Cara M. Altimus
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Viewpoints

Christina Zelano
Dec 7, 2016; 36:12448-12467
Systems/Circuits

Jozsef Csicsvari
Jan 1, 1999; 19:274-287
Articles

Xiao-Jing Wang
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Articles

KM Harris
Jul 1, 1992; 12:2685-2705
Articles

Niko A. Busch
Jun 17, 2009; 29:7869-7876
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

M Steriade
Aug 1, 1993; 13:3252-3265
Articles

A Bragin
Jan 1, 1995; 15:47-60
Articles

Italian translation of the BIS Press Release on the presentation of the Annual Report (25 June 2017)

Italian translation of the BIS press release on the presentation of the Annual Economic Report 2018, 24 June 2018. Le autorità possono fare in modo che l'attuale ripresa economica si mantenga oltre il breve termine avviando riforme strutturali, ridando margine di manovra alle politiche monetarie e di bilancio per affrontare eventuali future minacce, e incoraggiando la pronta attuazione delle riforme regolamentari, scrive la Banca dei Regolamenti Internazionali (BRI) nella sua Relazione economica annuale. ...

Gamma-band oscillations (GBOs) elicited by transient nociceptive stimuli are one of the most promising biomarkers of pain across species. Still, whether these GBOs reflect stimulus encoding in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) or nocifensive behavior in the primary motor cortex (M1) is debated. Here we recorded neural activity simultaneously from the brain surface as well as at different depths of the bilateral S1/M1 in freely-moving male rats receiving nociceptive stimulation. GBOs measured from superficial layers of S1 contralateral to the stimulated paw not only had the largest magnitude, but also showed the strongest temporal and phase coupling with epidural GBOs. Also, spiking of superficial S1 interneurons had the strongest phase coherence with epidural GBOs. These results provide the first direct demonstration that scalp GBOs, one of the most promising pain biomarkers, reflect neural activity strongly coupled with the fast spiking of interneurons in the superficial layers of the S1 contralateral to the stimulated side.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nociceptive-induced gamma-band oscillations (GBOs) measured at population level are one of the most promising biomarkers of pain perception. Our results provide the direct demonstration that these GBOs reflect neural activity coupled with the spike firing of interneurons in the superficial layers of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) contralateral to the side of nociceptive stimulation. These results address the ongoing debate about whether nociceptive-induced GBOs recorded with scalp EEG or epidurally reflect stimulus encoding in the S1 or nocifensive behavior in the primary motor cortex (M1), and will therefore influence how experiments in pain neuroscience will be designed and interpreted.

Priming refers to the influence that a previously encountered object exerts on future responses to similar objects. For many years, visual priming has been known as a facilitation and sometimes an inhibition effect that lasts for an extended period of time. It contrasts with the recent finding of an oscillated priming effect where facilitation and inhibition alternate over time periodically. Here we developed a computational model of visual priming that combines rhythmic sampling of the environment (attentional oscillation) with active preparation for future events (temporal expectation). Counterintuitively, it shows that both the sustained and oscillated priming effects can emerge from an interaction between attentional oscillation and temporal expectation. The interaction also leads to novel predictions, such as the change of visual priming effects with temporal expectation and attentional oscillation. Reanalysis of two published datasets and the results of two new experiments of visual priming tasks with male and female human participants provide support for the model's relevance to human behavior. More generally, our model offers a new perspective that may unify the increasing findings of behavioral and neural oscillations with the classic findings in visual perception and attention.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is increasing behavioral and neural evidence that visual attention is a periodic process that sequentially samples different alternatives in the theta frequency range. It contrasts with the classic findings of sustained facilitatory or inhibitory attention effects. How can an oscillatory perceptual process give rise to sustained attention effects? Here we make this connection by proposing a computational model for a "fruit fly" visual priming task and showing both the sustained and oscillated priming effects can have the same origin: an interaction between rhythmic sampling of the environment and active preparation for future events. One unique contribution of our model is to predict how temporal contexts affects priming. It also opens up the possibility of reinterpreting other attention-related classic phenomena.

The septo-hippocampal cholinergic system is critical for hippocampal learning and memory. However, a quantitative description of the in vivo firing patterns and physiological function of medial septal (MS) cholinergic neurons is still missing. In this study, we combined optogenetics with multichannel in vivo recording and recorded MS cholinergic neuron firings in freely behaving male mice for 5.5–72 h. We found that their firing activities were highly correlated with hippocampal theta states. MS cholinergic neurons were highly active during theta-dominant epochs, such as active exploration and rapid eye movement sleep, but almost silent during non-theta epochs, such as slow-wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, optogenetic activation of these MS cholinergic neurons during SWS suppressed CA1 ripple oscillations. This suppression could be rescued by muscarinic M₂ or M₄ receptor antagonists. These results suggest the following important physiological function of MS cholinergic neurons: maintaining high hippocampal acetylcholine level by persistent firing during theta epochs, consequently suppressing ripples and allowing theta oscillations to dominate.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The major source of acetylcholine in the hippocampus comes from the medial septum. Early experiments found that lesions to the MS result in the disappearance of hippocampal theta oscillation, which leads to speculation that the septo-hippocampal cholinergic projection contributing to theta oscillation. In this article, by long-term recording of MS cholinergic neurons, we found that they show a theta state-related firing pattern. However, optogenetically activating these neurons shows little effect on theta rhythm in the hippocampus. Instead, we found that activating MS cholinergic neurons during slow-wave sleep could suppress hippocampal ripple oscillations. This suppression is mediated by muscarinic M₂ and M₄ receptors.

Everything we do at FAO aims at ensuring a better future. Sure, we need to tackle the huge food and environmental challenges we face today. But we always keep an eye on what that means for tomorrow. More than just quick fixes, we look for sustainable solutions that will benefit generations to come. The future of our world depends on today’s [...]

Early conservation research and scientific expeditions laid the groundwork and helped to convince the public national parks were a good idea

Tour world-class museums, read historic cookbooks, browse interactive maps and more

In its first year, the class attracted more than 1,200 students. The online version is abbreviated, but free

The bacterial strain can break down some of the toxic components of polyurethane plastic

The new wound further diminishes Earth’s protective shield against damaging solar radiation

New calculations show that the ring of light surrounding a black hole is actually made up of infinite subrings that can’t be seen with current technology

The bidet-like suite of devices detects abnormalities in feces that could flag signs of certain cancers

Perhaps the cigar-shaped object is a shard from a shredded planetary body, a computer simulation suggests

Blending marshmallows with scientific rigor, the contest offers levity during a difficult time

A newly identified trio of chemicals may help the primates find a mate

Research suggests bronze blades, thought by some to be too fragile for combat, were deadly weapons across ancient Europe

A citizen science project aims to chart the microbial diversity present in starters all over the world

How do you select one image to represent half a century of photography and art? You don’t

The new viruses are not harmful to humans or closely related to SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19

The proboscis monkey is a species endemic to Borneo. I areas where they occur they are quite easy to encounter as they have reddish fur and make strange burping sounds for communication.

An OM worker from Latin America uses his carpentry skills to disciple young men in their faith and give them better employment opportunities for the future.

OM teams in five countries along the Mekong River in South East Asia are focusing on discipling local believers to see them equipped to share about Jesus with those who have never heard His name.

They're not necessarily treating sick patients in hospitals, but a number of Manitoba-based scientists are working long hours and facing incredible pressure to battle the novel coronavirus from their labs and research facilities.

TransLink is suspending the service reductions it planned for later this month and is rescinding layoff notices to around 1,500 employees.

Of the 58 people who have died due to COVID-19 in Windsor-Essex, 14 of them were patients at Windsor Regional Hospital's field hospital.

The Discipleship course in Malawi challenges students to own their faith and apply it in their daily lives.

During the OM's Ride 2 Transform 2017 cycle tour, 17 cyclists biked 550 kilometres around southern Malawi, distributing AudioBibles and praying.

Sport creates a platform for evangelism and discipleship in Ukraine.

Dear Editor,On May 5, 2020, at about 8:40 am, I went completely berserk in the Scotiabank Liguanea Branch.I was astonished by my behaviour, to say the least, as this is the first time in the history of my existence that I had behaved in such a manner. I never used curse words. Thus, I have narrowed down my conduct to a moment of insanity.

OM intentionally disciples Cambodian staff so that they, in turn, can disciple others.

Everyone who knows anything about education seems to now be running a livestream from their room, and the explosion of home-schooling resources can be enough to send a busy parent into lockdown meltdown. That's why we've created a check-list of some of the books and sites that could help. It’s not all about BBC Bitesize and the Khan Academy – it can be all the more fun when you go a little off the beaten path.

Building science lessons around phenomena that students know equally and can see in their own lives is making the subject more relevant and interesting.

YouthTruth asked 104,000 school staff, students, and their families how they perceive the fairness of discipline at their schools. The results can help start conversations about discipline policy and leading by listening.

IT’S all too easy to lose track of many of the quirky, moving, interesting films that have been shot in Scotland over the years. Some of the sparkling gems on these pages attracted decent reviews upon release before fading from view; others slipped under most people’s radar. The 10 films here are funny, or dark, or insightful. All have something to say; all are worth tracking down, and watching, whether it’s for the first time, or the first time since they were released.

In a recent high-profile case, Harvard College rescinded its offer to a school-shooting survivor after racist comments he’d written online surfaced. But how common is it for colleges to take back offers? And do students have any recourse?