To combat the pandemic's impact, districts need smaller classes for the youngest kids, writes former U.S. Ed. Secretary Arne Duncan.

A state department leader outlines the challenges and benefits of partnering with researchers in school turnaround efforts in Tennessee.

An Alaskan high school exchange program works to promote understanding between the state's urban centers and its remote Native Villages and communities.

Fadel Zeidan
Nov 18, 2015; 35:15307-15325
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) have been repeatedly implicated in neuropsychiatric vulnerability, in part via their roles in mediating the decision-making processes. Although two neuromodulators share a synthesis pathway and are coactivated under states of arousal, they engage in distinct circuits and modulatory roles. However, the specific role of each neuromodulator in decision-making, in particular the exploration–exploitation tradeoff, remains unclear. Revealing how each neuromodulator contributes to exploration–exploitation tradeoff is important in guiding mechanistic hypotheses emerging from computational psychiatric approaches. To understand the differences and overlaps of the roles of these two catecholamine systems in regulating exploration, a direct comparison using the same dynamic decision-making task is needed. Here, we ran male and female mice in a restless two-armed bandit task, which encourages both exploration and exploitation. We systemically administered a nonselective DA antagonist (flupenthixol), a nonselective DA agonist (apomorphine), a NE beta-receptor antagonist (propranolol), and a NE beta-receptor agonist (isoproterenol) and examined changes in exploration within subjects across sessions. We found a bidirectional modulatory effect of dopamine on exploration. Increasing dopamine activity decreased exploration and decreasing dopamine activity increased exploration. The modulatory effect of beta-noradrenergic receptor activity on exploration was mediated by sex. Reinforcement learning model parameters suggested that dopamine modulation affected exploration via decision noise and norepinephrine modulation affected exploration via sensitivity to outcome. Together, these findings suggested that the mechanisms that govern the exploration–exploitation transition are sensitive to changes in both catecholamine functions and revealed differential roles for NE and DA in mediating exploration.

Harmonics are an integral part of music, speech, and vocalizations of animals. Since the rest of the auditory environment is primarily made up of nonharmonic sounds, the auditory system needs to perceptually separate the above two kinds of sounds. In mice, harmonics, generally with two-tone components (two-tone harmonic complexes, TTHCs), form an important component of vocal communication. Communication by pups during isolation from the mother and by adult males during courtship elicits typical behaviors in female mice—dams and adult courting females, respectively. Our study shows that the processing of TTHC is specialized in mice providing neural basis for perceptual differences between tones and TTHCs and also nonharmonic sounds. Investigation of responses in the primary auditory cortex (Au1) from in vivo extracellular recordings and two-photon Ca²⁺ imaging of excitatory and inhibitory neurons to TTHCs exhibit enhancement, suppression, or no-effect with respect to tones. Irrespective of neuron type, harmonic enhancement is maximized, and suppression is minimized when the fundamental frequencies (F₀) match the neuron's best fundamental frequency (BF₀). Sex-specific processing of TTHC is evident from differences in the distributions of neurons’ best frequency (BF) and best fundamental frequency (BF₀) in single units, differences in harmonic suppressed cases re-BF₀, independent of neuron types, and from pairwise noise correlations among excitatory and parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons. Furthermore, TTHCs elicit a higher response compared with two-tone nonharmonics in females, but not in males. Thus, our study shows specialized neural processing of TTHCs over tones and nonharmonics, highlighting local network specialization among different neuronal types.

Odor information arrives first in the main olfactory bulb and is then broadcasted to the olfactory cortices and striatum. Downstream regions have unique cellular and connectivity architectures that may generate different coding patterns to the same odors. To reveal region-specific response features, tuning and decoding of single-unit populations, we recorded responses to the same odors under the same conditions across regions, namely, the main olfactory bulb (MOB), the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), the anterior piriform cortex (aPC), and the olfactory tubercle of the ventral striatum (OT), of awake male mice. We focused on chemically closely related aldehydes that still create distinct percepts. The MOB had the highest decoding accuracy for aldehydes and was the only region encoding chemical similarity. The MOB had the highest fraction of inhibited responses and narrowly tuned odor-excited responses in terms of timing and odor selectivity. Downstream, the interconnected AON and aPC differed in their response patterns to the same stimuli. While odor-excited responses dominated the AON, the aPC had a comparably high fraction of odor-inhibited responses. Both cortices share a main output target that is the MOB. This prompted us to test if the two regions convey also different net outputs. Aldehydes activated AON terminals in the MOB as a bulk signal but inhibited those from the aPC. The differential cortical projection responses generalized to complex odors. In summary, olfactory regions reveal specialized features in their encoding with AON and aPC differing in their local computations, thereby generating inverse net centrifugal and intercortical outputs.

The first computer is thought to be the invention of a 19th century mathematician

The team at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy needs to transport Kinani, a blind male elephant, to a 4,000-acre compound where he'll be able to roam freely without disturbing other wildlife. Weighing in at nearly eight tons, it'll take careful maneuvering and custom equipment to bring the animal to his new sanctuary.

The answer…and why you should care

Study participants with lifelong anosmia sniffed less than those with a normal sense of smell. Future research could shed light on whether this has negative implications for their health

Since 1970, Lakehead Public Schools has operated Kingfisher Lake Outdoor Education Centre just outside of Thunder Bay, Ont. The CBC's Matt Fratpietro spent a morning with students from École Elsie MacGill Public School to learn more about the forests that surround the city.

The P.E.I. Woodlot Owners Association is encouraging its members to boost the biodiversity of their woods with different varieties of trees and shrubs. As CBC's Nancy Russell reports, the goal is to provide habitat for endangered species and protect the forests from future disasters like post-tropical storm Fiona.

A US order to TSMC to cut AI chip supplies to China over Huawei sanctions won't cause problems for Apple. However, Taiwan's prohibition of TSMC producing 2-nanometer chips elsewhere could make an impact.

U.S. sanctions against Huawei has caused problems for TSMC over attempts by intermediaries to order certain AI-based chip designs on Huawei's behalf. From Monday, TSMC is suspending shipments of the AI-focused chips to China, on the orders of the United States.

The Department of Commerce imposed export restrictions of select chip designs that were intended to be shipped to China, an unnamed source of Reuters claims. The shipment ban, which kicks in from Monday, affects certain types of chips made with 7-nanometer processes or advanced designs, intended for AI or graphics processing.


Continue Reading on AppleInsider | Discuss on our Forums

OM Hungary works alongside partner organisations to bring comfort and Jesus’ love to refugees in Budapest.

Seeing how little it takes to make a difference and experiencing that God can use them, young Moldovans get passionate about sharing the gospel.

Balboa, Panama :: Logos Hope's volunteers make an uplifting visit to a shelter for migrant men, testing their eyesight and handing out reading glasses.

OM Sweden hosts its first outreach in 17 years.

God gives an OM short term worker the perfect tract to explain the Gospel to an environmental activist.

In an annual OM Guatemala outreach, volunteers are challenged to leave their comfort zone and share God’s love in a different way.

As war continues in the east of Ukraine, refugees flood Odessa. OM cannot turn a blind eye to its new neighbours.

A local Chinese mother teaches Cantonese to three Pakistani mothers before they all watch the film 'Magdalena: Released from Shame' together.

Behind the glow of city lights, a group of people easily go unnoticed—lost sheep in desperate need of the hope of the gospel.

Logos Hope's Visitor Experience deck creatively engages people with the gospel as local volunteers make the language and cultural barriers obsolete.

Two recent studies of Teach to One: Math highlight the tension in math between grade-level-based accountability systems and approaches to instruction that enable more personalized paths to college and career readiness.

Whether praying in Cantonese or Albanian, believers are one in heart.

Education Week asked three 8th grade teachers to evaluate real student responses to an open-ended question on the National Assessment of Educational Progress in social studies. Here's what they said.

Over 100 young people, coaches and supporters hear the Word of God at a volleyball and football tournament held in conjunction with local churches.

One father in Bangladesh struggles to find believing husbands for his two daughters, after all three have come to faith in Jesus.

When teachers have experienced stressful events in their own childhoods, it could shape the way that they build classroom climate for their students, a study suggests.

Every person can use his or her abilities to serve. With that thought, a hundred people gathered in Brazil to learn more about missions.

A comprehensive look at how U.S. schools served students in the aftermath of the coronavirus closures finds that schools responded more fully in communities where parents' education levels were higher.

How prayer shaped the history of OM and how important prayer still is today.

A recent study has confirmed that the King Cobra, previously thought to be a single species, is actually made up of four distinct species. After 188 years of uncertainty, scientists identified the Northern, Sunda, Western Ghats, and Luzon King Cobras based on genetic differences and physical characteristics. This discovery helps explain the variations observed in King Cobras across their wide distribution in Asia. The study also paves the way for improved regional antivenom.

Prateik clarified that it was not money and recognition that pushed him into taking drugs, as people often think

Company corrections ordered and completed Commissioner Trinidad Navarro has released a consumer alert for Liberty Mutual policyholders. In early December, the Delaware Department of Insurance became aware of unacceptable difficulties in contacting the company and filing claims by phone. The department ordered these issues corrected when discovered, and recently deemed the problems resolved. Policyholders reported […]

Media Contact:Veronica Marshall Public Information Officer, Traffic Safety Outreach Coordinator Veronica.Marshall@Delaware.Gov   Plan to Arrive Alive this Halloween OHS increases DUI patrols October 29 – 31, 2021   [DOVER, Del.] October 27, 2021 — Spooky season is here. And while some people of all ages celebrate a good scare – the Halloween holiday can present […]

Hi everyone. 

I'm very a new cadence user. I'm not good at using it and quite lost in finding a way to get the results. With the topic, I would like to ask you for some suggestions to improve my cadence skills.

I have some digital decision logic. Some are combinational logic, some are sequential logic that I would like to import or generate random input combination to the inputs of my decision logic to get the maximum, minimum, and average delay power dissipation and area when feeding the different input combination.

My logic has 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit input. The imported data tends to be decimal numbers.

I would like to ask you:

- which tool(s) are the most appropriate to import and feed the different combination to my decision logic?

- which tool is the most appropriate to synthesis with different number of input? - I have used Genus Synthesis Solution so far. However with my skill right now I can only let Genus synthesize my Verilog code one setup at a time. I'm not sure if I there is anyway I can feed a lot of input at a time and get those results (min, max, average of delay, power dissipation and area)

- which language or scripts I should pick up to use and achieve these results?

-where can I find information to solve my problem? which information shall I look for?

Thank you so much for your time!!

Best Regards

Hello Community,

I have encountered an issue that is a mystery to me and hope somebody could give me a clue about what is happening in Cadence and maybe even a solution?

I am running a test scripted in a SKILL file that sequentially opens two different projects with MC analyses and in between I get an error message box and also multiple logs in CIW with exactly the same text.

 

Both projects run a simulation with a call like this:

historyName = maeRunSimulation(?session sessionName ?waitUntilDone t)

 

After this the script closes the current project, opens the next project and executes the same line with maeRunSimulation() for the second project. Then immediately this error message happens, and also is logged repeatedly in the CIW window

 

The message box looks like this:

The logs I get in CIW:

 

nil
hiCancelProgressBox(_axlNetlistCreateProgressBar)
nil
hiCancelProgressBox(_axlUILoadForm)
nil
when(dwindow('axlDataViewessWindow1) hiMapWindow(dwindow('axlDataViewessWindow1)))
t
when(dwindow('axlRunSummaryessWindow1) hiMapWindow(dwindow('axlRunSummaryessWindow1)))
t
ERROR (ASSEMBLER-1600): Cannot find an active session named fnxSession0.
You can only modify an ADE Assembler session that is active.
Perhaps the session name was misspelled or has not yet been created.
Verify the session name matches an existing ADE Assembler session.

1>
ERROR (ASSEMBLER-1600): Cannot find an active session named fnxSession0.
You can only modify an ADE Assembler session that is active.
Perhaps the session name was misspelled or has not yet been created.
Verify the session name matches an existing ADE Assembler session.

*WARNING* hiDisplayAppDBox: modal dbox 'adexlMessageDialog' is already displayed!
ERROR (ASSEMBLER-1600): Cannot find an active session named fnxSession0.
You can only modify an ADE Assembler session that is active.
Perhaps the session name was misspelled or has not yet been created.
Verify the session name matches an existing ADE Assembler session.

*WARNING* hiDisplayAppDBox: modal dbox 'adexlMessageDialog' is already displayed!
ERROR (ASSEMBLER-1600): Cannot find an active session named fnxSession0.
You can only modify an ADE Assembler session that is active.
Perhaps the session name was misspelled or has not yet been created.
Verify the session name matches an existing ADE Assembler session.

i want to read from text file two values  on two ports , i wrote  that  code, and i have that error that shown in the image below . and also the data in text file is shown as screenshot

 

module read_file (a,b);

electrical a,b;
integer in_file_0,data_value, valid, count0,int_value;

analog begin
@(initial_step) begin
in_file_0 = $fopen("/home/hh1667/ee610/my_library/read_file/data2.txt","r");

valid = $fscanf (in_file_0, "%b,%b" ,int_value,count0);
end

V(a) <+ int_value;
V(b) <+ count0;

end

endmodule

Hi All

I am looking for the functions which are different about OrCAD Professional and Allegro tier.

is there any resource?

regard

Hi

In the environment I'm currently working, axes are shown for schematic, symbol, and layout views.For schematics and symbols, I'd prefer a dim gray, such that the axes are just visible but not dominant. For the layout, I'd prefer a brighter color. Is there a way to realize this? So far when I change the color of the 'axis' layer in the display resource editor, the axes in all three views get changed together:

Thanks very much for your input!

Hai Community,

What are the differences between the Cadence OrCAD / Allegro 24.1 with the Altium Designer 24.

Can I get the grid matrix difference between these two tools?

Regards,

Rohit Rohan

While reports in Israel assess that Hezbollah may have lost 80 percent of its rocket arsenal and also lost 2,000 fighters, Hezbollah is putting on a brave face, claiming Israel is far from its goals.

An analysis of thousands of cognitive tests carried out by chimpanzees finds that the number of spectators influenced their performance in different ways depending on the difficulty of the task

An analysis of thousands of cognitive tests carried out by chimpanzees finds that the number of spectators influenced their performance in different ways depending on the difficulty of the task

Highland and lowland populations in Papua New Guinea have different gene variants derived from Denisovan archaic humans, indicating possible adaptations for lower oxygen levels and higher malaria risk

Title: Thyroid Storm vs Thyrotoxicosis: Differences
Category: Diseases and Conditions
Created: 7/8/2022 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 7/8/2022 12:00:00 AM

Title: In Type 2 Diabetes, Gut May 'Taste' Sugar Differently
Category: Health News
Created: 8/28/2013 2:35:00 PM
Last Editorial Review: 8/29/2013 12:00:00 AM