Going for Growth 2015: Key findings for Turkey

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Turkey. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

This country note presents student performance in science, reading and mathematics, and measures equity in education in Turkey. The interactive charts allow you to compare results with other countries participating in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

Unemployment in Turkey has been on an upward trajectory since 2012 and it has now peaked at nearly 11.7% (February 2017). This is in sharp contrast with the OECD average, which has been falling steadily and has now reached 5.9%.

This note presents marginal effective tax rates (METRs) that summarise the tax system’s impact on the incentives to make an additional investment in a particular type of savings. By comparing METRs on different types of household savings, we can gain insights into which assets or savings types receive the most favourable treatment from the tax system.

This country note for Turkey provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

The digital revolution, globalisation and demographic changes are transforming labour markets at a time when policy makers are also struggling with slow productivity and wage growth and high levels of income inequality. The new OECD Jobs Strategy provides a comprehensive framework and policy recommendations to help countries address these challenges.

This country note explains how Turkey taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Turkey decreased by 0.5 percentage points from 24.9% in 2017 to 24.4% in 2018. The corresponding figure for the OECD average was a slight increase of 0.1 percentage point from 34.2% to 34.3% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Turkey decreased by 0.1 percentage points from 39.2 in 2018 to 39.1 in 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Turkey had the 16th highest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, compared with the 17th in 2018.

México tiene una de las tasas más altas de obesidad: casi uno de cada tres adultos son obesos. Como consecuencia, los mexicanos viven en promedio 4,2 años menos debido al sobrepeso, la mayor reducción en esperanza de vida de todos los países analizados. Las repercusiones sobre la economía son destacables: el sobrepeso representa el 8,9% del gasto en salud.

Mexico has one of the highest rates of obesity: nearly one in three adults are obese. As a result, Mexicans live on average 4.2 years less due to overweight, the largest reductions in life expectancy of all countries analysed. The impact on the economy is large: overweight accounts for 8.9% of health expenditure; and lowers labour market outputs by the equivalent of 2.4m full time workers per year.

This country note explains how Mexico taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

Mexico is one of the few OECD countries where gains in life expectancy have not slowed down in recent years. Nevertheless, life expectancy remains approximately five years below the OECD average. Health care expenditure comprises 5.5% of GDP, which is amongst the lowest across OECD countries. Coverage for a core set of health services in Mexico is the lowest in the OECD at 89.3%.

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Mexico did not change between 2017 and 2018. The tax-to-GDP ratio remained at 16.1%. The corresponding figure for the OECD average was a slight increase of 0.1 percentage points from 34.2% to 34.3% over the same period

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Mexico increased by 0.4 percentage points from 19.7 in 2018 to 20.1 in 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Mexico had the 34th lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

Mexico's tax-to-GDP ratio in 2018 (16.1%) was below the LAC average (23.1%)¹ in this year's Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean publication by 6.9 percentage points and below the OECD average (34.3%).

This country note explains how Chile taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

This country note explains how Colombia taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Chile increased by 1.0 percentage points from 20.1% in 2017 to 21.1% in 2018. The corresponding figure for the OECD average was a slight increase of 0.1 percentage point from 34.2% to 34.3% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Chile remained the same at 7.0 percentage points between 2018 and 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Chile had the lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

Chile's tax-to-GDP ratio in 2018 (21.1%) was below the LAC average (23.1%)¹ in this year's Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean publication by 2.0 percentage points and below the OECD average (34.3%).

This survey was presented at the Informal ministerial meeting on responsible business conduct held in Paris on 26 June 2014.

This country note explains how Denmark taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Denmark decreased by 0.8 percentage points from 45.7% in 2017 to 44.9% in 2018. The corresponding figure for the OECD average was a slight increase of 0.1 percentage point from 34.2% to 34.3% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Denmark remained the same at 35.4 percentage points between 2018 and 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Denmark had the 23rd lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

This country note explains how the Czech Republic taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

The tax-to-GDP ratio in the Czech Republic increased by 0.4 percentage points from 34.9% in 2017 to 35.3% in 2018. The corresponding figure for the OECD average was a slight increase of 0.1 percentage point from 34.2% to 34.3% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in the Czech Republic increased by 0.1 percentage points from 43.8 in 2018 to 43.9 in 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 the Czech Republic had the 7th highest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

Several OECD countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. The case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics therefore warrants serious attention.

This one-pager note presents key findings for Australia from Society at a Glance 2011 - OECD Social indicators. This 2011 publication also provides a special chapter on unpaid work across the OECD.

This note presents key findings for Australia from Society at a Glance 2014 - OECD Social indicators. This 2014 publication also provides a special chapter on: the crisis and its aftermath: a “stress test” for societies and for social policies.

Going for Growth 2015: Country note for Australia

Australia performs well in terms of overall population health status. At 82.2 years, life expectancy is the sixth highest in the OECD, and the country’s record on breast and colorectal cancer survival is among the best. Australia has one of the lowest rates of tobacco consumption (12.8% of the population aged 15 and over), but it is the fifth most obese country in the OECD (28.3% of the population aged 15 and over).

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Australia. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

This country note presents student performance in science, reading and mathematics, and measures equity in education in Australia. The interactive charts allow you to compare results with other countries participating in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

Selected findings for Australia from the report "The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle"

Selected findings for Australia from the report "Preventing Ageing Unequally"

Key findings for Australia from the report "Pensions at a Glance 2017"

This note presents marginal effective tax rates (METRs) that summarise the tax system’s impact on the incentives to make an additional investment in a particular type of savings. By comparing METRs on different types of household savings, we can gain insights into which assets or savings types receive the most favourable treatment from the tax system.

A Broken Social Elevator? Key findings for Australia

This country note for Australia provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

The Australian standard GST rate is 10.0%, which is below the OECD average. The average VAT/GST¹ standard rate in the OECD was 19.3% as of 1 January 2019. Australia has an extensive list of goods and services that are GST-free. GST was introduced in Australia in 2000 at a standard rate of 10.0% and has remained at this rate throughout.

About 36% of Australian jobs face a significant or high risk of automation. While this is less than the OECD average (46%), it means that a sizeable share of adults will need to upskill or retrain to meet the needs of future jobs.

Australia's tax-to-GDP ratio was 27.8% in 2016* (latest available data), below the OECD average (34.2%) by 6.4 percentage points, and above the LAC and Africa (21)* averages (22.8% and 18.2%, respectively).

Australia has one of the highest rates of obesity: nearly one in three adults are obese. As a result, Australians live on average 2.7 years less due to overweight. The impact on the economy is large: overweight accounts for 8.6% of health expenditure; and lowers labour market outputs by the equivalent of 371 thousand full time workers per year. Combined, this means that overweight reduces Australia’s GDP by 3.1%.

This country note explains how Australia taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

Australia spends 9.3% of its GDP on health, slightly higher than the OECD average, and is projected to reach 13% by 2030. Australia also has more nurses (11.7 per 1000 people, compared to an OECD average of 8.8) and slightly more doctors (3.7 doctors versus an OECD average of 3.5) serving the population than in many OECD countries. These resources have contributed to good health outcomes.

Key findings for Australia from the report "Pensions at a Glance 2019"

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Australia increased by 0.9 percentage points from 27.6% in 2016 to 28.5% in 2017 (latest year available). The corresponding figures for the OECD average were a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from 34.4% to 34.2% over the same period.