The tax wedge for the average single worker in Australia decreased by 1.0 percentage point from 28.9 in 2018 to 27.9 in 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Australia had the 30th lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

This note presents key findings for Japan from Society at a Glance 2014 - OECD Social indicators. This 2014 publication also provides a special chapter on: the crisis and its aftermath: a “stress test” for societies and for social policies.

Going for Growth 2015: Key findings for Japan

日本の医療の質は総じて非常に良好だが、糖尿病の管理、心臓発作（急性心筋梗塞）の治療とがん対策はさらに改善・強化できるだろう。

The quality of health care is generally very good in Japan but further improvement can be made in the management of diabetes, treatment of heart attack (AMI), and cancer control. In Japan, per capita spending on pharmaceuticals is the second highest in the OECD after the United States. Spending on pharmaceuticals could be reduced by increasing the share of the generic market.

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Japan. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

Selected findings for Japan from the report "The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle"

Selected findings for Japan from the report "Preventing Ageing Unequally"

Key findings for Japan from the report "Pensions at a Glance 2017"

This note presents marginal effective tax rates (METRs) that summarise the tax system’s impact on the incentives to make an additional investment in a particular type of savings. By comparing METRs on different types of household savings, we can gain insights into which assets or savings types receive the most favourable treatment from the tax system.

壊れた社会的流動性エレベーター？ 社会的流動性を向上させるには 他国と比べて日本は?

A broken social elevator? Key findings for Japan

This country note for Japan provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

デジタル革命やグローバリゼーション、人口動態の変化によって、OECD 諸国や新興国の労働市場が変貌する一方、政策立案者は生産性及び賃金の成長鈍化や、高水準の所得格差といった問題に懸命に取り組んでいる。新たなOECD 雇用戦略は、これらの難問に対処する国々を支援するために包括的な枠組みと政策提言を提供する。

The digital revolution, globalisation and demographic changes are transforming labour markets at a time when policy makers are also struggling with slow productivity and wage growth and high levels of income inequality. The new OECD Jobs Strategy provides a comprehensive framework and policy recommendations to help countries address these challenges.

The Japanese standard VAT (CT) rate is 8.0%, which is below the OECD average. The average VAT/GST¹ standard rate in the OECD was 19.3% as of 1 January 2019. The previous standard VAT rate in Japan was 5% in 2013. It changed to the current level in 2014. Japan does not have any reduced rates.

生産年齢人口（15歳から64歳）の減少にも関わらず、最近の景気拡大のために日本全体の雇用は着実に増加し、2018年には統計開始から過去最大となった。同年齢層の雇用率についても、過去最高に達している。

Despite a decline in its working-age population (aged 15-64), Japan’s total employment has been increasing steadily due to the recent economic expansion, and in 2018 reached its highest level since records began

This document describes the key findings for Japan from the OECD Skills Strategy 2019.

Japan's tax-to-GDP ratio was 30.6% in 2016* (latest available data), below the OECD average (34.2%) by 3.6 percentage points, and above the LAC and Africa (21)* averages (22.8% and 18.2%, respectively).

This country note explains how Japan taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

Japan displays many excellent indicators of population health, including the highest life expectancy in the world. Still, many people are pessimistic about their health – 14% of adults rate their own health poorly – though this partly reflects linguo-cultural differences. Most people lead healthy lifestyles, with low rates of alcohol consumption and the lowest share of adults overweight or obese.

Key findings for Japan from the report "Pensions at a Glance 2019"

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Japan increased by 0.7 percentage points from 30.7% in 2016 to 31.4% in 2017 (latest year available). The corresponding figures for the OECD average were a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from 34.4% to 34.2% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Japan remained the same at 32.7 percentage points between 2018 and 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Japan had the 26th lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

This one-pager note presents key findings for Austria from Society at a Glance 2011 - OECD Social indicators. This 2011 publication also provides a special chapter on unpaid work across the OECD.

This note presents key findings for Austria from Society at a Glance 2014 - OECD Social indicators. This 2014 publication also provides a special chapter on: the crisis and its aftermath: a “stress test” for societies and for social policies.

Going for Growth 2015: Key findings for Austria

AAustria experienced a renewed downturn in its economy and labour market between mid-2011 and late-2014, with increasing rates of unemployment largely due to slack domestic demand. But there are recent signs of a slow recovery: overall and youth unemployment rates and the incidence of long-term unemployment all started to fall in the first quarter of 2015, if only marginally, and employment continued to increase.

The Austrian health system generally provides good access to care, but the quality of care might be improved in the area of cancer care and in reducing hospital admission rates for chronic conditions by strengthening primary care.

Das österreichische Gesundheitssystem gewährleistet einen niederschwelligen Zugang zur Gesundheitsversorgung, es gibt jedoch Verbesserungspotenzial bei der Qualität der Krebsversorgung sowie der Reduktion von Spitalsaufnahmen durch die Stärkung der medizinischen Primärversorgung.

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Austria. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

This country note presents student performance in science, reading and mathematics, and measures equity in education in Austria. The interactive charts allow you to compare results with other countries participating in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

Life expectancy in Austria is close to the OECD average, but Austrian’s smoke and drink more than people in other countries. While access to health care is good, quality of care indicators show more mixed results. Austria spends more on health than the OECD average.

This note presents marginal effective tax rates (METRs) that summarise the tax system’s impact on the incentives to make an additional investment in a particular type of savings. By comparing METRs on different types of household savings, we can gain insights into which assets or savings types receive the most favourable treatment from the tax system.

This country note for Austria provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

The digital revolution, globalisation and demographic changes are transforming labour markets at a time when policy makers are also struggling with slow productivity and wage growth and high levels of income inequality. The new OECD Jobs Strategy provides a comprehensive framework and policy recommendations to help countries address these challenges.

The Austrian standard VAT rate is 20.0%, which is above the OECD average. The average VAT/GST¹ standard rate in the OECD was 19.3% as of 1 January 2019. The previous standard VAT rate in Austria was 18% in 1983. It changed to the current level in 1984. Austria applies reduced VAT rates of 10% and 13% to a number of goods and services as well as one specific regional rates.

This country note explains how Austria taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Austria increased by 0.4 percentage points from 41.8% in 2017 to 42.2% in 2018. The corresponding figure for the OECD average was a slight increase of 0.1 percentage point from 34.2% to 34.3% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Austria increased by 0.3 percentage points from 47.6 in 2018 to 47.9 in 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Austria had the 4th highest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

This note presents key findings for Belgium from Society at a Glance 2014 - OECD Social indicators. This 2014 publication also provides a special chapter on: the crisis and its aftermath: a “stress test” for societies and for social policies.

Going for Growth 2015: Key findings for Belgium

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Belgium. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

This country note presents student performance in science, reading and mathematics, and measures equity in education in Belgium. The interactive charts allow you to compare results with other countries participating in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

Unemployment in Belgium fell back to its pre-crisis level sooner than in most other OECD countries, but then rose significantly again in 2012 and has only recently begun to decline again. At 6.8% in April, it was still above its pre-crisis level and 0.9 percentage points above the OECD average.

This note presents marginal effective tax rates (METRs) that summarise the tax system’s impact on the incentives to make an additional investment in a particular type of savings. By comparing METRs on different types of household savings, we can gain insights into which assets or savings types receive the most favourable treatment from the tax system.

This country note for Belgium provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

The digital revolution, globalisation and demographic changes are transforming labour markets at a time when policy makers are also struggling with slow productivity and wage growth and high levels of income inequality. The new OECD Jobs Strategy provides a comprehensive framework and policy recommendations to help countries address these challenges

The Belgian standard VAT rate is 21.0%, which is above the OECD average. The average VAT/GST¹ standard rate in the OECD was 19.3% as of 1 January 2019. The previous standard VAT rate in Belgium was 20.5% in 1995. It changed to the current level in 1996. Belgium applies reduced VAT rates of 0%, 6% and 12% to a number of goods and services.