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Patterns of innovation during the industrial revolution: a reappraisal using a composite indicator of patent quality [electronic journal].




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The Mechanics of the Industrial Revolution [electronic journal].




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Italy and the Industrial Revolution: Evidence from Stable Employment in Rural Areas [electronic journal].




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The IT Revolution and Southern Europe's Two Lost Decades [electronic journal].




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The Industrial Revolution in Services [electronic journal].

National Bureau of Economic Research




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The Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence: Recent Findings from Historical National Accounting [electronic journal].




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Human Capital Formation during the First Industrial Revolution: Evidence from the Use of Steam Engines [electronic journal].




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Gravity and Migration before Railways: Evidence from Parisian Prostitutes and Revolutionaries [electronic journal].




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Financial Revolution in Republican China during 1900-1937: a Survey and a New Interpretation [electronic journal].




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Emigration during the French Revolution: Consequences in the Short and Longue Durée [electronic journal].

National Bureau of Economic Research




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The Effects of Land Redistribution: Evidence from the French Revolution [electronic journal].




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Democratic Support for the Bolshevik Revolution: An Empirical Investigation of 1917 Constituent Assembly Elections [electronic journal].




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The credibility revolution in the empirical analysis of crime [electronic journal].




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Connecting the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions: The Role of Practical Mathematics [electronic journal].




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In need of a cell therapy revolution

Indian biotech sector poised for growth with cell and gene therapies revolutionising healthcare, positioning India as a global leader




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Nvidia: The lynchpin of the AI revolution

The meteoric rise of the Santa Clara-headquartered chipmaker is powered by bold innovation




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Innovations in traditional methods revolutionising farming in Rajasthan’s parched Shekhawati

The decline in the groundwater level is a major issue for agriculturists in all four districts of Shekhawati — Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Churu, and Neem Ka Thana




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Hidden Cuba: A Photojournalist’s Unauthorized Journey to Cuba to Capture Daily Life — 50 years After Castro’s Revolution

Renowned American photographer Jack Watson travelled to Cuba on a legal humanitarian visa. He chronicled his journey with breath-taking, and often heart breaking images of he Cuba people, cites, and countryside. Watson describes his visit:  “I had stepped back in time 50 years — this was my first impression of Cuba. My journey, which began […]




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Revolutionizing applications: the impact of controlled surface chemistry on marble powder

RSC Adv., 2024, 14,35727-35742
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA06342B, Review Article
Open Access
Ali Zia Noor, Sadia Bibi, Maryam Asrar, Muhammad Imran, Sadia Afzal, Sadiqa Abdal, Muhammad Atif
A large amount of marble powder is abundantly available as a byproduct and waste in the marble industry, and its reinforcement has been attempted in several applications through surface modification.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Punjab on threshold of revolution in education sector: CM Mann




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In Freedom We're Born: Songs from the American Revolution

New lyrics set to familiar (or some not so familiar) English melodies, recorded using 18th-century instrumentation to recreate the ambience of a small tavern or public meeting place.




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Echoes of Revolution

Another fine collection of military and marching music performed by the Fifes and Drums of Colonial Williamsburg.




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Foundations of social ecological economics [electronic resource] : the fight for revolutionary change in economic thought / Clive L. Spash.

Manchester : Manchester University Press, 2024.




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Sanofi pays $50 million for Revolution Medicines’ SHP2 inhibitor

The partners expect to begin clinical studies of the compound later this year




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Hidden Stories: How Maharshi Karve revolutionised women’s education in Pune




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Testing times for the American soccer revolution

‘The hopes of soccer bulls have been dashed again. The US team has crashed out of the World Cup’




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News24.com | Adriaan Basson: The revolution inside and hope's enduring ambition

We reassessed our hierarchy of needs, and survival always outweighs the rest. To be blunt, we would rather have load shedding than risk dying, writes Adriaan Basson.




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Xi Jinping and the Umbrella Revolution in Hong Kong

29 October 2014

Professor Kerry Brown

Associate Fellow, Asia-Pacific Programme
The recent protests in Hong Kong shed remarkably little light into the real soul of the current Chinese leaders.

20141029XiHongKong.jpg

A child walks before a portrait of China's president Xi Jinping on a barricade outside the entrance to a road occupied by protesters in the Mong Kok district of Hong Kong on 12 October 2014. Photo by Getty Images.

The umbrella revolution in Hong Kong, precipitated by the announcement of the decision on how to hold the 2017 elections for chief executive in September, has now sprung several leaks. The passion of the initial protests which convulsed the centre of the city, and which even heavy downpours of rain could not dampen, has evaporated. Street protests only get you so far. The activists have to engage now in the delicate art of politics and compromise. This is where either the real achievements are gained or everything is lost. Street protests belong to the world of theatre. They only make a difference if they give impetus and energy to what happens afterwards, in the establishment of long term arrangements and real outcomes.

The political vision of the leadership in Beijing about the Hong Kong issue is pretty clear. The idea that China talked about 'One country, two systems' on the basis of each part of this balanced clause having equal weight is now over. It was an illusion. In fact, for the Beijing leadership, there was only ever one important part of that four word phrase – the first two words. 'One country' trumps everything. And the preservation of their idea of that one country and its best future is key. A Hong Kong which would be able to march off with a political system increasingly at odds with that presiding just over the border was never on the cards.

Now both the Hong Kongese democrats, and the outside world, are relieved of their illusions, how best to deliver a future for Hong Kong in an age when the airy empty promises of its old colonial masters, the British, are no longer relevant. First of all, there has to be a shift in thinking. Like it or not, Hong Kong figures as a province in the thinking of Beijing leaders around Xi Jinping – a special province, one that has a unique status, and significant value for them, but a province all the same. In that context, it lines up with all the other issues and problems they have to deal with, from restive western provinces to fractious and demanding central ones, to placating the demands for more freedom and space of boom towns like Shanghai or Guangzhou. Hong Kongese have to think about how they relate to all these domestic issues, and pragmatically accept that they are irrevocably tied to a system that has to handle these – its success or failure in the management of this is also their success or failure. Hong Kongese have a vested interest in the Beijing government. They have to start thinking of far smarter ways of being allies in this, rather than camping outside of it and resting on loud declarations of their privileges. A sense of entitlement inherited from the British will get them no traction in China anymore, where there are far larger priorities and battles going on.

Current Chief Executive C Y Leung has been a failure in almost every respect. He has proven poor at promoting Hong Kong’s interests in Beijing, the one place where he needs to deliver – and even poorer at delivering palatable messages back in Hong Kong. That Hong Kongese at least have some form of representation in 2017 is not much, but at least it is something. A good politician could have made something of this, messaged it differently, and used it as a basis on which to build. But Leung simply wasn’t up to this. It is hard to see him having a political life after 2017.  In many ways, he is already finished.

For the protestors, they now need to think deeply about their future strategy. They have made their point, and at least proved that the myth of Hong Kong’s apolitical population can be safely consigned to a trash can. Having politicized the city, they now need to argue, mobilize and build constituencies to support developments beyond 2017. Business is important here – the one constituency the Beijing leadership probably listen to and take seriously – so having an engagement strategy with them is crucial. Framing a demand for better quality leadership in the future is all-important here, because business, political and social constituencies all want to see this. If the Xi leadership in Beijing insists on a system where only two or three people can go through and then be voted on by the electorate, then the protesters at least have the negotiation space to demand far better quality candidates than the ones that have led the city since 1997 and its reversion to Chinese sovereignty. All three of the chief executives so far have been disappointments. Hong Kong now has the right to ask for a better deal, and insist that the people put forward are at least up to the job asked of them – something that the current incumbent evidently is not.

Does all this prove that Xi Jinping is a strong, forceful leader? Perhaps. Perhaps not. One could argue that a really strong leader would have had the courage and vision to let Hong Kong adopt a more open system in elections after 2017, and the confidence not to fear kickback from this into the mainland. What it does show is that, underneath all the heat and noise, Xi is as risk averse as his predecessor Hu Jintao, and has taken, at least domestically, a very safe option. If he had gone to Hong Kong and dared to explain directly to the people there what the Beijing government’s thinking was on this issue, that would have been even more impressive. At most, we can conclude that the Xi leadership is not radically different from their predecessors, but just aware of a vast menu of challenges they need to face domestically, of which Hong Kong is one of the least important. Beyond that, recent events over Hong Kong have shed little light into the real soul of the current Chinese leaders. At most it has proved what has long been known: that if you really want to see what they believe and what they want, then you cannot do that from Hong Kong but have to look at what they do over the border. In that sense, and only that sense, Hong Kong continues to occupy a unique position as the last place in China where its leaders can truly be themselves.

This article was originally published by IB Tauris.

To comment on this article, please contact Chatham House Feedback




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Romanian Revolution!

Work of OM Romania, partnering with the church




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Hyundai Kona Electric Review India: Ushering in a EV Revolution

The Hyundai Kona with its 452km range claim is the first practical and user-friendly electric vehicle along with the essential safety and comfort features, one can buy in India today




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How digital has revolutionised work from home

Digital allows to work from anywhere as long as there is a computer and a good internet connection -- half the battle is won




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A new White Revolution: How COVID-19 could benefit the dairy industry

Covid-19 could benefit the dairy industry as consumers could shift from meat-based to dairy-based protein. The govt may consider reducing GST on ghee and milk fat from 12% to 5% .




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The Next Revolution: Discarding Dangerous Fossil Fuel Accounting Practices

The green revolution and, in particular, renewable energy products such as solar power, wind turbines, geothermal and algae-based fuels are not waiting for viable technology — it already exists in many forms. What they are waiting for is a massive sea change in our antiquated financial accounting systems.




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The rapid DNA revolution

Will speedy DNA tests help convict violent offenders or curb privacy?




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How did this man impact revolution in the Arab world?

As the head of Al-Jazeera for eight years, Wadah Khanfar transformed the network into one of the most influential in the Middle East. Al-Jazeera's coverage of the Arab revolts this year, brought the network millions of viewer and praise from around the world, which is why Foreign Policy magazine has honored Khanfar as one of its "Top 100 Global Thinkers."




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Business brief: The Czech Republic’s fourth Industrial Revolution

Innovation and creativity have long been hallmarks of the Czech Republic. After all, this is the country that invented the term “robot”, when Czech writer, Karel Čapek, coined the word back in 1921.




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Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum 2015 - Enabling the next industrial revolution: Systems innovation for green growth

Achieving green growth requires ambitious transition management policies in key sectors such as energy, transport, water and agriculture. Provided that the pace of innovation in a number of these key areas is growing faster than ever before, the Forum examined how to foster the "next industrial revolution" by harnessing the potential of systems innovation policies to support green growth.




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Benefiting from the Next Production Revolution

The more governments and firms understand the implications of new technologies for production, the better placed they will be to prepare for the risks, shape appropriate policies, and reap the benefits.




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For an optimistic revolution

The world has seen more than one industrial revolution and another one is already upon us. We should face it as optimists.




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For an optimistic revolution

The world has seen more than one industrial revolution and another one is already upon us. We should face it as optimists.




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Redefining an industrial revolution: Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum

So, for those interested in considering how to foster a green industrial revolution, it will be worthwhile to plan a trip to the OECD Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum* in Paris this December.




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Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum 2015 - Enabling the next industrial revolution: Systems innovation for green growth

Achieving green growth requires ambitious transition management policies in key sectors such as energy, transport, water and agriculture. Provided that the pace of innovation in a number of these key areas is growing faster than ever before, the Forum examined how to foster the "next industrial revolution" by harnessing the potential of systems innovation policies to support green growth.




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The great Indian mobile travel portal revolution

There has been an explosion in the usage of mobile phones and smartphones to access travel related websites and portals in India. More and more users are turning to their mobile phones to book tickets for local, national and...




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Why workers matter for a successful new production revolution

The talk of the town this year has truly been the so-called fourth industrial revolution–and rightly so. Digitalisation causes an increasing interconnectivity of people, production and processes. Combined with the rapid development in artificial intelligence, self-learning machines and robot technology it heralds a new time of revolutionary technological progress.




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OECD Global Conference on Governance Innovation: Towards Agile Regulatory Frameworks in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Conference to exchange information on the need for and experience with governance innovation in the context of different sectors and different countries, both within and outside of the OECD, and to inform future OECD work.




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Are schools ready to join the technological revolution? (OECD Education Today Blog)

When it comes to technology, education seems stuck in the age of chalkboards. But at an international conference on technology in education, held in Qingdao, China, last week, I got the feeling that educators and education ministers might finally be ready to join the technological revolution.




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Oliver Blume: Porsche CEO on electric revolution

Can the sports car maker compete with Tesla as it moves into its territory?




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Now's the time to join the podcast revolution.

There are hundreds of thousands of podcasts to choose from. Here, we've curated the best 100 from across a wide range of interests, from gardening to true crime




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Gender Revolution, after White Revolution


Traditionally, India's dairy cooperative societies have been run by men, but this is gradually changing. Today, 18% of cooperative members are women, and nearly 2500 all-women cooperatives are functioning in the country. Sunanda Nehru Ganju reports from Gujarat, where new livelihoods for women are being established this way.




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The other revolution of 1857


Once, our universities made a fundamental contribution to the opening of the Indian mind. Now, it is more likely that they will act as a constraint to the further economic and social development of India. Ramachandra Guha notes the four ills that plague India's universities, 150 years after the first three of them were established.