Everyday across Delaware, thousands of firefighters serve their communities and protect the public by responding to not only fires but almost any emergency situation. Sunday, October 4 has been recognized by Congress as the day US and State flags are to be flown at half-staff in recognition of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Day. Governor […]

The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC), along with state and federal partners, will hold a virtual meeting at 6 p.m. Wednesday, April 13 regarding ethylene oxide (EtO) – with the meeting’s focus on public health and safety concerns over Croda, Inc.’s EtO production in the New Castle area.

DOVER, DE (August 31, 2022) – On Aug. 31, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Emergency Use Authorization to Pfizer and Moderna for their new bivalent boosters, meaning vaccine could start shipping to states that pre-ordered as early as Friday.  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) advisory committee meets Thursday and Friday, Sept. 1 and 2, […]

DOVER, DE (September 16, 2022) – The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) is pleased to share declines in hospitalizations, test positivity rates and the 7-day average of new positive COVID-19 cases continued for the second month in a row.  Deaths also remain low. However, COVID-19 is still circulating in the community, and at higher levels […]

DOVER, DE (October 14, 2022) – The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) reports that the 7-day average of new positive COVID-19 cases has decreased for the third consecutive month. Deaths remain low, and hospitalization rates are holding steady. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) COVID-19 Community Levels data tracker, which factors in data on hospitalizations […]

As businesses in the UK and Ireland rapidly adopt generative AI, strategic insights from the latest SAS study reveal the roadmap to successful integration and the hurdles to overcome. GenAI is rapidly transforming how businesses operate, innovate, and interact with customers and employees alike. However, as the technology proliferates, so [...]

Unlocking generative AI: Navigating challenges to reap unprecedented business benefits was published on SAS Voices by Iain Brown

What's the difference between LENGTH and FORMAT in a SAS data set? This article shares the answer, with examples.

The post Lengths and formats in SAS: the long and short of it appeared first on The SAS Dummy.

DOVER, Del. – The 2024 Lt. Governor’s Wellness Leadership Challenge has announced this year’s award recipients. The winning submissions came from individuals, organizations, and institutions across Delaware who committed to enacting better health and wellness for their communities, ultimately helping to elevate the well-being, productivity, and prosperity of the state of Delaware. The mission of […]

CLAYTON, Del. – The 2024 Lt. Governor’s Wellness Leadership Challenge award ceremony on Wednesday hosted the largest class of honorees, shining a light on creative ways to address food insecurity, chronic disease prevention, postpartum care, and more.      This year’s winning submissions came from individuals, organizations, and institutions across Delaware who committed to enacting better health […]

Conviction is State’s first use of updated “partial nudity” statute  A Wilmington man could spend the rest of his life in prison following a litany of felony convictions in a child pornography case. Sheldon Lee, 64, was convicted on May 16 of 50 felonies — 25 counts of Dealing in Child Pornography and 25 counts […]

A Wilmington man has been convicted of multiple felonies, including Muder 1st Degree, for the 2021 killing of Tyaire Anderson.     On  June 10, Tyrell Reid, 33, was convicted in New Castle County Superior Court of Murder 1st Degree, Assault First Degree, Attempted Assault 1st Degree, Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited, […]

   A Maryland man has been sentenced to more than three decades in prison for the fatal shooting of Charles “Jaimie” Kupidlowski in 2023.     On June 17, Steven M. Smith of Centreville, MD, pleaded guilty in Kent County Superior Court to Murder 2nd Degree and Possession of a Firearm During the Commission of a […]

The Delaware Division of Revenue is warning the public of a new tax scam that’s happening in Delaware. Victims receive a letter from the “Tax Processing Unit” that threatens property seizure and wage garnishment unless the victim calls a toll-free number to “avoid enforcement.”

WILMINGTON, Del. – Governor Carney and First Spouse Tracey Quillen Carney on Wednesday joined Dr. Annie Norman, State Librarian of Delaware, Casey Family Programs, literacy and early education advocates, and students to launch a Reading Tour. This Reading Tour will highlight the importance of literacy and encourage children and families to take advantage of the […]

Killens Pond State Park in Kent County will be host site for the 2024 Becoming an Outdoors-Woman (BOW) program the weekend of Oct. 4 to 6, DNREC announced, with registration opening Sept. 4. The three-day event is expected to sell out quickly, with registration closing Sept. 18.

Two individuals have been sentenced in connection with a 2020 missing person investigation turned murder case that crossed state lines. On August 28, Leonard Church of Henderson, Maryland and Esther Wright AKA Esther Hurtado-Chavez, of Clayton, were sentenced in Kent County Superior Court. Church, 43, was sentenced to 90 years of prison, suspended after 65 […]

NEWARK, Del. – First Spouse Tracey Quillen Carney on Thursday recognized September as Literacy Month with a proclamation presentation at the University of Delaware Early Learning Center. Literacy Month is intended to recognize the extensive efforts of literacy partners to promote reading as an essential skill and a lifelong pleasure.   “It’s important to show our […]

As Delaware’s Secretary of Education, I’m pleased to share the progress that Delaware students have made in Advanced Placement (AP) programs. This year, our state has seen significant growth in both AP participation and performance, reflecting our commitment to providing every student with access to challenging academic opportunities.

Photo Caption: From left to right: Anna McDermott of the Food Bank of Delaware, State Rep. Ed Osienski, Lt. Governor Bethany Hall-Long, Cathy Kanefsky, Food Bank of Delaware President and CEO, and Megan Zavala of the Food Bank of Delaware pose for a photo in front of the Hurricane Helene donation to impacted areas.  NEWARK, […]

WILMINGTON, Del. – First Spouse Tracey Quillen Carney, with the Delaware Department of Education and Delaware Readiness Teams, kicked off Kindergarten Registration at the Claymont Public Library on Wednesday, October 9. “I’ve been the honorary chair of the Kindergarten Registration Campaign for almost eight years because it is important to make navigating this milestone as […]

Read the in depth Review of Lenovo Yoga C640 Laptops. Know detailed info about Lenovo Yoga C640 configuration, design and performance quality along with pros & cons, Digit rating, verdict based on user opinions/feedback.

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Read the in depth Review of Lenovo IdeaPad Gaming 3 15IAH7 Laptops. Know detailed info about Lenovo IdeaPad Gaming 3 15IAH7 configuration, design and performance quality along with pros & cons, Digit rating, verdict based on user opinions/feedback.

Read the in depth Review of Lenovo Legion Pro 5i 13th Gen Core i7-13700HX Laptops. Know detailed info about Lenovo Legion Pro 5i 13th Gen Core i7-13700HX configuration, design and performance quality along with pros & cons, Digit rating, verdict based on user opinions/feedback.

Read the in depth Review of Lenovo LOQ 15IRH8 Laptops. Know detailed info about Lenovo LOQ 15IRH8 configuration, design and performance quality along with pros & cons, Digit rating, verdict based on user opinions/feedback.

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[DA] Note to editors: Please find attached soundbite by Ian Cameron MP.

[Parliament of South Africa] Parliament, Tuesday, 12 November 2024 - The National Assembly (NA) will hold a plenary session scheduled to start at 10:00. Among the items on the agenda from 10:00 to 13:00 is the statement by the Minister of Water and Sanitation on water security in the country and a debate on 16 Days of Activism for no violence against women and children. The debate will be held under the theme, "Marking 30 years of democratic rights for women and fostering national unity to end gender-based violence".

Explore Impacts of Finite Interconnect Impedance on PDN Characterization

Over the past few decades, many details have been worked out in the power distribution network (PDN) in the frequency and time domains. We have simulation tools that can analyze the physical structure from DC to very high frequencies, including spatial variations of the behavior. We also have frequency- and time-domain test methods to measure the steady-state and transient behavior of the built-up systems.

All of these pieces in our current toolbox have their own assumptions, limitations, and artifacts, and they constantly raise the challenging question that designers need to answer: How to select the design process, simulation, measurement tools, and processes so that we get reasonable answers within a reasonable time frame with a reasonable budget.

Read this award-winning DesignCon 2024 paper titled “Impact of Finite Interconnect Impedance Including Spatial and Domain Comparison of PDN Characterization.” Led by Samtec’s Istvan Novak and written with a team of nine authors from Cadence, Amazon, and Samtec, the paper discusses a series of continually evolving challenges with PDN requirements for cutting-edge designs.

Read the full paper now: “Impact of Finite Interconnect Impedance Including Spatial and Domain Comparison of PDN Characterization.”

Power network design and analysis of 3D-ICs is a major challenge due to the complex nature and large size of the power network. In addition, designers must deal with the complexity of routing power through the interposer, multiple dies, through-silicon vias (TSVs), and through-dielectric vias (TDVs).
Cadence’s Integrity 3D-IC Platform and Voltus IC Power Integrity Solution provide a fully integrated solution for early planning and analysis of 3D-IC power networks, 3D-IC chip-centric power integrity signoff, and hierarchical methods that significantly improve capacity and performance of power integrity (PI) signoff while maintaining a very high level of accuracy at signoff. This blog summarizes the typical design challenges faced by today’s 3D-IC designers, as discussed in our recent webinar, “Addressing 3D-IC Power Integrity Design Challenges.” Please click here to view the full webinar.

Major Trends in Advanced Chip Design

From chips to chiplets, stacked die, 3D-ICs, and more, three major trends are impacting advanced semiconductor packaging design. The first is heterogenous integration, which we define as a disaggregated approach to designing systems on chip (SoCs) from multiple chiplets. This approach is similar to system-in-package (SiP) design, except that instead of integrating multiple bare die – including 3D stacking – on a single substrate, multiple IPs are integrated in the form of chiplets on a single substrate.

The second major trend is around new silicon manufacturing techniques that leverage silicon vias (TSVs) and high-density fanout RDL. These advancements mean that silicon is becoming a more attractive material for packaging, especially when high bandwidth and form factor become key attributes in the end design. This brings new design and verification challenges to most packaging engineers who typically work with organic and ceramic substrate materials.

Finally, on the ecosystem side, all the large semiconductor foundries now offer their own versions of advanced packaging. This brings new ways of supporting design teams with technologies like reference flows and PDKs, concepts that have typically been lacking in the packaging community. Cadence has worked with many of the leading foundries and outsourced semiconductor assembly and test facilities (OSATs) to develop multi-chip(let) packaging reference flows and package assembly design kits. The downside is that, with the time restrictions designers are under today, there isn’t enough time to simulate the details of these flows and PDKs further.

For those who must make the best electro/thermal/physical decisions to achieve the best power/performance/area/cost (PPAC), factors can include accurate die size estimations, thermal feasibility, die-to-die interconnect planning, interposer planning (silicon/organic), front-to-front and front-to-back (F2F/F2B) planning, layer stack and electromigration/ IR drop (EMIR)/TSV planning, IO bandwidth feasibility, and system-level architecture selection.

3D-IC Power Network Design and Analysis

The key to success in 3D-IC design is early power integrity planning and analysis. Cadence’s Integrity 3D-IC platform is a high-capacity 3D-IC platform that enables 3D design planning, implementation, and system analysis in a single, unified cockpit. Cadence’s Voltus IC Power Integrity Solution is a comprehensive full chip electromigration, IR drop, and power analysis solution. With its fully distributed architecture and hierarchical analysis capabilities, Voltus provides very fast analysis and has the capacity to handle the largest designs in the industry. Typically, 3D-IC PDN design and analysis is performed in four phases, as shown in Figure 1.

Phase 1 - Perform early power delivery network (PDN) exploration with each fabric’s PDN cascaded in system PI with early circuit models.

Phase 2 – Plan 3D-IC PDNs in Cadence’s Integrity 3D-IC platform, including micro bumps, TSVs, and through dielectric vias (TDVs), power grid synthesis for dies, and early rail analysis and optimization.

Phase 3 – Perform full chip-centric signoff in Voltus with detailed die, interposer, and package models, including chip die models, while keeping some dies flat.

Phase 4 – Perform full system-level signoff with Cadence’s Sigrity SystemPI using detailed extracted package models from Sigrity XtractIM, board models from Sigrity PowerSI or Clarity 3D Solver, interposer models from XtractIM or Voltus, and chip power models from Voltus.

Figure 1. 3D-IC PDN design and analysis phases

3D-IC Chip-Centric Signoff

The integration of Integrity 3D-IC and Voltus enables chip-centric early analysis and signoff. Figure 2 and Figure 3 highlight the chip centric early PI optimization and signoff flows. In early analysis, the on-chip power networks are synthesized, and the micro bumps and TSVs can be placed and optimized. In the signoff stage, all the detailed design data is used for power analysis, and detailed models are extracted and used for package, interposer, and on-die power networks.

Figure 2. Early chip-centric PI analysis and optimization flow

Figure 3. Chip-centric 3D-IC PI signoff

Hierarchical 3D-IC PI Analysis

To improve the capacity and performance of 3D-IC PI analysis, Voltus enables hierarchical analysis using chiplet models. Chiplet models can be reduced chip models in spice format or more accurate xPGV models which are highly accurate proprietary models generated by Voltus. With xPGV models, the hierarchical PI analysis has almost the same accuracy as flat analysis but offers 10X or higher benefit in runtime and memory requirements.

Conclusion

This blog has highlighted the major design trends enabled by advanced 3D packaging and the design challenges arising from these advancements. The design of power delivery networks is one of these major challenges. We have discussed Cadence solutions to overcome this PI challenge. To learn more, view our recent webinar, "Addressing 3D-IC Power Integrity Design Challenges" and visit the Voltus web page.

The application of real-time data processing or responsiveness is crucial, such as in high-performance computing, data centers, or applications requiring low-latency data transfers. It enables efficient use of PCIe bandwidth and resources by intelligently managing memory write operations based on system dynamics and workload priorities. By effectively leveraging Deferrable Memory Write [DMWr], Devices can achieve optimized performance and responsiveness, aligning with the evolving demands of modern computing applications.

What Is Deferrable Memory Write?

Deferrable Memory Write (DMWr) ECN introduced this new memory transaction type, which was later officially incorporated in PCIe 5.0 to CXL2.0. This enhanced type of memory transaction is Deferrable Memory Write [DMWr], which flows as another type of existing Read/Write memory transaction; the major difference of this Deferrable Memory Write, where the Requester attempts to write to a given location in Memory Space using the non-posted DMWr TLP Type, it Postponing their completion of memory write transactions to improve overall system efficiency and performance, those memory write operation can be delay or deferred until other priority task complete.

The Deferrable Memory Write (DMWr) requires the Completer to return an acknowledgment to the Requester and provides a mechanism for the recipient to defer (temporarily refuse to service) the Request.

DMWr provides a mechanism for Endpoints and hosts to choose to carry out or defer incoming DMWr Requests. This mechanism can be used by Endpoints and Hosts to simplify the design of flow control, reduce latency, and improve throughput. The Deferrable Memory writes TLP format in Figure A.

(Fig A) Deferrable Memory writes TLP format.

Example Scenario

Here's how the DMWr works with a simplified example: Imagine a system with an endpoint device (Device A) and a host CPU (Device B). Device B wants to write data to Device A's memory, but due to varying reasons such as system bus congestion or prioritization of other transactions, Device A can defer the completion of the memory write request. Just follow these steps:

1. Initiation of Memory Write: Device B initiates a memory write transaction to Device A. This involves sending the memory write request along with the data payload over the PCIe physical layer link.
2. Acknowledgment and Deferral: Upon receiving the memory write request, Device A acknowledges the transaction but may decide to defer its completion. Device A sends an acknowledgment (ACK) back to Device B, indicating it has received the data and intends to complete the write operation but not immediately.
3. Deferred Completion: Device A defers the completion of the memory write operation to a later, more opportune time. This deferral allows Device A to prioritize other transactions or optimize the use of system resources, such as memory bandwidth or processor availability.
4. Completion and Response: At a later point, Device A completes the deferred memory write operation and sends a completion indication back to Device B. This completion typically includes any status updates or additional information related to the transaction.

Usage or Importance of DMWr

Deferrable Memory Write usage provides the improvement in the following aspects:

• Reduced Latency: By deferring less critical memory write operations, more critical transactions can be processed with lower latency, improving overall system responsiveness.
• Improved Efficiency: Optimizes the utilization of system resources such as memory bandwidth and CPU cycles, enhancing the efficiency of data transfers within the PCIe architecture.
• Enhanced Performance: Allows devices to manage and prioritize transactions dynamically, potentially increasing overall system throughput and reducing contention.

Challenges in the Implementation of DMWr Transactions

The implementation of deferrable memory writes (DMWr) introduces several advancements and challenges in terms of usage and verification:

1. Timing and Synchronization: DMWr allows transactions to be deferred, complicating timing requirements or completing them within acceptable timing windows to avoid protocol violations. Ensuring proper synchronization between devices becomes critical to prevent data loss or corruption.
2. Protocol Compliance: Verification must ensure compliance with ECN PCIe 6.0 and CXL specifications regarding when and how DMWr transactions can be initiated and completed.
3. Performance Optimization: While DMWr can improve overall system performance by reducing latency, verifying its impact on system performance and ensuring it meets expected benchmarks is crucial.
4. Error Handling: Handling errors related to deferred transactions adds complexity. Verifying error detection and recovery mechanisms under various scenarios (e.g., timeout during deferral) is essential.

Verification Challenges of DMWr Transactions

The challenges to verifying the DMWr transaction consist of all checks with respect to Function, Timing, Protocol compliance, improvement, Error scenario, and security usage on purpose, as well as Data integrity at the PCIe and CXL.

1. Functional Verification: Verifying the correct implementation of DMWr at both ends of the PCIe link (transmitter and receiver) to ensure proper functionality and adherence to specifications.
2. Timing Verification: Validating timing constraints associated with deferring writes and ensuring transactions are completed within specified windows without violating protocol rules.
3. Protocol Compliance Verification: Checking that DMWr transactions adhere to PCIe and CXL protocol rules, including ordering rules and any restrictions on deferral based on the transaction type.
4. Performance Verification: Assessing the impact of DMWr on overall system performance, including latency reduction and bandwidth utilization, through simulation and testing.
5. Error Scenario Verification: Creating and testing scenarios to verify error handling mechanisms related to DMWr, such as timeouts, retries, and recovery procedures.
6. Security Considerations: Assessing potential security vulnerabilities related to DMWr, such as data integrity risks during deferred transactions or exposure to timing-based attacks.

Major verification challenges and approaches are timing and synchronization verification in the context of implementing deferrable memory writes (DMWr), which is crucial due to the inherent complexities introduced by deferred transactions. Here are the key issues and approaches to address them:

Timing and Synchronization Issues

1. Transaction Completion Timing:
   • Issue: Ensuring deferred transactions are completed within the specified time window without violating protocol timing constraints.
   • Approach: Design an internal timer and checker to model worst-case scenarios where transactions are deferred and verify that they are complete within allowable latency limits. This involves simulating various traffic loads and conditions to assess timing under different scenarios.
2. Ordering and Dependencies:
   • Issue: Verifying that transactions deferred using DMWr maintain the correct ordering and dependencies relative to non-deferred transactions.
   • Approach: Implement test scenarios that include mixed traffic of DMWr and non-DMWr transactions. Verify through simulation or emulation that dependencies and ordering requirements are correctly maintained across the PCIe link.
3. Interrupt Handling and Response Times:
   • Issue: Verify the handling of interrupts and ensure timely responses from devices involved in DMWr transactions.
   • Approach: Implement test cases that simulate interrupt generation during DMWr transactions. Measure and verify the response times to interrupts to ensure they meet system latency requirements.

In conclusion, while deferrable memory writes in PCIe and CXL offer significant performance benefits, their implementation and verification present several challenges related to timing, protocol compliance, performance optimization, and error handling. Addressing these challenges requires rigorous testing and testbench of traffic, advanced verification methodologies, and a thorough understanding of PCIe specifications and also the motivation behind introducing this Deferrable Write is effectively used in the CXL further. Outcomes of Deferrable Memory Write verify that the performance benefits of DMWr (reduced latency, improved throughput) are achieved without compromising timing integrity or violating protocol specifications.

In summary, PCIe and CXL are complex protocols with many verification challenges. You must understand many new Spec changes and consider the robust verification plan for the new features and backward compatible tests impacted by new features. Cadence's PCIe 6.0 Verification IP is fully compliant with the latest PCIe Express 6.0 specifications and provides an effective and efficient way to verify the components interfacing with the PCIe 6.0 interface. Cadence VIP for PCIe 6.0 provides exhaustive verification of PCIe-based IP and SoCs, and we are working with Early Adopter customers to speed up every verification stage.

More Information

• For more info on how Cadence PCIe Verification IP and TripleCheck VIP enable users to confidently verify PCIe 6.0, see our VIP for PCI Express, VIP for Compute Express Link, and TripleCheck for PCI Express
• See the PCI-SIG website for more details on PCIe in general and the different PCI standards.

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) is a high-speed interface standard widely used for connecting processors, memory, and peripherals. With the increasing reliance on PCIe to handle sensitive data and critical high-speed data transfer, ensuring data integrity and encryption during verification is the most essential goal. As we know, in the field of verification, randomization is a key technique that drives robust PCIe verification. It introduces unpredictability to simulate real-world conditions and uncover hidden bugs from the design. This blog examines the significance of randomization in PCIe IDE verification, focusing on how it ensures data integrity and encryption reliability, while also highlighting the unique challenges it presents. For more relevant details and understanding on PCIe IDE you can refer to Introducing PCIe's Integrity and Data Encryption Feature . The Importance of Data Integrity and Data Encryption in PCIe Devices Data Integrity : Ensures that the transmitted data arrives unchanged from source to destination. Even minor corruption in data packets can compromise system reliability, making integrity a critical aspect of PCIe verification. Data Encryption : Protects sensitive data from unauthorized access during transmission. Encryption in PCIe follows a standard to secure information while operating at high speeds. Maintaining both data integrity and data encryption at PCIe’s high-speed data transfer rate of 64GT/s in PCIe 6.0 and 128GT/s in PCIe 7.0 is essential for all end point devices. However, validating these mechanisms requires comprehensive testing and verification methodologies, which is where randomization plays a very crucial role. You can refer to Why IDE Security Technology for PCIe and CXL? for more details on this. Randomization in PCIe Verification Randomization refers to the generation of test scenarios with unpredictable inputs and conditions to expose corner cases. In PCIe verification, this technique helps us to ensure that all possible behaviors are tested, including rare or unexpected situations that could cause data corruption or encryption failures that may cause serious hindrances later. So, for PCIe IDE verification, we are considering the randomization that helps us verify behavior more efficiently. Randomization for Data Integrity Verification Here are some approaches of randomized verifications that mimic real-world traffic conditions, uncovering subtle integrity issues that might not surface in normal verification methods. 1. Randomized Packet Injection: This technique randomized data packets and injected into the communication stream between devices. Here we Inject random, malformed, or out-of-sequence packets into the PCIe link and mix valid and invalid IDE-encrypted packets to check the system’s ability to detect and reject unauthorized or invalid packets. Checking if encryption/decryption occurs correctly across packets. On verifying, we check if the system logs proper errors or alerts when encountering invalid packets. It ensures coverage of different data paths and robust protocol check. This technique helps assess the resilience of the IDE feature in PCIe in below terms: (i) Data corruption: Detecting if the system can maintain data integrity. (ii) Encryption failures: Testing the robustness of the encryption under random data injection. (iii) Packet ordering errors: Ensuring reordering does not affect data delivery. 2. Random Errors and Fault Injection: It involves simulating random bit flips, PCRC errors, or protocol violations to help validate the robustness of error detection and correction mechanisms of PCIe. These techniques help assess how well the PCIe IDE implementation: (i) Detects and responds to unexpected errors. (ii) Maintains secure communication under stress. (iii) Follows the PCIe error recovery and reporting mechanisms (AER – Advanced Error Reporting). (iv) Ensures encryption and decryption states stay synchronized across endpoints. 3. Traffic Pattern Randomization: Randomizing the sequence, size, and timing of data packets helps test how the device maintains data integrity under heavy, unpredictable traffic loads. Randomization for Data Encryption Verification Encryption adds complexity to verification, as encrypted data streams are not readable for traditional checks. Randomization becomes essential to test how encryption behaves under different scenarios. Randomization in data encryption verification ensures that vulnerabilities, such as key reuse or predictable patterns, are identified and mitigated. 1. Random Encryption Keys and Payloads: Randomly varying keys and payloads help validate the correctness of encryption without hardcoding assumptions. This ensures that encryption logic behaves correctly across all possible inputs. 2. Randomized Initialization Vectors (IVs): Many encryption protocols require a unique IV for each transaction. Randomized IVs ensure that encryption does not repeat patterns. To understand the IDE Key management flow, we can follow the below diagram that illustrates a detailed example key programming flow using the IDE_KM protocol. Figure 1: IDE_KM Example As Figure 1 shows, the functionality of the IDE_KM protocol involves Start of IDE_KM Session, Device Capability Discovery, Key Request from the Host, Key Programming to PCIe Device, and Key Acknowledgment. First, the Host starts the IDE_KM session by detecting the presence of the PCIe devices; if the device supports the IDE protocol, the system continues with the key programming process. Then a query occurs to discover the device’s encryption capabilities; it ensures whether the device supports dynamic key updates or static keys. Then the host sends a request to the Key Management Entity to obtain a key suitable for the devices. Once the key is obtained, the host programs the key into the IDE Controller on the PCIe endpoint. Both the host and the device now share the same key to encrypt and authenticate traffic. The device acknowledges that it has received and successfully installed the encryption key and the acknowledgment message is sent back to the host. Once both the host and the PCIe endpoint are configured with the key, a secure communication channel is established. From this point, all data transmitted over the PCIe link is encrypted to maintain confidentiality and integrity. IDE_KM plays a crucial role in distributing keys in a secure manner and maintaining encryption and integrity for PCIe transactions. This key programming flow ensures that a secure communication channel is established between the host and the PCIe device. Hence, the Randomized key approach ensures that the encryption does not repeat patterns. 3. Randomization PHE: Partial Header Encryption (PHE) is an additional mechanism added to Integrity and Data Encryption (IDE) in PCIe 6.0. PHE validation using a variety of traffic; incorporating randomization in APIs provided for validating PHE feature can add more robust Encryption to the data. Partial Header Encryption in Integrity and Data Encryption for PCIe has more detailed information on this. Figure 2: High-Level Flow for Partial Header Encryption 4. Randomization on IDE Address Association Register values: IDE Address Association Register 1/2/3 are supposed to be configured considering the memory address range of IDE partner ports. The fields of IDE address registers are split multiple values such as Memory Base Lower, Memory Limit Lower, Memory Base Upper, and Memory Limit Upper. IDE implementation can have multiple register blocks considering addresses with 32 or 64, different registers sizes, 0-255 selective streams, 0-15 address blocks, etc. This Randomization verification can help verify all the corner cases. Please refer to Figure 2. Figure 3: IDE Address Association Register 5. Random Faults During Encryption: Injecting random faults (e.g., dropped packets or timing mismatches) ensures the system can handle disruptions and prevent data leakage. Challenges of IDE Randomization and its Solution Randomization introduces a vast number of scenarios, making it computationally intensive to simulate every possibility. Constrained randomization limits random inputs to valid ranges while still covering edge cases. Again, using coverage-driven verification to ensure critical scenarios are tested without excessive redundancy. Verifying encrypted data with random inputs increases complexity. Encryption masks data, making it hard to verify outputs without compromising security. Here we can implement various IDE checks on the IDE callback to analyze encrypted traffic without decrypting it. Randomization can trigger unexpected failures, which are often difficult to reproduce. By using seed-based randomization, a specific seed generates a repeatable random sequence. This helps in reproducing and analyzing the behavior more precisely. Conclusion Randomization is a powerful technique in PCIe verification, ensuring robust validation of both data integrity and data encryption. It helps us to uncover subtle bugs and edge cases that a non-randomized testing might miss. In Cadence PCIe VIP, we support full-fledged IDE Verification with rigorous randomized verification that ensures data integrity. Robust and reliable encryption mechanisms ensure secure and efficient data communication. However, randomization also brings various challenges, and to overcome them we adopt a combination of constrained randomization, seed-based testing, and coverage-driven verification. As PCIe continues to evolve with higher speeds and focuses on high security demands, our Cadence PCIe VIP ensures it is in line with industry demand and verify high-performance systems that safeguard data in real-world environments with excellence. For more information, you can refer to Verification of Integrity and Data Encryption(IDE) for PCIe Devices and Industry's First Adopted VIP for PCIe 7.0 . More Information: For more info on how Cadence PCIe Verification IP and TripleCheck VIP enables users to confidently verify IDE, see our VIP for PCI Express , VIP for Compute Express Link for and TripleCheck for PCI Express For more information on PCIe in general, and on the various PCI standards, see the PCI-SIG website .

Melika Roshandell talks with David Malinak in a Microwaves & RF QuickChat video about the thermal challenges in today’s complex electronic designs and how the Celsius solver uniquely addresses them.(read more)

The world of electronics design thrives on efficient tools that bridge the gap between concept and silicon. Virtuoso Digital Implementation is a powerful ally for mixed-signal designs, which integrate both analog and digital components. This blog post will examine Virtuoso Digital Implementation's capabilities and explore how it can streamline your mixed-signal design workflow.

Virtuoso Digital Implementation in a Nutshell

Virtuoso Digital Implementation is a license package within the Cadence Virtuoso Design Platform. It offers a streamlined RTL-to-GDSII flow to implement smaller digital blocks within a mixed-signal design environment. Here's what makes Virtuoso Digital Implementation stand out:

• Focus on Small Digital Blocks: Optimized for digital blocks with an instance count of up to 50,000 (expandable to 150,000 with specific configurations), Virtuoso Digital Implementation is ideal for integrating digital logic into your analog-centric design.
• Leveraging Industry Leaders: Virtuoso Digital Implementation utilizes cut-down versions of the renowned Cadence Genus Synthesis Solution and Innovus Implementation System under the hood. This ensures you get access to proven technologies for logic optimization and place-and-route.
• Seamless Integration with the Virtuoso Environment: Virtuoso Digital Implementation's key advantage is its tight integration with the Virtuoso Layout Suite. You can launch the synthesis and place-and-route tools directly from the Virtuoso environment, eliminating the need to switch between platforms.

Benefits of Using Virtuoso Digital Implementation

 By incorporating Virtuoso Digital Implementation into your mixed-signal design flow, you can get several benefits:

• Simplified Workflow: Virtuoso Digital Implementation offers a centralized environment for both digital block implementation and layout editing within the Virtuoso environment. This reduces context switching and streamlines the design process.
• Faster Time-to-Market: Virtuoso Digital Implementation's streamlined workflow can significantly reduce design turnaround times, allowing you to get your product to market quicker.
• Improved Design Quality: Leveraging industry-leading synthesis and place-and-route engines from Cadence ensures high-quality digital block implementation within your mixed-signal design.

Who Should Consider Virtuoso Digital Implementation?

 Virtuoso Digital Implementation is a valuable tool for anyone working on mixed-signal designs with smaller digital blocks. It's particularly well-suited for:

• Analog IC designers who need to integrate digital logic into their designs.
• Circuit design teams working on mixed-signal applications like data converters, power management ICs, and RF transceivers.

Virtuoso Digital Implementation provides a compelling solution for designers working on mixed-signal projects. Its streamlined workflow, tight integration with the Virtuoso design platform, and access to proven digital design tools can significantly improve design efficiency and time-to-market. Virtuoso Digital Implementation is worth considering if you're looking to optimize your mixed-signal design flow.

I am here to help and guide you on how to learn more about Virtuoso Digital Implementation flow.

Welcome to Virtuoso Digital Implementation, an online course recently released. This course teaches implementing digital blocks using Cadence tools based on the Virtuoso Digital Implementation flow. Also, you can download a lab database after the lecture and get hands-on experience in each stage.

Want to Enroll in this Course?

We organize this Virtuoso Digital Implementation training for you as a "Blended" or "Live" training. Please reach out to Cadence Training for further information.

Register for the Online Training with the following steps:

• Log on to cadence.com with your registered Cadence ID and password.
• Select Learning from the menu > Online Courses.
• Search for Virtuoso Digital Implementation using the search bar.
• Select the course and click Enroll.

And don't forget to obtain your Digital Badge after completing the training!

Related Resources

Online Courses

• Cadence RTL-to-GDSII Flow v6.0
• Virtuoso Digital Implementation Training

Training Byte Videos

• How Do You Run Placement Optimization in the Innovus Implementation System?
• How to Run the Synthesis Without DFT?
• How to Run the Synthesis Flow with DFT?
• Creating Power Rings, Power Stripes, and Power Rails in the Innovus Implementation System
• How to Run Power Analysis and Analyze the Results in Innovus?

Happy Learning!

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