distance Using Wi-Fi like sonar to measure speed and distance of indoor movement By news.ncsu.edu Published On :: 2019-08-30T07:00:00Z Full Article
distance OSCE launches first distance human rights course in Ukraine for judges By feeds.osce.org Published On :: Wed, 27 Jul 2016 08:50:15 +0000 Andrii Dziubenko The OSCE Project Co-ordinator on 15 July 2016 launched the first distance course in Ukraine on the application of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Developed, designed and produced by the OSCE Project Co-ordinator, the course was finalized after it was successfully piloted on the online platform of the National School of Judges of Ukraine (NSJU). From now the NSJU will have this sustainable tool at its disposal for systematically training judges on applying the case-law of the ECtHR without having to involve extra human or financial resources. Thirty judges from all over Ukraine have already been trained distantly and received their certificates of accomplishment. The content was developed in co-operation with experts on the European Convention on Human Rights and the case-law of the ECtHR, and Ukrainian judges. The course was developed as part of the “Safeguarding Human Rights through Courts” project, which is being implemented by the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine with the financial support of the Government of Canada.Related StoriesOSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine trains social entrepreneurs on social media marketingOSCE supports Ukrainian legal education practitioners in developing human rights-oriented approaches to their workOSCE Project Co-ordinator supports creation of a pool of trainers on anti-corruption for Ukraine’s judges Full Article OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine Education Human rights Eastern Europe News
distance Green & Dore Earn BTA Olympic Distance Title By bernews.com Published On :: Mon, 07 Oct 2024 13:45:58 +0000 Will Green and Marie Dore were crowned the Bermuda Triathlon Association’s national Olympic distance triathlon male and female champions. Green was clocked across the line in a time of 2:17.18, he clocked a time of 23.42 on the swim, before clocking 1:12.15 on the bike course before completing the run course in a time of […] Full Article All Sports #GoodNews #Triathlon
distance Precautions To Be Taken Before Enrolling In Open And Distance Learning Courses By www.ndtv.com Published On :: Thu, 14 Nov 2024 07:30:57 +0530 The list of HEIs entitled to offer programmes in ODL mode with names of programmes is available on UGC website. Full Article
distance Gabriel Macht reveals why he wanted to distance himself from Harvey Specter By www.thenews.com.pk Published On :: Wed, 13 Nov 2024 22:31:00 +0500 Gabriel Macht reveals his brother believed he was just like his character from 'Suits'Gabriel Macht, American actor, wanted to be as far away as possible from his beloved fictional persona, Harvey Specter. The actor revealed the reason why he holds no interest in living the life the way... Full Article
distance Going the distance By www.om.org Published On :: Thu, 22 Oct 2015 16:55:44 +0000 OM Zambia participates in Run4TheWorld for the fourth year, offering 35-km and 65-km cycling routes, in addition to the 10-km run. Full Article
distance Welcome to the Distance Education Clearinghouse By www.online-degrees-anytime.com Published On :: 2005-09-13T22:46:03-07:00 The Distance Education Clearinghouse is a comprehensive and widely recognized Web site bringing together distance education information from Wisconsin, national, and international sources. New information and resources are being added to the Distance Education Clearinghouse on a continual basis. click... Full Article
distance Tips for Long-Distance Cycling Safety By www.popularfitness.com Published On :: March 12, 2021 Bicycling combines physical fitness with the beauty of the great outdoors. Full Article
distance Nigeria: Vanguard Warns Public, Distances Itself From Fake Story On AfDB President By allafrica.com Published On :: Wed, 06 Nov 2024 11:57:12 GMT [Vanguard] Vanguard Media Limited hereby issues a public warning to disregard a falsified visual circulating online, which purports to be a screenshot of our website. Full Article Press and Media Nigeria West Africa
distance The Distance of Sin By www.ancientfaith.com Published On :: 2017-03-02T04:51:21+00:00 Fr. Apostolos shares from the Parable of the Prodigal Son Full Article
distance New Distance Learning Program at the IOCS! By www.ancientfaith.com Published On :: 2014-07-23T17:27:50+00:00 John Maddex interviews Dr. Costas Athanasopoulos of the Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies about the school's new Distance Learning Program. Full Article
distance Orthodox Distance Learning from IOCS By www.ancientfaith.com Published On :: 2014-07-24T22:05:43+00:00 An interview with Professor David Frost from the Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies in Cambridge. Hear about some programs you can take advantage of even if you don't live in the UK! Full Article
distance Fr. Gregory Hallam and the Equip Distance Learning Program By www.ancientfaith.com Published On :: 2014-07-24T22:30:18+00:00 Archpriest Gregory Hallam who publishes his sermons here on the Voice from the Isles podcast also hosts on the UK Antiochian Deanery website a three-year diploma in Orthodox theology. The course has the bishop’s blessing, and a distance learning option is available. Fr. Gregory offers this taster podcast from the third year, Lecture 61. If you are interested in this course please visit this web page for details:- http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/e-quip.htm Full Article
distance Distance Learning at the Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies By www.ancientfaith.com Published On :: 2014-07-25T20:59:08+00:00 Bobby Maddex interviews Costas (Constantinos Athanasopoulos), the Director of Distance Learning at the Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies in the UK, and Michael Basham, a recent graduate of this distance-learning program. Full Article
distance The IOCS Distance Learning Program By www.ancientfaith.com Published On :: 2014-07-26T03:59:41+00:00 Bobby Maddex interviews Dr. David Frost, the principal and administrator of the Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies in Cambridge, England, about the institute's Distance Learning Program, which is currently accepting new applicants. Full Article
distance God at a Distance By www.ancientfaith.com Published On :: 2014-09-09T21:59:50+00:00 Fr. Pat discusses the parable of the wedding invitations. Full Article
distance Impacts of social media usage on consumers' engagement in social commerce: the roles of trust and cultural distance By www.inderscience.com Published On :: 2024-10-02T23:20:50-05:00 The prevalence of social media transforms e-business into social commerce and facilitates consumers' engagement in cross-cultural social commerce. However, social commerce operations encounter unpredictable challenges in cross-cultural business environment. It is vital to further investigate how contextual elements affect consumers' trust and their engagement when they are exposed to the complexity of cross-cultural business environment. The stimuli-organism-response paradigm is employed to examine how the two dimensions of social media usage influence consumers' engagement in cross-cultural social commerce. The current study surveyed 2,058 samples from 135 countries, and the regression analysis results illustrate the mechanism whereby informational and socialising usage of social media positively influences consumers' engagement in social commerce through consumers' trust toward social commerce websites. Additionally, the associations between two aspects of social media usage and consumers' trust towards social commerce are negatively moderated by cultural distance. Both theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Full Article
distance A Meta-ethnographic Synthesis of Support Services in Distance Learning Programs By Published On :: Full Article
distance An evaluation of English distance information teaching quality based on decision tree classification algorithm By www.inderscience.com Published On :: 2024-07-04T23:20:50-05:00 In order to overcome the problems of low evaluation accuracy and long evaluation time in traditional teaching quality evaluation methods, a method of English distance information teaching quality evaluation based on decision tree classification algorithm is proposed. Firstly, construct teaching quality evaluation indicators under different roles. Secondly, the information gain theory in decision tree classification algorithm is used to divide the attributes of teaching resources. Finally, the rough set theory is used to calculate the index weight and establish the risk evaluation index factor set. The result of teaching quality evaluation is obtained through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of the teaching quality evaluation of this method can reach 99.2%, the recall rate of the English information teaching quality evaluation is 99%, and the time used for the English distance information teaching quality evaluation of this method is only 8.9 seconds. Full Article
distance Are All Learners Created Equal? A Quantitative Analysis of Academic Performance in a Distance Tertiary Institution By Published On :: Full Article
distance ICT Education and Training in Sub-Saharan Africa: Multimode versus Traditional Distance Learning By Published On :: Full Article
distance The Human Dimension on Distance Learning: A Case Study of a Telecommunications Company By Published On :: Full Article
distance Communication Management and Control in Distance Learning Scenarios By Published On :: Full Article
distance Prisoner’s Attitudes Toward Using Distance Education Whilst in Prisons in Saudi Arabia By Published On :: Full Article
distance The Use of Computer Simulation to Compare Student performance in Traditional versus Distance Learning Environments By Published On :: 2015-06-03 Simulations have been shown to be an effective tool in traditional learning environments; however, as distance learning grows in popularity, the need to examine simulation effectiveness in this environment has become paramount. A casual-comparative design was chosen for this study to determine whether students using a computer-based instructional simulation in hybrid and fully online environments learned better than traditional classroom learners. The study spans a period of 6 years beginning fall 2008 through spring 2014. The population studied was 281 undergraduate business students self-enrolled in a 200-level microcomputer application course. The overall results support previous studies in that computer simulations are most effective when used as a supplement to face-to-face lectures and in hybrid environments. Full Article
distance Experiences with Using Videos in Distance Education. A Pilot Study: A Course on Human-Computer Interaction By Published On :: 2016-05-23 The number of online resources available for teaching and learning in higher education has been growing enormously during the last decade. A recent development is the emergence of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and of Open Educational Resources (OER). The result is a huge number of videos that are available on line. Can these videos enrich learning? As a pilot study we added sixteen videos to an existing introductory course in Human-Computer Interaction. This course is mandatory in the Bachelor programs Computer Science and Information Science (second year). Watching the videos was optional for the students. The videos originated for the most part from the MOOC Human-Computer Interaction, produced by Stanford University. We offered this course to a pilot group of eight students. The educational context was problem-based learning in distance education. The videos were welcomed by all of the students and were found to be useful in their learning process. The students watched the videos intensively and appreciated them very well. A main reason for the students to be positive about the videos was that they liked to alternate reading texts and watching videos. Full Article
distance Distance Learning During the COVID-19 Crisis as Perceived by Preservice Teachers By Published On :: 2021-06-04 Aim/Purpose: This study examined learning during the COVID-19 crisis, as perceived by preservice teachers at the time of their academic studies and their student teaching experience. Background: The COVID-19 crisis is unexpected. On one hand, it disrupted learning in all learning frameworks, on the other, it may create a change in learning characteristics even after the end of the crisis. This study examined the pro-ductive, challenging, and thwarting factors that preservice teachers encountered during their studies and in the course of their student teaching during the COVID-19 period, from the perspective of preservice teachers. Methodology: The study involved 287 students studying at teacher training institutions in Israel. The preservice teachers were studying online, and in addition experienced online teaching of students in schools, guided by their own teacher. The study used a mixed method. The questionnaire included closed and open questions. The data were collected in 2020. Contribution: Identifying the affecting factors may deepen the understanding of online learning/teaching and assist in the optimal implementation of online learning. Findings: Online learning experience. We found that some of the lessons at institutions of higher learning were delivered in the format of online lectures. Many pre-service teachers had difficulty sitting in front of a computer for many hours—“Zoom fatigue.” Preservice teachers who had difficulty self-regulating and self-mobilizing for study, experienced accumulating loads, which caused them feelings of stress and anxiety. The word count indicated that the words that appeared most often were “load” and “stress.” Some preservice teachers wrote that collaborating in forums with others made it easier for them. Some suggested diversifying by digital means, incorporating asynchronous units and illustrative films, and easing up on online lectures, as a substitute for face-to-face lectures. Online teaching experience in schools. The preservice teachers' descriptions show that in lessons taught in the format of lectures and communication of content, there were discipline problems and non-learning. According to the preservice teachers, discipline problems stemmed from difficulties concentrating, physical distance, load, and failure to address the students' difficulties. Recommendations for Practitioners: In choosing schools for student teaching, it is recommended to reach an understanding with the school about the online learning policy and organization. It is important to hold synchronous sessions in small groups of 5 to 10 students. The sessions should focus on the mental wellbeing of the students, and on the acquisition of knowledge and skills. Students should be prepared for participation in asynchronous digital lessons, which should be produced by professionals. It should be remembered that the change of medium from face-to-face to online learning also changes the familiar learning environment for all parties and requires modifying the ways of teaching. Recommendations for Researchers: A change in the learning medium also requires a change in the definition of objectives and goals expected of each party—students, teachers, and parents. All parties must learn to view online learning as a method that enables empowerment and the application of 21st century skills. Impact on Society: Teachers' ability to deploy 21st century skills in an online environment de-pends largely on their experience, knowledge, skills, and attitude toward these skills. Future Research: This study examined the issue from the perspective of preservice teachers. It is recommended to examine it also from the perspective of teachers and students. Full Article
distance Interactive QuickTime: Developing and Evaluating Multimedia Learning Objects to Enhance Both Face-To-Face and Distance E-Learning Environments By Published On :: Full Article
distance If We Build It, Will They Come? Adoption of Online Video-Based Distance Learning By Published On :: Full Article
distance Lifelong Learning at the Technion: Graduate Students’ Perceptions of and Experiences in Distance Learning By Published On :: Full Article
distance Has Distance Learning Become More Flexible? Reflections of a Distance Learning Student By Published On :: Full Article
distance The Resonance Factor: Probing the Impact of Video on Student Retention in Distance Learning By Published On :: Full Article
distance Quantitative Aspects about the Interactions of Professors in the Learning Management System during a Final Undergraduate Project Distance Discipline By Published On :: Full Article
distance The U-Curve of E-Learning: Course Website and Online Video Use in Blended and Distance Learning By Published On :: Full Article
distance Distance Learning: Effectiveness of an Interdisciplinary Course in Speech Pathology and Dentistry By Published On :: 2015-08-18 Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of distance learning courses for the purpose of interdisciplinary continuing education in Speech Pathology and Dentistry. Methods: The online course was made available on the Moodle platform. A total of 30 undergraduates participated in the study (15 from the Dentistry course and 15 from the Speech Pathology course). Their knowledge was evaluated before and after the course, in addition to the user satisfaction by means of specific questionnaires. The course was evaluated by 6 specialists on the following aspects: presentation and quality of the content, audio-visual quality, adequacy to the target public, and information made available. To compare the obtained results in the pre- and post-course questionnaires, the test Wilcoxon was carried out, with a 5% significance level. Results: the teaching/learning process, including the theoretical/practical application for the interdisciplinary training, proved to be effective as there was a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post- course evaluations (p<0.001), the users’ satisfaction degree was favorable and the specialists evaluated the material as adequate regarding the target public, the audio-visual information quality and the strategies of content availability. Conclusion: The suggested distance-learning course proved to be effective for the purpose of Speech Pathology and Dentistry interdisciplinary education. Full Article
distance Analyzing the Quality of Students Interaction in a Distance Learning Object-Oriented Programming Discipline By Published On :: 2015-07-29 Teaching object-oriented programming to students in an in-classroom environment demands well-thought didactic and pedagogical strategies in order to guarantee a good level of apprenticeship. To teach it on a completely distance learning environment (e-learning) imposes possibly other strategies, besides those that the e-learning model of Open University of Portugal dictates. This article analyses the behavior of the students of the 1st cycle in Computer Science while interacting with the object-oriented programming (OOP) discipline available to them on the Moodle platform. Through the evaluation of the level of interaction achieved in a group of relevant selected actions by the students, it is possible to identify their relevancy to the success of the programming learning process. Data was extracted from Moodle, numerically analyzed, and, with the use of some charts, behavior patterns of students were identified. This paper points out potential new approaches to be considered in e-learning in order to enhance programming learning results, besides confirming a high level of drop-out and a low level of interaction, thus finding no clear correlation between students’ success and the number of online actions (especially in forums), which reveals a possible failure of the main pillar on which the e-learning model relies. Full Article
distance Using a Virtual Room Platform To Build a Multimedia Distance Learning Environment For The Internet By Published On :: Full Article
distance WHEN IN ROME, LOOK LIKE CAESAR? INVESTIGATING THE LINK BETWEEN DEMAND-SIDE CULTURAL POWER DISTANCE AND CEO POWER By amj.aom.org Published On :: Mon, 06 Jul 2015 19:21:20 +0000 Agency theory-grounded research on boards of directors and firm legitimacy has historically viewed CEO power as de-legitimating, often taking this fact for granted in theorizing about external assessors' evaluations of a firm. With few exceptions, this literature has focused exclusively on capital market participants (e.g., investors, securities analysts) as the arbiters of a firm's legitimacy and has accordingly assumed that legitimate governance arrangements are those derived from the shareholder-oriented prescriptions of agency theory. We extend this line of research in new ways by arguing that customers also externally assess firm legitimacy, and that firms potentially adjust their governance characteristics to meet customers' norms and expectations. We argue that the cultural-cognitive institutions prevalent in customers' home countries influence their judgments regarding a firm's legitimacy, such that firms competing heavily in high-power distance cultures are more likely to have powerful CEOs, with CEO power a source of legitimacy—rather than illegitimacy—among customers. We also argue that the more dependent a firm is on its customers and the more salient cultural power distance is as a demand-side institutional norm, the greater this relationship will be. Data from 151 U.S. semiconductor and pharmaceutical firms over a 10-year period generally support our predictions. Full Article
distance Study links fatigue-related CMV crashes to distance from rest areas By www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com Published On :: Tue, 26 Jun 2018 00:00:00 -0400 Lexington, KY — Fatigue-related crashes among commercial motor vehicle drivers increase the farther the crash site is located from truck stops, rest areas and weigh stations with rest havens, according to a recent study from the University of Kentucky. Full Article
distance Responsibility at a distance: parents' accounts of their children's unaccompanied travelling. By ezproxy.scu.edu.au Published On :: Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 -0400 Children's Geographies; 06/01/2023(AN 164286259); ISSN: 14733285Academic Search Premier Full Article NORWAY PUBLIC spaces PARENTS PARENTING PUBLIC transit CAREGIVERS RESPONSIBILITY
distance High-throughput and high-resolution powder X-ray diffractometer consisting of six sets of 2D CdTe detectors with variable sample-to-detector distance and innovative automation system By journals.iucr.org Published On :: 2024-06-20 The demand for powder X-ray diffraction analysis continues to increase in a variety of scientific fields, as the excellent beam quality of high-brightness synchrotron light sources enables the acquisition of high-quality measurement data with high intensity and angular resolution. Synchrotron powder diffraction has enabled the rapid measurement of many samples and various in situ/operando experiments in nonambient sample environments. To meet the demands for even higher throughput measurements using high-energy X-rays at SPring-8, a high-throughput and high-resolution powder diffraction system has been developed. This system is combined with six sets of two-dimensional (2D) CdTe detectors for high-energy X-rays, and various automation systems, including a system for automatic switching among large sample environmental equipment, have been developed in the third experimental hutch of the insertion device beamline BL13XU at SPring-8. In this diffractometer system, high-brilliance and high-energy X-rays ranging from 16 to 72 keV are available. The powder diffraction data measured under ambient and various nonambient conditions can be analysed using Rietveld refinement and the pair distribution function. Using the 2D CdTe detectors with variable sample-to-detector distance, three types of scan modes have been established: standard, single-step and high-resolution. A major feature is the ability to measure a whole powder pattern with millisecond resolution. Equally important, this system can measure powder diffraction data with high Q exceeding 30 Å−1 within several tens of seconds. This capability is expected to contribute significantly to new research avenues using machine learning and artificial intelligence by utilizing the large amount of data obtained from high-throughput measurements. Full Article text
distance A database overview of metal-coordination distances in metalloproteins By journals.iucr.org Published On :: 2024-04-29 Metalloproteins are ubiquitous in all living organisms and take part in a very wide range of biological processes. For this reason, their experimental characterization is crucial to obtain improved knowledge of their structure and biological functions. The three-dimensional structure represents highly relevant information since it provides insight into the interaction between the metal ion(s) and the protein fold. Such interactions determine the chemical reactivity of the bound metal. The available PDB structures can contain errors due to experimental factors such as poor resolution and radiation damage. A lack of use of distance restraints during the refinement and validation process also impacts the structure quality. Here, the aim was to obtain a thorough overview of the distribution of the distances between metal ions and their donor atoms through the statistical analysis of a data set based on more than 115 000 metal-binding sites in proteins. This analysis not only produced reference data that can be used by experimentalists to support the structure-determination process, for example as refinement restraints, but also resulted in an improved insight into how protein coordination occurs for different metals and the nature of their binding interactions. In particular, the features of carboxylate coordination were inspected, which is the only type of interaction that is commonly present for nearly all metals. Full Article text
distance Coordinate-based simulation of pair distance distribution functions for small and large molecular assemblies: implementation and applications By journals.iucr.org Published On :: 2024-09-17 X-ray scattering has become a major tool in the structural characterization of nanoscale materials. Thanks to the widely available experimental and computational atomic models, coordinate-based X-ray scattering simulation has played a crucial role in data interpretation in the past two decades. However, simulation of real-space pair distance distribution functions (PDDFs) from small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS/WAXS, has been relatively less exploited. This study presents a comparison of PDDF simulation methods, which are applied to molecular structures that range in size from β-cyclodextrin [1 kDa molecular weight (MW), 66 non-hydrogen atoms] to the satellite tobacco mosaic virus capsid (1.1 MDa MW, 81 960 non-hydrogen atoms). The results demonstrate the power of interpretation of experimental SAXS/WAXS from the real-space view, particularly by providing a more intuitive method for understanding of partial structure contributions. Furthermore, the computational efficiency of PDDF simulation algorithms makes them attractive as approaches for the analysis of large nanoscale materials and biological assemblies. The simulation methods demonstrated in this article have been implemented in stand-alone software, SolX 3.0, which is available to download from https://12idb.xray.aps.anl.gov/solx.html. Full Article text
distance Al Levi: Distance learning works By www.pmmag.com Published On :: Mon, 21 Dec 2020 00:00:00 -0500 I’ll admit it. I was skeptical that distance learning could be a worthwhile experience for service contractors. Full Article
distance Understanding and managing freefall distances By www.ishn.com Published On :: Wed, 23 Aug 2023 13:39:53 -0400 In this article, we'll guide you through the importance of accurately calculating fall distance and maintaining necessary clearance to avoid injuries. Full Article
distance ARK Multicasting Inc. and SpectraRep® at the Forefront of Distance Learning Technology By www.24-7pressrelease.com Published On :: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 08:00:00 GMT Deployment of the Educast™ service on the ARK Broadcast Internet Network of NextGen TV stations Full Article
distance [Pangyo Enterprise] Kakao Mobility to Demonstrate Korea's First 80km Long-distance Platooning By www.24-7pressrelease.com Published On :: Tue, 05 Oct 2021 08:00:00 GMT Kakao Mobility will demonstrate the long-distance platooning demonstration based on this research achievement. Full Article
distance Understanding Flange Focal Distance and Lens Adapters By alphatracks.com Published On :: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 16:54:16 +0000 Understanding Flange Focal Distance. What is Flange Focal Distance? The simple textbook answer is FFD... The post Understanding Flange Focal Distance and Lens Adapters appeared first on Alphatracks. Full Article E-Mount Lenses Old Glass E-Mount lens Evil Camera Flange Focal Distance Lens Adapter
distance Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 1: Advice and Serious Warnings By electrical-engineering-portal.com Published On :: Mon, 09 Sep 2024 06:16:12 +0000 In 2004, I embarked on an intensive nine-month training program in protection and instrumentation. This experience laid the foundation for my deep understanding of substation protection systems, combining both theoretical knowledge and practical application. The first protection scheme we delved... Read more The post Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 1: Advice and Serious Warnings appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal. Full Article Power Substation Premium Content Protection Transmission and Distribution circuit breaker distance protection fault current indiscriminate tripping line angle line impedance overcurrent protection proper relay coordination relay relay coordination relay coordination study relay settings source impedance time coordination transmission lines
distance Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 2: Never Mess Up Protection Accuracy By electrical-engineering-portal.com Published On :: Mon, 23 Sep 2024 06:10:07 +0000 The first part of this article series delved into the fundamentals of overcurrent protection, exploring the intricacies of relay coordination, the impact of source impedance, and the application of distance protection. These foundational concepts laid the groundwork for understanding how... Read more The post Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 2: Never Mess Up Protection Accuracy appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal. Full Article Power Substation Premium Content Protection Transmission and Distribution arc resistance cascading line tripping distance protection distance protection schemes distance relay p543 fault fault condition ground distance relays impedance transformation impedances line angle load encroachment long transmission lines overcurrent protection overreaching protection schemes relay settings sotf switch-on-to-fault transmission line tripping underreaching