is currently underway. It exposes the
enormous power of a Biased Media to
cut out the heart and will of
the American public.
A truism worthy of note: ... Do not fear the enemy,
for they can take only your life.
Fear the media,
for they will destroy your honor.

The world's leading global health conference begins on October 13.

Gnxcor Inc., notably behind the acclaimed facility management software Maintenance Care, has announced the hiring of Dino Roberge as General Manager.

To clarify GfBk's position on the agenda items for the Annual General Meeting on June 4, 2024, we would like to make the following fundamental clarification: We support numerous agenda items set by the Executive Board. When we express a contrary opinion, it is from the perspective of a shareholder focusing on the overall well-being of the company and all other shareholders.

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I had a Ubuntu 18.10 install setup perfectly on a disk shared with a Windows 10 install. I originally setup Windows 10 and then reduced the size of the Windows 10 partition to make room for a Ubuntu 18.10 install. After the install of Windows 10 and the Ubuntu 18.10 install I had these partitions: […]

The post Moving the Root Partition to a New Disk in Ubuntu 18.10 (General GRUB Chicanery) first appeared on robotthoughts.

A law of physics that explains why larger animals live longer and travel further can be extended to the simplest forms of mass migration on the planet - like rolling stones and turbulent eddies in water and air currents...

TIP! Should you count yourself among the millions of anxiety sufferers, a doctor should be visited. With new medications and treatment advances, you can take advantage of many new ways to treat anxiety. Do you find yourself holding back in life because of your stress level is exhausting you? You have to find an effective […]

The post How To Stop Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder appeared first on Complements For Health.

General Motors has apparently figured out how to build the right car for the right market - in this case, $5,000 minivans that get 43 miles to the gallon in city driving. The minivans, which GM builds in a...

These speeches aim to portray Muslims as a threat to other religious communities. The narratives hence paint Muslims as a community intent on depriving others of national resources, fostering discord and enmity among religious groups.

He was a renowned commander in the Imperial army, and dwelt in Heraclea of Pontus. The Emperor Licinius heard of Theodore's fame as an officer, and also that he was a devout Christian; the Emperor determined to visit the general, officially to honor him, but secretly to turn him from Christ.   When the Emperor came to Heraclea, Saint Theodore met him with all honor, and the Emperor in turn praised him for his service to the state. Licinius then publicly bade Theodore make sacrifice to the gods. Theodore asked that he be given the most venerable gods, made of gold and silver, to attend upon at home, and promised that the following day he would return and honor them before the people. The Emperor, thinking that he had succeeded in restoring Theodore to paganism, gladly agreed.   That night the Saint smashed all the idols he had taken home, and distributed the gold and silver pieces to the poor. When this was discovered, Theodore gladly admitted his deed and confessed Christ boldly. The Emperor, in a fury, had the Saint subjected to many tortures, then crucified. On the cross, he was subject to further torments and mutilations: parts of his body were cut off, his eyes put out, and he was shot with arrows, finally being left on the cross for dead. The next day Licinius sent men to cast his body into the sea, but to their amazement they found the Saint alive, his body perfectly intact. Through this, many spectators and some of the Emperor's own men turned to Christ. Seeing that the Saint, far from renouncing Christ, was leading others to Him, the Emperor promptly had him beheaded. His holy relics were returned to his family home in Euchaita, where they worked so many miracles that the town came to be known as Theodoropolis.

He came from a noble Gothic family. Like St George, he was an officer in the imperial army. He lived a life of great purity, fasted greatly, and often visited imprisoned Christians. Because of this his Christian faith became known, and when he was summoned before the Emperor, he boldly confessed his faith. He was tortured in many ways, but emerged unharmed. Seeing this miracle, seventy of his fellow-soldiers confessed Christ and were beheaded at the Emperor's command. Sabbas himself was condemned to death by drowning, and gave his soul to God in 272.

He came from a noble Gothic family. Like St George, he was an officer in the imperial army. He lived a life of great purity, fasted greatly, and often visited imprisoned Christians. Because of this his Christian faith became known, and when he was summoned before the Emperor, he boldly confessed his faith. He was tortured in many ways, but emerged unharmed. Seeing this miracle, seventy of his fellow-soldiers confessed Christ and were beheaded at the Emperor's command. Sabbas himself was condemned to death by drowning, and gave his soul to God in 272.

He was a renowned commander in the Imperial army, and dwelt in Heraclea of Pontus. The Emperor Licinius heard of Theodore's fame as an officer, and also that he was a devout Christian; the Emperor determined to visit the general, officially to honor him, but secretly to turn him from Christ.   When the Emperor came to Heraclea, Saint Theodore met him with all honor, and the Emperor in turn praised him for his service to the state. Licinius then publicly bade Theodore make sacrifice to the gods. Theodore asked that he be given the most venerable gods, made of gold and silver, to attend upon at home, and promised that the following day he would return and honor them before the people. The Emperor, thinking that he had succeeded in restoring Theodore to paganism, gladly agreed.   That night the Saint smashed all the idols he had taken home, and distributed the gold and silver pieces to the poor. When this was discovered, Theodore gladly admitted his deed and confessed Christ boldly. The Emperor, in a fury, had the Saint subjected to many tortures, then crucified. On the cross, he was subject to further torments and mutilations: parts of his body were cut off, his eyes put out, and he was shot with arrows, finally being left on the cross for dead. The next day Licinius sent men to cast his body into the sea, but to their amazement they found the Saint alive, his body perfectly intact. Through this, many spectators and some of the Emperor's own men turned to Christ. Seeing that the Saint, far from renouncing Christ, was leading others to Him, the Emperor promptly had him beheaded. His holy relics were returned to his family home in Euchaita, where they worked so many miracles that the town came to be known as Theodoropolis.

He came from a noble Gothic family. Like St George, he was an officer in the imperial army. He lived a life of great purity, fasted greatly, and often visited imprisoned Christians. Because of this his Christian faith became known, and when he was summoned before the Emperor, he boldly confessed his faith. He was tortured in many ways, but emerged unharmed. Seeing this miracle, seventy of his fellow-soldiers confessed Christ and were beheaded at the Emperor's command. Sabbas himself was condemned to death by drowning, and gave his soul to God in 272.

He was a renowned commander in the Imperial army, and dwelt in Heraclea of Pontus. The Emperor Licinius heard of Theodore's fame as an officer, and also that he was a devout Christian; the Emperor determined to visit the general, officially to honor him, but secretly to turn him from Christ.   When the Emperor came to Heraclea, Saint Theodore met him with all honor, and the Emperor in turn praised him for his service to the state. Licinius then publicly bade Theodore make sacrifice to the gods. Theodore asked that he be given the most venerable gods, made of gold and silver, to attend upon at home, and promised that the following day he would return and honor them before the people. The Emperor, thinking that he had succeeded in restoring Theodore to paganism, gladly agreed.   That night the Saint smashed all the idols he had taken home, and distributed the gold and silver pieces to the poor. When this was discovered, Theodore gladly admitted his deed and confessed Christ boldly. The Emperor, in a fury, had the Saint subjected to many tortures, then crucified. On the cross, he was subject to further torments and mutilations: parts of his body were cut off, his eyes put out, and he was shot with arrows, finally being left on the cross for dead. The next day Licinius sent men to cast his body into the sea, but to their amazement they found the Saint alive, his body perfectly intact. Through this, many spectators and some of the Emperor's own men turned to Christ. Seeing that the Saint, far from renouncing Christ, was leading others to Him, the Emperor promptly had him beheaded. His holy relics were returned to his family home in Euchaita, where they worked so many miracles that the town came to be known as Theodoropolis.

He came from a noble Gothic family. Like St George, he was an officer in the imperial army. He lived a life of great purity, fasted greatly, and often visited imprisoned Christians. Because of this his Christian faith became known, and when he was summoned before the Emperor, he boldly confessed his faith. He was tortured in many ways, but emerged unharmed. Seeing this miracle, seventy of his fellow-soldiers confessed Christ and were beheaded at the Emperor's command. Sabbas himself was condemned to death by drowning, and gave his soul to God in 272.

He was a renowned commander in the Imperial army, and dwelt in Heraclea of Pontus. The Emperor Licinius heard of Theodore's fame as an officer, and also that he was a devout Christian; the Emperor determined to visit the general, officially to honor him, but secretly to turn him from Christ.   When the Emperor came to Heraclea, Saint Theodore met him with all honor, and the Emperor in turn praised him for his service to the state. Licinius then publicly bade Theodore make sacrifice to the gods. Theodore asked that he be given the most venerable gods, made of gold and silver, to attend upon at home, and promised that the following day he would return and honor them before the people. The Emperor, thinking that he had succeeded in restoring Theodore to paganism, gladly agreed.   That night the Saint smashed all the idols he had taken home, and distributed the gold and silver pieces to the poor. When this was discovered, Theodore gladly admitted his deed and confessed Christ boldly. The Emperor, in a fury, had the Saint subjected to many tortures, then crucified. On the cross, he was subject to further torments and mutilations: parts of his body were cut off, his eyes put out, and he was shot with arrows, finally being left on the cross for dead. The next day Licinius sent men to cast his body into the sea, but to their amazement they found the Saint alive, his body perfectly intact. Through this, many spectators and some of the Emperor's own men turned to Christ. Seeing that the Saint, far from renouncing Christ, was leading others to Him, the Emperor promptly had him beheaded. His holy relics were returned to his family home in Euchaita, where they worked so many miracles that the town came to be known as Theodoropolis.

He came from a noble Gothic family. Like St George, he was an officer in the imperial army. He lived a life of great purity, fasted greatly, and often visited imprisoned Christians. Because of this his Christian faith became known, and when he was summoned before the Emperor, he boldly confessed his faith. He was tortured in many ways, but emerged unharmed. Seeing this miracle, seventy of his fellow-soldiers confessed Christ and were beheaded at the Emperor's command. Sabbas himself was condemned to death by drowning, and gave his soul to God in 272.

He was a renowned commander in the Imperial army, and dwelt in Heraclea of Pontus. The Emperor Licinius heard of Theodore's fame as an officer, and also that he was a devout Christian; the Emperor determined to visit the general, officially to honor him, but secretly to turn him from Christ.   When the Emperor came to Heraclea, Saint Theodore met him with all honor, and the Emperor in turn praised him for his service to the state. Licinius then publicly bade Theodore make sacrifice to the gods. Theodore asked that he be given the most venerable gods, made of gold and silver, to attend upon at home, and promised that the following day he would return and honor them before the people. The Emperor, thinking that he had succeeded in restoring Theodore to paganism, gladly agreed.   That night the Saint smashed all the idols he had taken home, and distributed the gold and silver pieces to the poor. When this was discovered, Theodore gladly admitted his deed and confessed Christ boldly. The Emperor, in a fury, had the Saint subjected to many tortures, then crucified. On the cross, he was subject to further torments and mutilations: parts of his body were cut off, his eyes put out, and he was shot with arrows, finally being left on the cross for dead. The next day Licinius sent men to cast his body into the sea, but to their amazement they found the Saint alive, his body perfectly intact. Through this, many spectators and some of the Emperor's own men turned to Christ. Seeing that the Saint, far from renouncing Christ, was leading others to Him, the Emperor promptly had him beheaded. His holy relics were returned to his family home in Euchaita, where they worked so many miracles that the town came to be known as Theodoropolis.

He came from a noble Gothic family. Like St George, he was an officer in the imperial army. He lived a life of great purity, fasted greatly, and often visited imprisoned Christians. Because of this his Christian faith became known, and when he was summoned before the Emperor, he boldly confessed his faith. He was tortured in many ways, but emerged unharmed. Seeing this miracle, seventy of his fellow-soldiers confessed Christ and were beheaded at the Emperor's command. Sabbas himself was condemned to death by drowning, and gave his soul to God in 272.

Four-time Emmy award-winner Jonathan Jackson, star of General Hospital and Tuck Everlasting, talks with Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick about his journey into Orthodox Christianity, his family, how he lives his faith as a Hollywood actor, music and writing, on this special episode of Roads From Emmaus.

Fr. Stephen De Young gives an overview of the General Epistles of the New Testament.

Voters in the Republic of Ireland will go to the polls in just three weeks time on Friday 29 November.

With the Irish general election coming up, BBC News NI explains how votes will be made and counted.

A general election in the Republic of Ireland has officially been called for Friday 29 November.

If you read my articles regularly, you are already know that I dislike Across. Across is difficult to use, does not offer feature that are readily available in other CAT tools, and rather slows me down during my work instead of … Continue reading →

The EU 'General Data Protection Regulation' (GDPR) marked the most important step towards reforming data privacy regulation in recent years, as it has brought about significant changes in data process in various sectors, ranging from healthcare to banking and beyond. Various concerns have been raised, and as a consequence of these, certain parts of the text of the GDPR itself have already started to become questionable due to rapid technological progress, including, for example, the use of information technology, automatisation processes and advanced algorithms in individual decision-making activities. The road to GDPR compliance by all European Union members may prove to be a long one and it is clear that only time will tell how GDPR matters will evolve and unfold. In this paper, we aim to offer a review of the practical, ethical and constitutional aspects of the new regulation and examine all the controversies that the new technology has given rise to in the course of the regulation's application.

Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify how Advanced level Mathematics and Mathematics course units offered at university level do impact on the academic performance of theoretical Computer Science course units. Background: In Sri Lankan state universities, students have been enrolled only from the Physical Science stream to do a degree program in Computer Science. In addition to that, universities have been offering some course units in Mathematics to provide the required mathematical maturity to Computer Science undergraduates. Despite of this it is observed that the failure rates in fundamental theoretical Computer Science course units are much higher than other course units offered in the general degree program every year. Methodology : Academic records comprised of all 459 undergraduates from three consecutive batches admitted to the degree program in Computer Science from a university were considered for this study. Contribution: This study helps academics in identifying suitable curricula for Mathematics course units to improve students’ performance in theoretical Computer Science courses. Findings: Advanced level Mathematics does not have any significant effect on the academic performance of theoretical Computer Science course units. Even though all Mathematics course units offered were significantly correlated with academic performance of every theoretical Computer Science course unit, only the Discrete Mathematics course unit highly impacted on the academic performance of all three theoretical Computer Science course units. Further this study indicates that the academic performance of female undergraduates is better than males in all theoretical Computer Science and Mathematics course units. Future Research: Identifying other critical success factors contributing to the students’ academic performance of the theoretical Computer Science through empirical studies

Aim/Purpose: Absence of new scientific approaches and specialists (generalists), who professionally obtain such approaches, is one of the main reasons for an ineffective solution of complex multifactor problems of the modern society. Background: The article briefly describes the concept of systems transdisciplinary integration of knowledge of different scientific disciplines. Also, it shows an opportunity to use this concept education of generalists in higher education. Methodology: The article highlights the idea of gestalt of knowledge, which is based on systems transdisciplinary model of spatial unit of order. It describes the basis of gestalt-of-the-one and gestalt-of-the-whole. Also, it explains the differences and practical capabilities of holist generalists and unicentrist generalists. Contribution: Loss of identificational attributes can take place during the process of integration of knowledge of different scientific disciplines. The article shows how to avoid this complication within a systems transdisciplinary approach. Findings: Each type of fundamental knowledge has its own carriers, such as scientists and specialists. Therefore, direct interaction of people-carriers of fundamental knowledge has limited potential. Presently, a more practical importance is the interaction between scientists and specialists within the zones of hybridization of fundamental knowledge. Hybridization is the process of systematization of knowledge within specialized systems transdisciplinary models of unit of order. A specialist generalist’s professional work is to organize scientific research, systemise knowledge of different scientific disciplines, make necessary conclusions, and suggest optimal solution for complex multifactor problems. Therefore, generalists should be considered as an important move towards the solution of complex multifactor problems of modern society. Recommendation for Researchers: A new scientific approach is a way of widening scientific worldview. A new approach in inorganic chemistry made it possible to create the Mendeleev periodic table of elements. Owing to this table, researchers were able to learn the characteristics and attributes of chemical elements, which can be found in nature. Also, models of systems transdisciplinary approach allow the discovery of new elements and relations of complex multifactor problems. Its absence would, however, hinder the research and the problem description. Future Research: The article justifies that preparation of generalists in higher education is one of the main peculiarities of universities of the third generation. Therefore, it might be desirable for organizers of higher education and university leaders to begin speculations regarding this quest, develop educational programs for generalists, and search for optimal forms and methods of solution.

Aim/Purpose: This paper aimed to explore the impact of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out among the general population during the pandemic. Background: The paper has attempted to explore compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out among the population at large, especially during the pandemic. This area has not been explored as yet. Methodology: A simple random sample of 98 males and 88 females was collected anonymously through a Google form survey. Part A collected demographic data and Part B comprised of 15 statements with 5 each for compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out, adapted from a Compassion Fatigue/Satisfaction Self-Test. ANOVA single factor was employed for the three variables of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out using a 0.05 significance level. Correlations among the variables were also analyzed. Contribution: The present paper contributes to covering the research gap of investigating the presence of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out among the population at large comprising the age group of 18 to 60+ and from different professions. Findings: The findings revealed significant differences in the levels of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out in the population at large during the pandemic. Future Research: The findings can be further strengthened by extending it to a larger sample size across different nations and, specifically, studying gender differences during such adverse pandemic situations.

Aim/Purpose: The Covid-19 pandemic has created many adverse effects. It overloads the healthcare system, causes deaths, and angers some at anti-covid restrictions. This study examines the feasibility of using technical and technological ideas to overcome these effects. The solution is based on new knowledge about the virus, its nature, formation, and activation in the environment. Background: The rapid spread of a new coronavirus infection is taking place against the background of a lack of time required to create new treatment scenarios for the disease, development, production, and vaccine safety research. In such a situation, it became necessary to gain this time for organizing and conducting events that could reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Methodology: The science that studies the morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology, and evolution of viruses is virology. The modern development of virology is moving towards a more accurate and comprehensive description of the mechanisms of interaction of viruses with the host organism. This contributed to the emergence of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and immunomics. However, in virology, there is no particular discipline that sets itself three fundamental goals: to substantiate a single concept of the emergence of viruses; to study the natural mechanisms of formation of virus molecules in the environment; to describe the natural mechanisms of activation of certain viruses in the environment that cause viral pandemics. As a result, there are many articles among the published scientific articles on viruses dealing with the mechanisms of interaction of viruses with the host organism. However, there are no articles on the natural mechanisms of formation and activation of certain viruses in the environment. In the absence of such specialized articles, we were forced to use the method of systems transdisciplinary generalization of disciplinary knowledge to achieve our article’s purpose. Generalization created new knowledge about the nature of viruses, about the mechanisms of their formation and activation in the environment and cells of biological organisms. It is logical to assume that to synchronize the state of biological objects of all functional ensembles on the planet, it is necessary to create and activate appropriate “technological tools.” We have suggested and proved that RNA viruses play the role of such tools. Piezoelectricity activates viruses. It occurs during the compression and stretching of sedimentary rocks and bases of continental plates in different territories. Contribution: The systems transdisciplinary generalization of the knowledge of scientific disciplines made it possible to edit the concept of viruses, to eliminate stereotypes that arose due to the use of unsuccessful analogies. As a result of this generalization, it was possible to prove that viruses are not intracellular parasites. The virus is a “technological tool” of the planetary organizing component. This “tool” aims to correct the genetic programs of organisms of all functional ensembles (plants, animals, people), which will maintain the state of organisms and the parameters of their metabolism in changing environmental conditions. Findings: The viruses that triggered pandemics in the 20th century and early 21st century are RNA viruses. RNA molecules play the role of “technological tools” that the planetary organizing component uses to carry out short-term and long-term adjustments and constant support of the genetic programs of biological organisms. Therefore, in such a situation, it is advisable to talk not about the fight against the virus but only about eliminating the negative manifestations of the Covid-19 pandemic: reducing the number of people in need of emergency hospitalization, eliminating cases of the acute course of the disease and deaths. It is proposed to use certain technical and technological ideas and solutions to eliminate these negative manifestations. Recommendation for Researchers: This paper recommends that researchers use new interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches. They challenge assumptions and conclusions about the nature of viruses, and the mechanisms of their formation and activation in the environment can initiate. Such new research might describe the mechanisms that form and activate viruses in the environment and the body’s cells. They also might provide practical use of this knowledge to eliminate the multiple speculations and fears that arise against the background of reports of the likely appearance of more deadly viruses and viral infections. Future Research: The results of a systems transdisciplinary generalization of disciplinary knowledge about the nature and purpose of viruses are essential for expanding the horizon of the scientific worldview. Future fundamental research on the mechanisms of objective organizing constituents, a general description given in this article, will contribute to a deeper understanding of chemical and biological evolution mechanisms in which modern humanity is involved. In due time, such an understanding will allow a new look at the existing scenarios of the world socio-economic order, explore and describe new principles of sustainable development of society.

Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen mit Kundeninformationen

 1. Geltungsbereich
 2. Vertragsschluss
 3. Preise und Zahlungsbedingungen
 4. Liefer- und Versandbedingungen
 5. Widerrufsrecht
 6. Eigentumsvorbehalt
 7. Mängelhaftung
 8. Haftung
 9. Freistellung bei Verletzung von Drittrechten
 10. Einlösung von Geschenkgutscheinen
 11. Einlösung von Aktionsgutscheinen
 12. Anwendbares Recht
 13. Gerichtsstand
 14. Informationen zur Online-Streitbeilegung

1. Geltungsbereich

1.1. Diese Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen (nachfolgend "AGB" genannt) der "kunstform GmbH" (nachfolgend "Verkäufer" genannt), gelten für sämtliche Verträge, die ein Verbraucher oder Unternehmer (nachfolgend "Kunde" genannt) mit dem Verkäufer über die vom Verkäufer in seinem Online-Shop angebotenen Waren abschließt. Der Einbeziehung von eigenen Bedingungen des Kunden wird widersprochen, es sei denn, es ist etwas anderes vereinbart.

1.2. Diese AGB gelten entsprechend für den Erwerb von Gutscheinen, wenn und soweit nicht ausdrücklich Abweichendes geregelt ist.

1.3. Verbraucher ist jede natürliche Person, die ein Rechtsgeschäft zu einem Zweck abschließt, der überwiegend weder ihrer gewerblichen noch ihrer selbständigen beruflichen Tätigkeit zugerechnet werden kann.

1.4. Unternehmer ist eine natürliche oder juristische Person oder eine rechtsfähige Personengesellschaft, die bei Abschluss eines Rechtsgeschäfts in Ausübung ihrer gewerblichen oder selbständigen beruflichen Tätigkeit handelt.

2. Vertragsschluss

2.1. Die Präsentation der Waren insbesondere im Onlineshop stellt noch kein bindendes Angebot des Verkäufers dar.

2.2. Zunächst legt der Kunde die ausgewählte Ware in den Warenkorb. Im anschließenden Schritt beginnt der Bestellvorgang, in welchem alle erforderlichen Daten zur Auftragsabwicklung erfasst werden.
Am Ende des Bestellvorgangs erscheint eine Zusammenfassung der Bestell- und Vertragsdaten. Erst nach Bestätigung dieser Bestell- und Vertragsdaten durch Klick auf den den Bestellvorgang abschließenden Button gibt der Kunde ein verbindliches Angebot über den Kauf der im Warenkorb enthaltenen Waren ab.

Der Kunde kann dieses Angebot auch per Fax, Email, postalisch oder telefonisch gegenüber dem Verkäufer abgeben.

2.3. Der Verkäufer nimmt das Angebot des Kunden durch folgende mögliche Alternativen an:

- Übersendung einer schriftlichen Auftragsbestätigung oder einer Auftragsbestätigung in Textform (Fax oder E-Mail) 
oder
- Aufforderung zur Zahlung an den Kunden nach Abgabe der Bestellung 
oder
- Lieferung der bestellten Ware 
  
Maßgeblich für den Zeitpunkt der Annahme ist die erste eingetretene Alternative.

Die Frist zur Annahme des Angebots beginnt am Tag nach der Absendung des Angebots durch den Kunden und endet mit dem Ablauf des fünften Tages, der auf die Absendung des Angebots folgt. Nimmt der Verkäufer das Angebot des Kunden innerhalb der vorgenannten Frist nicht an, stellt dies die Ablehnung des Angebots dar. Der Kunde ist dann nicht mehr an seine Willenserklärung gebunden.

2.4. Wird die Zahlart "PayPal" oder  "Paypal Express" ausgewählt, so erfolgt die Zahlungsabwicklung durch den Zahlungsdienstleister PayPal (Europe) S.à r.l. et Cie, S.C.A., 22-24 Boulevard Royal, L-2449 Luxembourg (folgend: "Paypal"). Hierbei gilt die Paypal-Nutzungsvereinbarung, diese ist abrufbar  unter https://www.paypal.com/de/webapps/mpp/ua/useragreement-full bzw. für Kunden ohne eigenes Paypal-Konto: https://www.paypal.com/de/webapps/mpp/ua/privacywax-full.
Wählt der Kunde für die Zahlung seines Einkaufs die Zahlungsart "PayPal" oder "PayPal Express" aus oder zahlt der Kunde über eine der PayPal-Zahlungsarten , gibt er mit Anklicken des den Bestellvorgang abschließenden Buttons sein Angebot ab. Erteilt der Kunde gleichzeitig durch Anklicken dieses Buttons auch den Zahlungsauftrag an PayPal, erklärt der Verkäufer abweichend von den obenstehenden Regelungen die Annahme des Angebotes des Kunden im Zeitpunkt der Erteilung des Zahlungsauftrages. 

2.5. Der Vertragstext des jeweils zwischen dem Verkäufer und dem Kunden geschlossenen Vertrages wird durch den Verkäufer gespeichert. Der Vertragstext wird auf den internen Systemen des Verkäufers gespeichert. Die Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen kann der Kunde jederzeit auf dieser Seite einsehen. Die Bestelldaten, die Widerrufsbelehrung sowie die AGB werden dem Kunden per Email zugesendet. Nach Abschluss der Bestellung ist der Vertragstext dem Kunden über dessen Kundenlogin kostenlos zugänglich, sofern dieser ein Kundenkonto eröffnet hat. 


2.6. Alle getätigten Eingaben werden vor Anklicken des Bestellbuttons angezeigt und können durch den Kunden vor Absendung der Bestellung eingesehen und durch Betätigung des Zurück-Buttons des Browsers oder die üblichen Maus- und Tastaturfunktionen korrigiert werden. Daneben stehen dem Kunden, sofern verfügbar, Buttons zur Korrektur zur Verfügung, die entsprechend beschriftet sind. 


2.7. Die Vertragssprache ist Deutsch.

2.8. Es obliegt dem Kunden, eine korrekte Emailadresse zur Kontaktaufnahme und Abwicklung der Bestellung anzugeben, sowie die Filterfunktionen so einzustellen, dass Emails, die diese Bestellung betreffen, zugestellt werden können. 

3. Preise und Zahlungsbedingungen

3.1. Die angezeigten Preise sind Endpreise inklusive der gesetzlichen Umsatzsteuer, wenn nichts anderes vereinbart ist.
Sofern zusätzliche Versandkosten anfallen, ist dies der Produktbeschreibung zu entnehmen.

3.2. Sofern die Lieferung in das Nicht-EU-Ausland erfolgt, können weitere Zölle, Steuern oder Gebühren vom Kunden an die dort zuständigen Zoll- bzw. Steuerbehörden oder an Kreditinstitute zu zahlen sein.
Dem Kunden wird empfohlen, die Einzelheiten vor der Bestellung bei den jeweiligen Einrichtungen oder Behörden zu erfragen.

3.3. Der Kunde kann die Zahlungsarten auswählen, die im Onlineshop zur Verfügung stehen.

3.4. Bei Vorkasse per Banküberweisung ist die Zahlung, wenn nichts anderes vereinbart ist, unmittelbar nach Vertragsschluss fällig.

3.5. Bei der Zahlung per "PayPal" erfolgt die Zahlungsabwicklung über PayPal (Europe) S.à r.l. et Cie, S.C.A., 22-24 Boulevard Royal, L-2449 Luxembourg. Hierfür gelten die Nutzungsbedingungen von Paypal. Diese sind unter https://www.paypal.com/de/webapps/mpp/ua/useragreement-full einsehbar. 

3.6. Paypal-Checkout

Wenn Sie über den PayPal Checkout bezahlen, erfolgt die Zahlungsabwicklung über PayPal Zahlungsdienstleister PayPal (Europe) S.à r.l. et Cie, S.C.A., 22-24 Boulevard Royal, L-2449 Luxembourg (folgend: "Paypal"), wobei sich PayPal hierzu auch der Dienste dritter Zahlungsanbieter bedienen kann, die Sie, soweit angeboten, auswählen können.

Sofern auf dieser Webseite auch Zahlungsarten angeboten werden, bei denen der Verkäufer in Vorleistung geht (wie etwa Rechnungskauf oder Ratenzahlung), so erklärt der Verkäufer die Abtretung seiner Zahlungsforderung an PayPal bzw. an den von PayPal beauftragten und durch den Kunden konkret ausgewählten Zahlungsdienstleister. PayPal oder der ausgewählte Drittanbieter führt zunächst eine Bonitätsprüfung durch, bevor er das Abtretungsangebot des Verkäufers annimmt. Die ausgewählte Zahlungsart kann verweigert werden, wenn die Bonitätsprüfung ein negatives Ergebnis liefert.

Eine Zahlung ist nach Zulassung der gewählten Zahlungsart nur an PayPal oder den jeweiligen beauftragten Zahlungsdienstleister mit schuldbefreiender Wirkung möglich. 

3.7. Bei der Zahlung über "PayPal Lastschrift" erfolgt der Einzug der Forderung durch PayPal nach Erteilung eines SEPA-Lastschriftmandats und nach Ablauf der Frist für die Vorabinformation im Auftrag des Verkäufers vom Bankkonto des Kunden. Eine Vorabinformation ist die Ankündigung des Verkäufers an den Kunden, dass sein Konto mittels SEPA-Lastschrift belastet wird und kann beispielsweise in Form einer Rechnung oder eines Vertrages geschehen.  Kann die Lastschrift aufgrund unzureichender Kontodeckung oder aufgrund der Angabe einer falschen Bankverbindung nicht eingelöst werden oder widerspricht der Kunde der Abbuchung, ohne hierzu berechtigt zu sein, hat der Kunde die durch die Rückbuchung des jeweiligen Kreditinstituts entstehenden Gebühren zu tragen, wenn er dies zu vertreten hat. Das übrige Vertragsverhältnis sowie Rechte und Pflichten gegenüber dem Verkäufer und des Verkäufers bleiben von der Zahlung per Lastschrift unberührt.

3.8. Bei der Zahlung per "PayPal Ratenzahlung" schließt der Kunde mit PayPal einen Teilzahlungsvertrag ab. Gestattet PayPal die Zahlung via "PayPal Ratenzahlung", hat der Kunde den Rechnungsbetrag zu den vom Paypal festgelegten Konditionen, die ihm im Zahlportal von Paypal mitgeteilt werden, an PayPal zu bezahlen
Es gelten die Nutzungsbedingungen von Paypal, welche Sie hier finden:
[url]https://www.paypal.com/de/webapps/mpp/ua/legalhub-full?locale.x=de_DE[/url]
Das übrige Vertragsverhältnis sowie Rechte und Pflichten gegenüber dem Verkäufer und des Verkäufers bleiben von dieser Zahlungsart unberührt.

3.9. Bei der Zahlung auf Rechnung via "PayPal Rechnung" erfolgt die Zahlungsabwicklung durch PayPal.
Der Kaufpreis  wird nach Auslieferung der Ware fällig und ist binnen 30 Tagen ab Erhalt der Rechnung an PayPal zu zahlen, sofern kein anderes Zahlungsziel vorgegeben wird.
Der Kauf auf Rechnung setzt eine erfolgreiche Bonitätsprüfung durch PayPal voraus. 
Wird dem Kunden nach Prüfung der Bonität der Kauf auf Rechnung gestattet, tritt der Verkäufer seine Forderung an PayPal ab, daher kann nur an PayPal mit schuldbefreiender Wirkung geleistet werden. 
Das übrige Vertragsverhältnis sowie Rechte und Pflichten gegenüber dem Verkäufer und des Verkäufers bleiben von dieser Zahlungsart unberührt.
im Übrigen gelten die Allgemeinen Nutzungsbedingungen für die Nutzung des Rechnungskaufs von PayPal:  https://www.paypal.com/de/webapps/mpp/ua/pui-terms.

4. Liefer- und Versandbedingungen

4.1. Die Lieferung von Waren auf dem Versandweg erfolgt an die vom Kunden angegebene Lieferanschrift. Abweichend hiervon ist bei der Zahlung per PayPal die vom Kunden zum Zeitpunkt der Bezahlung bei PayPal hinterlegte Lieferanschrift maßgeblich.

4.2. Entstehen dem Verkäufer aufgrund der Angabe einer falschen Lieferadresse oder eines falschen Adressaten oder anderer Umstände die zur Unmöglichkeit der Zustellung führen, zusätzliche Kosten, so sind diese von dem Kunden zu ersetzen, außer er hat die Falschangabe oder Unmöglichkeit nicht zu vertreten. Gleiches gilt für den Fall, dass der Kunde vorübergehend an der Annahme der Leistung verhindert war, es sei denn, der Verkäufer hat ihm die Leistung vorher angemessen angekündigt. Ausgenommen von dieser Regelung sind die Kosten der Hinsendung, wenn der Kunde sein Widerrufsrecht wirksam ausgeübt hat. Hier verbleibt es bei der gesetzlichen oder der durch den Verkäufer getroffenen Regelung.


4.3. Bei vereinbarter Selbstabholung wird der Kunde durch den Verkäufer informiert, dass die von ihm bestellte Ware zur Abholung bereitsteht. Nach Erhalt dieser E-Mail kann der Kunde die Ware nach Absprache mit dem Verkäufer am Sitz des Verkäufers oder an einem vereinbarten Ort abholen. In diesem Fall entstehen keine Versandkosten.

4.4. Gutscheine werden dem Kunden in folgender Form überlassen:

• per E-Mail
• per Download
  
• postalisch
  

5. Widerrufsrecht

5.1. Ist der Kunde Verbraucher, steht ihm grundsätzlich ein Widerrufsrecht zu. 

5.2. Für das Widerrufsrecht gilt die Widerrufsbelehrung des Verkäufers.

6. Eigentumsvorbehalt

Sofern der Verkäufer in Vorleistung tritt, bleibt die Ware bis zur vollständigen Begleichung des Kaufpreises im Eigentum des Verkäufers.

7. Mängelhaftung

7.1. Hinsichtlich der Gewährleistung gelten die Vorschriften der gesetzlichen Mängelhaftung, soweit nichts Abweichendes vereinbart worden ist.

7.2. Der Kunde wird gebeten, angelieferte Waren mit offensichtlichen Transportschäden bei dem Zusteller zu reklamieren und den Verkäufer hiervon in Kenntnis zu setzen. Die Nichtbefolgung hat keinerlei Auswirkungen auf die gesetzlichen oder vertraglichen Mängelansprüche des Kunden.

8. Haftung

Die Haftung des Verkäufers aus allen vertraglichen, vertragsähnlichen und gesetzlichen, sowie deliktischen Ansprüchen auf Schadens- und Aufwendungsersatz bestimmt sich wie folgt:

8.1. Der Verkäufer haftet nur für Schäden, die auf einem vorsätzlichen oder grob fahrlässigen Verhalten zurückzuführen sind uneingeschränkt.
Bei der Verletzung von Leben, Körper und Gesundheit und der Verletzung wesentlicher Vertragspflichten (Kardinalpflichten) haftet der Verkäufer auch bei leichter Fahrlässigkeit.

Eine wesentliche Vertragspflicht ist eine solche, deren Erfüllung die ordnungsgemäße Durchführung des Vertrags überhaupt erst ermöglicht und auf deren Einhaltung der Vertragspartner regelmäßig vertraut und vertrauen darf.

Der Verkäufer haftet wie oben geregelt auch aufgrund eines Garantieversprechens, soweit diesbezüglich nichts anderes geregelt ist.

Dies gilt auch für mittelbare Folgeschäden wie insbesondere entgangenen Gewinn und für zwingende Haftung wie etwa nach dem Produkthaftungsgesetz.

8.2. Die Haftung ist - außer bei vorsätzlichen oder grob fahrlässigen Verhalten oder bei Schäden aus der Verletzung von Leben, Körper und Gesundheit und der Verletzung wesentlicher Vertragspflichten (Kardinalpflichten) - auf die bei Vertragsschluss typischer Weise vorhersehbaren Schäden und im Übrigen der Höhe nach auf die vertragstypischen Durchschnittsschäden begrenzt. Dies gilt auch für mittelbare Folgeschäden wie insbesondere entgangenen Gewinn.

8.3. Im Übrigen ist eine Haftung des Verkäufers ausgeschlossen.

8.4. Vorstehende Haftungsregelungen geltend sinngemäß auch zugunsten der Mitarbeiter und Erfüllungsgehilfen des Verkäufers.

9. Freistellung bei Verletzung von Drittrechten

Sofern der Verkäufer dem Kunden vertragsgemäß neben der Warenlieferung auch die Verarbeitung der Ware nach bestimmten Vorgaben des Kunden schuldet, hat der Kunde sicherzustellen, dass die dem Verkäufer von ihm zu diesem Zwecke überlassenen Inhalte nicht die Rechte Dritter verletzen. Die Vertragsparteien vereinbaren, dass der Kunde den Verkäufer von Ansprüchen Dritter in diesem Zusammenhang freistellt, außer, er hat die Rechtsverletzung nicht zu vertreten. Zu der Freistellung gehört auch die Übernahme der angemessenen Kosten der notwendigen Rechtsverteidigung, einschließlich aller Gerichts- und Anwaltskosten, in gesetzlicher Höhe. Der Kunde ist verpflichtet, dem Verkäufer bei einer Inanspruchnahme durch Dritte unverzüglich, vollständig und wahrheitsgemäß alle Informationen zur Verfügung zu stellen, die für die Prüfung der Ansprüche und eine Verteidigung erforderlich sind.

10. Einlösung von Geschenkgutscheinen

10.1. Gutscheine, die über den Online-Shop des Verkäufers käuflich erworben worden sind ("Geschenkgutscheine"), können entweder im Online-Shop oder vor Ort im Ladengeschäft des Verkäufers eingelöst werden.

10.2. Geschenkgutscheine und Restguthaben von Geschenkgutscheinen können bis zum Ende des dritten Jahres nach dem Jahr des Gutscheinkaufs eingelöst werden. Etwaige Restguthaben werden bis zum Ablaufdatum auf dem Gutscheinkonto des Kunden gutgeschrieben.

10.3. Geschenkgutscheine können ausschließlich vor Abschluss des Bestellvorgangs eingelöst werden. Eine nachträgliche Einlösung findet nicht statt.

10.4. Innerhalb einer Bestellung können mehrere Geschenkgutscheine eingelöst werden.

10.5. Geschenkgutscheine können nur für den Kauf von Waren eingelöst werden.
Der Kauf von weiteren Geschenkgutscheinen kann nicht per Gutschein bezahlt werden.

10.6. Sofern der Wert eines Geschenkgutscheins zur Bezahlung der jeweiligen Bestellung nicht ausreicht, kann zur Begleichung des Differenzbetrages eine der übrigen angebotenen Zahlungsarten verwendet werden.

10.7. Guthaben auf Geschenkgutscheinen werden nicht ausgezahlt und nicht verzinst.

10.8. Geschenkgutscheine sind grundsätzlich übertragbar.
Der Verkäufer kann mit befreiender Wirkung an den Kunden, der den jeweiligen Geschenkgutschein einlöst, leisten. Dies gilt nicht, wenn der Verkäufer Kenntnis oder grob fahrlässige Unkenntnis von der etwaigen Nichtberechtigung, der Geschäftsunfähigkeit oder der fehlenden Vertretungsberechtigung des jeweiligen Inhabers hat. 

11. Einlösung von Aktionsgutscheinen

11.1. Gutscheine, die der Verkäufer im Rahmen von (Werbe-)Aktionen mit einer bestimmten Gültigkeitsdauer unentgeltlich abgibt und der Kunden nicht käuflich erwerben kann ("Aktionsgutscheine"), sind nur im Online-Shop des Verkäufers und nur im vom Verkäufer angegebenen Zeitraum einlösbar.

11.2. Einzelne Produkte können von der Gutscheinaktion ausgeschlossen sein.
Die konkreten Beschränkungen sind gegebenenfalls dem Aktionsgutschein zu entnehmen.

11.3. Aktionsgutscheine können nur vor Abschluss des Bestellvorgangs eingelöst werden. Eine nachträgliche Verrechnung erfolgt nicht.

11.4. Pro Bestellung kann immer nur ein Aktionsgutschein eingelöst werden. Die Einlösung von mehreren Aktionsgutscheinen in einer Bestellung ist nicht möglich.

11.5. Der Warenwert der jeweiligen Bestellung muss mindestens den Betrag des Aktionsgutscheins erreichen. Etwaiges Restguthaben wird vom Verkäufer nicht erstattet.

11.6. Sofern der Wert eines Aktionsgutscheins zur Bezahlung der jeweiligen Bestellung nicht ausreicht, kann zur Begleichung des Differenzbetrages eine der übrigen angebotenen Zahlungsarten verwendet werden.

11.7. Das Guthaben eines Aktionsgutscheins wird weder ausgezahlt noch verzinst.

11.8. Der Aktionsgutschein wird ebenfalls nicht erstattet, wenn der Kunde die mit dem Aktionsgutschein ganz oder teilweise bezahlte Ware im Rahmen seines gesetzlichen Widerrufsrechts retourniert.

11.9. Aktionsgutscheine sind grundsätzlich übertragbar. 
Der Verkäufer kann mit befreiender Wirkung an den Kunden, der den jeweiligen Geschenkgutschein einlöst, leisten. Dies gilt nicht, wenn der Verkäufer Kenntnis oder grob fahrlässige Unkenntnis von der etwaigen Nichtberechtigung, der Geschäftsunfähigkeit oder der fehlenden Vertretungsberechtigung des jeweiligen Inhabers hat. 

12. Anwendbares Recht

Es gilt das Recht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland unter Ausschluss der Gesetze über den internationalen Kauf beweglicher Waren. 
Die gesetzlichen Vorschriften zur Beschränkung der Rechtswahl und zur Anwendbarkeit zwingender Vorschriften insbesondere des Staates, in dem der Kunde als Verbraucher seinen gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt hat, bleiben unberührt.

13. Gerichtsstand

Sofern der Kunde Kaufmann ist, eine juristische Person des öffentlichen Rechts oder öffentlich-rechtliches Sondervermögen mit Sitz im Hoheitsgebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ist der ausschließliche Gerichtsstand für alle Streitigkeiten aus diesem Vertrag der Geschäftssitz des Verkäufers.
Sofern der Kunde seinen Sitz außerhalb des Hoheitsgebiets der Bundesrepublik Deutschland hat, ist der Geschäftssitz des Verkäufers der ausschließliche Gerichtsstand für alle Streitigkeiten aus diesem Vertrag, wenn dieser Vertrag oder Ansprüche aus diesem Vertrag der beruflichen oder gewerblichen Tätigkeit des Kunden zugerechnet werden können.
Dennoch ist der Verkäufer ist in den vorgenannten Fällen auch berechtigt, das Gericht am Sitz des Kunden anzurufen.

14. Informationen zur Online-Streitbeilegung

Die Plattform zur Online-Streitbeilegung der EU-Kommission ist im Internet unter folgendem Link aufrufbar: https://ec.europa.eu/odr

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