Acha, Eduardo Marcelo

Dinar, Shlomi, author

NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nanoscale Devices - Fundamentals and Applications (2004 : Kishinev, Moldova)

Online Resource

Online Resource

Hayden Library - TP248.27.P55 N36 2019

Dewey Library - TP605.R35 2019

Pyper, Hugh S., author

What is the cascade?

The cascade is a mechanism for determining which styles should be applied to a given element, based on the rules that have cascaded down from various sources.

The cascade takes importance, origin, specificity, and source order of style rules into account. It assigns a weight to each rule. When multiple rules apply to a given element, the rule with the greatest weight takes precedence. The result is an unambiguous way to determine the value of a given element/property combination.

Browsers apply the following sorting logic:

• Find all declarations that apply to a given element/property combination, for the target media type.

• Sort declarations according to their importance (normal or important) and origin (author, user, or user agent). From highest to lowest precedence:

  1. user !important declarations
     
  2. author !important declarations
     
  3. author normal declarations
     
  4. user normal declarations
     
  5. user agent declarations

• If declarations have the same importance and source, sort them by selector specificity.

• Finally, if declarations have the same importance, source, and specificity, sort them by the order they are specified in the CSS. The last declaration wins.

What is specificity?

Specificity is a method of conflict resolution within the cascade.

Specificity is calculated in a very particular way, based on the values of 4 distinct categories. For explanatory purposes, the CSS2 spec represents these categories using the letters a, b, c, and d. Each has a value of 0 by default.

• a is equal to 1 if the declaration comes from a style attribute in the HTML (“inline styles”) rather than a CSS rule with a selector.
• b is equal to the number of ID attributes in a selector.
• c is equal to the number of other attributes and pseudo-classes in a selector.
• d is equal to the number of elements and pseudo-elements in a selector.

The specificity is given by concatenating all 4 resulting numbers. More specific selectors take precedence over less specific ones.

For example, the selector #id .class[href] element:hover contains:

• 1 ID (b is 1)
• 1 class, 1 attribute selector, and 1 pseudo-class (c is 3)
• 1 element (d is 1)

Therefore, it has a specificity of 0,1,3,1. Note that a selector containing a single ID (0,1,0,0) will have a higher specificity than one containing any number of other attributes or elements (e.g., 0,0,10,20). This is one of the reasons why many modern CSS architectural patterns avoid using IDs for styling purposes.

What is inheritance?

Inheritance is distinct from the cascade and involves the DOM tree.

Inheritance is the process by which elements inherit the the values of properties from their ancestors in the DOM tree. Some properties, e.g. color, are automatically inherited by the children of the element to which they are applied. Each property defines whether it will be automatically inherited.

The inherit value can be set for any property and will force a given element to inherit its parent element’s property value, even if the property is not normally inherited.

About !important

The above should make it apparent that !important is a separate concept to specificity. It has no effect on the specificity of a rule’s selector.

An !important declaration has a greater precedence than a normal declaration (see the previously mentioned cascade sorting logic), even declarations contained in an element’s style attribute.

[CSS terminology reference]

Translations

• CSS: каскад, специфика и наследование

Internet Explorer 9–11 suffer from various bugs that prevent proper scaling of inline SVG’s. This is particularly problematic for SVG icons with variable widths. This is the canvas-based hack I’ve been using to work around the issue.

A popular way to use SVG icons is to generate a spritemap of SVG symbol‘s that you then reference from elsewhere in a document. Most articles on the topic assume your icon dimensions are uniformly square. Twitter’s SVG icons (crafted by @sofo) are variable width, to produce consistent horizontal whitespace around the vectors.

Most browsers will preserve the intrinsic aspect ratio of an SVG. Ideally, I want to set a common height for all the icons (e.g., 1em), and let the browser scale the width of each icon proportionally. This also makes it easy to resize icons in particular contexts – just change the height.

Unfortunately, IE 9–11 do not preserve the intrinsic aspect ratio of an inline SVG. The svg element will default to a width of 300px (the default for replaced content elements). This means it’s not easy to work with variable-width SVG icons. No amount of CSS hacking fixed the problem, so I looked elsewhere – and ended up using canvas.

canvas and aspect ratios

A canvas element – with height and width attributes set – will preserve its aspect ratio when one dimension is scaled. The example below sets a 3:1 aspect ratio.

<canvas height="1" width="3"></canvas>

You can then scale the canvas by changing either dimension in CSS.

canvas {
  display: block;
  height: 2rem;
}

Demo: proportional scaling of canvas.

Fixing SVG scaling in IE

This makes canvas useful for creating aspect ratios. Since IE doesn’t preserve the intrinsic aspect ratio of SVG icons, you can use canvas as a shim. A canvas of the correct aspect ratio provides a scalable frame. The svg can then be positioned to fill the space created by this frame.

The HTML is straightforward:

<div class="Icon" role="img" aria-label="Twitter">
  <canvas class="Icon-canvas" height="1" width="3"></canvas>
  <svg class="Icon-svg">
    <use fill="currentcolor" xlink:href="#icon-twitter"></use>
  </svg>
</div>

So is the CSS:

.Icon {
  display: inline-block;
  height: 1em; /* default icon height */
  position: relative;
  user-select: none;
}

.Icon-canvas {
  display: block;
  height: 100%;
  visibility: hidden;
}

.Icon-svg {
  height: 100%;
  left: 0;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  width: 100%;
}

Setting the canvas height to 100% means it will scale based on the height of the component’s root element – just as SVG’s do in non-IE browsers. Changing the height of the Icon element scales the inner SVG icon while preserving its 3:1 aspect ratio.

Demo: proportional scaling of svg in IE.

Creating an Icon component

The hack is best added to (and eventually removed from) an existing icon component’s implementation.

If you’re generating and inlining an SVG spritemap, you will need to extract the height and width (usually from viewBox) of each of your icons during the build step. If you’re already using the gulp-svgstore plugin, it supports extracting metadata.

Those dimensions need to be set on the canvas element to produce the correct aspect ratio for a given icon.

Example React component (built with webpack):

import iconData from './lib/icons-data.json';
import React from 'react';
import './index.css';

class Icon extends React.Component {
  render() {
    const props = this.props;
    const height = iconData[props.name.height];
    const width = iconData[props.name.width];

    // React doesn't support namespaced attributes, so we have to set the
    // 'use' tag with innerHTML
    const useTag = `<use fill="currentcolor"
                      xlink:href="#icon-${props.name}">
                    </use>`;

    return (
      <span className="Icon">
        <canvas className="Icon-canvas"
          height={height}
          width={width}
        />
        <svg className="Icon-svg"
          dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{__html: useTag}}
          key={props.name}
        />
      </span>
    );
  }
}

export default Icon;

When I introduced this hack to a code base at Twitter, it had no impact on the the rest of the team or the rest of the code base – one of the many benefits of a component-based UI.

Court says Hemant Bhatt needs to be treated at a govt. hospital

Interview with Suzanne V. Arnold, MD, MHA, author of Association of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair With Quality of Life Outcomes at 30 Days and 1 Year: Analysis of the Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry

Interview with Michael J. Reardon, MD, Martin B. Leon, MD, and Patrick T. O'Gara, MD, authors of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Patients at Low Surgical Risk—Selective or Ubiquitous?

Interview with Alexia Mattei, MD, author of Feasibility of First Injection of Autologous Adipose Tissue–Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction in Human Scarred Vocal Folds: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial

Interview with Christopher P. Childers, MD, PhD, and Melinda Maggard Gibbons, MD, authors of Assessment of the Contribution of the Work Relative Value Unit Scale to Differences in Physician Compensation Across Medical and Surgical Specialities

CCH Scan is a paperless software solution that effortlessly and electronically takes all of the disorganized and unsorted client information, determines what each item is, and outputs the organized documents to a single, organized, and bookmarked PDF file.

This webinar will provide an overview on the use of the product and illustrate how it:

• Delegates the work required to organize T1 source documents to an admin person
• Improves the tax preparation workflow by automatically retrieving the PDF related to the return.
• Speeds up the data entry and review process
• Reduces the risk of errors
• Reduces office space required to store paper documents.
• Reduces time required to retrieve work papers (eg. CRA’s EFILE requests in the summer).
• Saves money - no need to buy additional expensive software to improve scanning image.
• Reduces time for manual bookmarking process for those who are currently scanning.
• Can be used for all source document scanning (front-end scanning)

Available Sessions for this Seminar:

, December 17, 2014
, January 07, 2015
, January 14, 2015
, January 21, 2015
, January 28, 2015

While many other parts of the country are bracing for a heatwave, India Meteorological Department (IMD), Goa, has said the state may be spared of the phenomenon and may only face a slight increase in temperature.

Online Resource

Online Resource

€Attractive: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
For more latest jobs and jobs in Germany visit brightrecruits.com

€Attractive: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research
For more latest jobs and jobs in Germany visit brightrecruits.com

Keane, John, 1949- author

Jennings, Eric, author

Single-crystal boron nitride could enable the use of 2-D materials for transistors in computer chips

Single-crystal boron nitride could enable the use of 2-D materials for transistors in computer chips

Variáveis em tecidos, ajuste e comportamento do usuário podem influenciar a eficácia com que uma máscara pode bloquear a propagação do vírus

Manufacturing experts weigh in on Gilead's challenge in making its potential COVID-19 treatment

Manufacturing experts weigh in on Gilead's challenge in making its potential COVID-19 treatment

The central bank has been in touch with auditor BSR & Co., which is a part of KPMG India, over the past few months. But the central bank will now specifically look at whether the auditor had issued any warnings over the past 12 months. Officials aware of the central bank’s plans told ET that RBI officials had already held meetings with Yes Bank’s new audit committee.

Worries about job losses are the highest in the country as 86 per cent being worried about losing their jobs and livelihood post-COVID-19 lockdowns. In comparison, this is only 31 per cent in Britain, 33 per cent in Australia and 41 per cent in the US and a high 71 per cent Hongkongers fear job loses, says the survey.