This paper takes stock of informal employment in Russia analysing its incidence and determinants. Using the regular 2003-11 waves and an informality supplement of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) it develops several measures of informal employment and demonstrates that the incidence varies widely across the different definitions.

Poland’s economic performance has been impressive over the past 15 years, but further reforms are now needed to put the economy firmly back on track for stronger and sustainable growth, according to the OECD’s latest Economic Survey of Poland.

The paper discusses a number of policies that could help to make the Chilean labour market more inclusive and broaden the benefits of growth. These include expanding childcare, promoting a more flexible labour market and strengthening education and skills policies, among others.

Significant labour market mismatches and insufficient mobility penalise employment and productivity. Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains.

Poor labour market outcomes remain one of Poland’s major structural weaknesses, impeding firms’ competitiveness and the nation’s potential output. Boosting employment prospects is also critical, as the country will soon be ageing at a fast pace.

Improving the labour market performance of immigrants requires a two-fold strategy. First, policies specific to migrants need to be enhanced. Second, general reforms to improve the functioning of the economy, desirable in any case, could also have a significant positive impact on immigrants.

The low and declining female labour force participation rate in India despite strong growth over the past decade is puzzling and stands out among emerging markets. At the same time greater economic participation of women can be a source of inclusive growth, and wellbeing.

This paper explores the link between skill and qualification mismatch and labour productivity using cross-country industry data for 19 OECD countries.

This paper first decomposes labour productivity growth over 2000-11 into a within-industry, a shift and a cross effect in a number of countries and compares China with other countries over this period. This shift-share analysis also allows a comparison of within-sector productivity gains across a large number of sectors and countries.

Both educational attainment and skills, as measured in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), are high in Sweden. They are not perfect substitutes, but both are to some degree necessary for successfully integrating in the Swedish labour market.

A well-functioning labour market is indispensable to promote job creation, increase living standards, and develop a cohesive society. In Italy, the various deficiencies of the labour market have resulted in high unemployment, low labour force participation and job-skill mismatch.

Italy’s low employment rate is associated with adverse labour market dynamics characterised differently across different categories of people.

Macro-simulations benchmarking employment in Finland to the Nordic average show that closing the large gaps in labour participation vis-à-vis the other Nordics across genders and age groups would boost employment significantly.

Labour market reforms are essential to promote social cohesion by removing obstacles to employment, particularly for women, youth and older persons.

Labour market mobility in the European Union is increasing, but it remains too low to provide sufficient adjustment in the face of diverging labour market developments.

The New Zealand economy continues enjoying a strong, broad-based expansion, driven by booming tourism, high net inward migration, solid construction activity and supportive monetary policy.

The various deficiencies of the labour market and the educational system have resulted in high unemployment, low labour force participation, low skills levels and high skill mismatch.

This paper provides an overview of labour market resilience in the wake of the Great Recession of 2008-09 and the role played by macroeconomic and structural policies.

Changing labour market demand and moving up the global value chain requires high-skilled workers.

Technological change is increasing the productivity of highly skilled workers but creating more challenging labour-market conditions for their low-skilled counterparts.

Digitalisation is one of the megatrends affecting societies and labour markets, alongside demographic change and globalisation.

Assuming that immigrants select destinations according to absolute returns to their observable and unobservable human capital, I present a human capital model of migration accounting for taxes, transfers and limited portability of skills.

Iceland has high living standards, low poverty, high inclusiveness and one of the most sustainable pension systems.

In 2016 the Polish government introduced a large new child benefit, called “Family 500+”, with the aim to increase fertility from a low level and reduce child poverty. The benefit is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. It more than doubles fiscal support for families, making Poland one of the top spenders in the EU concerning cash transfers for families.

In 2016 the Polish government introduced a large new child benefit, called "Family 500+", with the aim to increase fertility from a low level and reduce child poverty.

Economic performance in The Netherlands is vibrant and growth is expected to remain robust, underpinned by sound public finances, healthy job creation and high levels of confidence. The current economic expansion should be used to speed up implementation of reforms to ensure future stability and support more inclusive labour markets, according to a new report from the OECD.

Growth, driven by both internal and external demand, has been accelerating since 2013 and at 4.6% in 2017 it was more balanced than in previous years. Household consumption is supported by income growth, a declining savings rate as confidence is high, and by rising credit.

Canada has long taken in more immigrants relative to its population than most other countries. Immigration policy in Canada aims to promote economic development by selecting immigrants with high levels of human capital, to reunite families and to respond to foreign crises and offer protection to endangered people.

This paper reviews empirical research on finance and labour markets.

Over the past two decades, real median wage growth in many OECD countries has decoupled from labour productivity growth, partly reflecting declines in labour income shares.

A young boy named Kalu, who had been rescued from a carpet-weaving unit in Bihar, once raised a compelling and very significant question when he met then-President Bill Clinton. In conversation with the President, Kalu politely inquired about his plans and policies with regard to the world’s children and their condition.

Practical actions for companies to identify and address the worst forms of child labour in mineral supply chains is for use by companies to help them identify, mitigate and account for the risks of child labour in their mineral supply chains. It builds on the due diligence framework of the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas.

Productivity in the United States decreased to 107.60 points in the first quarter of 2020 from 108.28 points in the fourth quarter of 2019. Productivity in the United States averaged 61.30 points from 1950 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 108.28 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 25.99 points in the first quarter of 1950. In the United States, the productivity of nonfarm workers is measured as the output of goods and services per hour worked. Labor productivity is calculated by dividing an index of real output by an index of hours worked of all persons, including employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. This page provides - United States Productivity - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Hong Kong increased to 141.70 Index Points in the fourth quarter of 2016 from 134.60 Index Points in the third quarter of 2016. Labour Costs in Hong Kong averaged 78.69 Index Points from 1980 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 154.60 Index Points in the first quarter of 2016 and a record low of 12.30 Index Points in the second quarter of 1980. This page provides - Hong Kong Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Greece decreased to 77.70 Index Points in the third quarter of 2019 from 91.90 Index Points in the second quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Greece averaged 81.01 Index Points from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 107.40 Index Points in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of 48.50 Index Points in the first quarter of 1995. This page provides - Greece Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in European Union decreased to 105.80 points in the third quarter of 2019 from 111 points in the second quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in European Union averaged 96.94 points from 2009 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 111 points in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 84.20 points in the first quarter of 2009. This page provides - European Union Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in China decreased to 103.20 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 104.20 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in China averaged 105.54 points from 2012 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 110.40 points in the first quarter of 2012 and a record low of 103.20 points in the fourth quarter of 2019. This page provides - China Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Norway decreased to 126.70 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 127 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Norway averaged 89.38 points from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 139.90 points in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 53.40 points in the fourth quarter of 1995. This page provides - Norway Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Singapore increased to 107 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 99.50 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Singapore averaged 85.17 points from 1980 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 110.80 points in the first quarter of 2019 and a record low of 51.70 points in the second quarter of 1980. This page provides - Singapore Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Turkey decreased to 197.80 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 204.20 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Turkey averaged 99.54 points from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 204.20 points in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 56.26 points in the second quarter of 2009. This page provides - Turkey Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Germany increased to 109.67 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 108.96 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Germany averaged 98.26 points from 1991 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 116.69 points in the first quarter of 2019 and a record low of 78.67 points in the first quarter of 1991. This page provides the latest reported value for - Germany Labour Costs - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Labour Costs in France increased to 102.80 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 102.60 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in France averaged 52.67 points from 1950 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 102.80 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 5.90 points in the first quarter of 1950. This page provides the latest reported value for - France Labour Costs - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Labour Costs in Estonia decreased to 116.52 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 118.29 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Estonia averaged 69.97 points from 1993 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 126.05 points in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 29.81 points in the first quarter of 1993. This page provides - Estonia Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Hungary increased to 128.60 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 123.10 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Hungary averaged 87.06 points from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 133.40 points in the first quarter of 2019 and a record low of 31.30 points in the first quarter of 1995. This page provides - Hungary Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Australia increased to 104.70 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 104.10 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Australia averaged 75.40 points from 1985 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 104.70 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 43.30 points in the third quarter of 1985. This page provides - Australia Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Cyprus increased to 117.65 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 94.98 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Cyprus averaged 93.30 points from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 126.56 points in the fourth quarter of 2012 and a record low of 65.45 points in the third quarter of 1995. This page provides - Cyprus Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Czech Republic increased to 120.66 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 114.36 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Czech Republic averaged 89.63 points from 1994 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 120.96 points in the first quarter of 2019 and a record low of 56.23 points in the first quarter of 1996. This page provides - Czech Republic Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Canada increased to 110.79 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 109.95 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Canada averaged 79.16 points from 1981 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 110.79 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 43.75 points in the first quarter of 1981. This page provides - Canada Labour Costs - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Labour Costs in Ireland increased to 97.50 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 93.70 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Ireland averaged 111.08 points from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 148.90 points in the fourth quarter of 2008 and a record low of 89.10 points in the second quarter of 1996. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ireland Labour Costs - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Labour Costs in Italy increased to 111.50 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 110.70 points in the third quarter of 2019. Labour Costs in Italy averaged 89.60 points from 1980 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 111.90 points in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 44.50 points in the first quarter of 1980. This page provides the latest reported value for - Italy Labour Costs - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.