This article on whether a domain name registrar is the same thing as a web host answers a question I was asked by a visitor.

Estimating the returns to education remains an active area of research amongst applied economists. Most studies that estimate the causal return to education exploit changes in schooling and/or labor laws to generate exogenous differences in education. An implicit assumption is that more time in school may translate into greater earnings potential. None of these studies, however, explicitly consider the quality of schooling to which impacted students are exposed. To extend this literature, we examine the interaction between school quality and policy-induced returns to schooling, using temporally-available school quality measures from Card and Krueger (1992). We find that additional compulsory schooling, via either schooling or labor laws, increases earnings only if educational inputs are of sufficiently high quality. In particular, we find a consistent role for teacher quality, as measured by relative teacher pay across states, in generating consistently positive returns to compulsory schooling.

In a new study, brain-like organoids made from human cells were slower to mature than their chimpanzee and macaque counterparts.

The holiday decorations have long since been packed away, but there was one more gift that had yet to be delivered.

YOU might say the odds have always been stacked against age-gap relationships. The tut-tutters predict doom the moment they so much as sniff a union between May and December. "What does that old fool possibly think that beautiful damsel sees in him?" they ask. "How could that ancient crone believe that hunky young buck finds her attractive?"

YOU might say the odds have always been stacked against age-gap relationships. The tut-tutters predict doom the moment they so much as sniff a union between May and December. "What does that old fool possibly think that beautiful damsel sees in him?" they ask. "How could that ancient crone believe that hunky young buck finds her attractive?"

Today's decision was unusual in that it could have gone three ways - it could have conceivably been a half point cut or no cut at all. The reason there's such a wide span of options is that the economy...

What are the main differences between a European canal hotel barge cruise and a river cruise? I think there are 8 key things you need to know that makes a canal cruise different to a river cruise. By understanding how they differ you can better decide is a river cruise or canal hotel barge cruise is best for your next European river cruising vacation

Note: I travelled as a guest of CroisiEurope on a 6-night hotel barge cruise in France before making this video Croisieurope had no input into the opinions or content of this video.

** Buy my Cruise T-shirts: http://bit.ly/TFTStore
** USA cruisers get great cruise deals CRUISEDIRECT.COM: http://bit.ly/TFTBookCruise
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Gary Bembridge's Tips For Travellers aims to help you make more of your precious travel time and money on land and when cruising the oceans or rivers of the world. To help you, in every video I draw on my first-hand tips and advice from travelling every month for over 20 years and 60+ cruises.

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RK Tangirala
Nov 1, 1995; 36:2320-2328
Articles

30 April 2020

30 April 2020

Russell E. Glasgow
Apr 1, 2001; 14:
Feature Articles

We reviewed ¹¹¹In-DOTA-anti-CD45 antibody (BC8) imaging and bone marrow biopsy measurements to ascertain biodistribution and biokinetics of the radiolabeled antibody and to investigate differences based on type of hematologic malignancy. Methods: Serial whole-body scintigraphic images (4 time-points) were obtained after infusion of the ¹¹¹In-DOTA-BC8 (176-406 MBq) in 52 adult patients with hematologic malignancies (lymphoma, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome). Counts were obtained for the regions of interest for spleen, liver, kidneys, testicles (in males), and two marrow sites (acetabulum and sacrum) and correction for attenuation and background was made. Bone marrow biopsies were obtained 14-24 hours post-infusion and percent of administered activity was determined. Radiation absorbed doses were calculated. Results: Initial uptake in liver averaged 32% ± 8.4% (S.D.) of administered activity (52 patients), which cleared monoexponentially with biological half-time of 293 ± 157 hours (33 patients) or did not clear (19 patients). Initial uptake in spleen averaged 22% ± 12% and cleared with a biological half-time 271 ± 185 hours (36 patients) or longer (6 patients). Initial uptake in kidney averaged 2.4% ± 2.0% and cleared with a biological half-time of 243 ± 144 hours (27 patients) or longer (9 patients). Initial uptake in red marrow averaged 23% ± 11% and cleared with half-times of 215 ± 107 hours (43 patients) or longer (5 patients). Whole-body retention half-times averaged 198 ± 75 hours. Splenic uptake was higher in the AML/MDS group when compared to the lymphoma group (p ≤ 0.05) and to the multiple myeloma group (p ≤ 0.10). Liver represented the dose-limiting organ. For liver uptake, no significant differences were observed between the three malignancy groups. Average calculated radiation absorbed doses per unit administered activity for a therapy infusions of ⁹⁰Y-DOTA-BC8 were for red marrow: 470 ± 260 cGy/MBq, liver 1100 ± 330 cGy/MBq, spleen 4120 ± 1950 cGy/MBq, total body 7520 ± 20 cGy/MBq, osteogenic cells 290 ± 200 cGy/MBq, and kidneys 240 ± 200 cGy/MBqR. Conclusion: ¹¹¹In-DOTA-BC8 had long retention time in liver, spleen, kidneys, and red marrow, and the highest absorbed doses were calculated for spleen and liver. Few differences were observed by malignancy type. The exception was greater splenic uptake among leukemia/MDS group when compared to lymphoma and multiple myeloma groups.

Glycosylation is a common modification of proteins and critical for a wide range of biological processes. Differences in protein glycosylation between sexes have already been observed in humans, nematodes and trematodes, and have recently also been reported in the rice pest insect Nilaparvata lugens. Although protein N-glycosylation in insects is nowadays of high interest because of its potential for exploitation in pest control strategies, the functionality of differential N-glycosylation between sexes is yet unknown. In this study, therefore, the occurrence and role of sex-related protein N-glycosylation in insects were examined. A comprehensive investigation of the N-glycosylation sites from the adult stages of N. lugens was conducted, allowing a qualitative and quantitative comparison between sexes at the glycopeptide level. N-glycopeptide enrichment via lectin capturing using the high mannose/paucimannose-binding lectin Concanavalin A, or the Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin which interacts with complex N-glycans, resulted in the identification of over 1300 N-glycosylation sites derived from over 600 glycoproteins. Comparison of these N-glycopeptides revealed striking differences in protein N-glycosylation between sexes. Male- and female-specific N-glycosylation sites were identified, and some of these sex-specific N-glycosylation sites were shown to be derived from proteins with a putative role in insect reproduction. In addition, differential glycan composition between males and females was observed for proteins shared across sexes. Both lectin blotting experiments as well as transcript expression analyses with complete insects and insect tissues confirmed the observed differences in N-glycosylation of proteins between sexes. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence for protein N-glycosylation to be sex-related in insects. Furthermore, original data on N-glycosylation sites of N. lugens adults are presented, providing novel insights into planthopper's biology and information for future biological pest control strategies.

Sara Straniero
Apr 1, 2020; 61:480-491
Research Articles

30 April 2020

Compared with humans, rodents have higher synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids (BAs) and faster clearance and lower levels of serum LDL-cholesterol. Paradoxically, they increase BA synthesis in response to bile duct ligation (BDL). Another difference is the production of hydrophilic 6-hydroxylated muricholic acids (MCAs), which may antagonize the activation of FXRs, in rodents versus humans. We hypothesized that the presence of MCAs is key for many of these metabolic differences between mice and humans. We thus studied the effects of genetic deletion of the Cyp2c70 gene, previously proposed to control MCA formation. Compared with WT animals, KO mice created using the CRISPR/Cas9 system completely lacked MCAs, and displayed >50% reductions in BA and cholesterol synthesis and hepatic LDL receptors, leading to a marked increase in serum LDL-cholesterol. The doubling of BA synthesis following BDL in WT animals was abolished in KO mice, despite extinguished intestinal fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)15 expression in both groups. Accumulation of cholesterol-enriched particles ("Lp-X") in serum was almost eliminated in KO mice. Livers of KO mice were increased 18% in weight, and serum markers of liver function indicated liver damage. The human-like phenotype of BA metabolism in KO mice could not be fully explained by the activation of FXR-mediated changes. In conclusion, the presence of MCAs is critical for many of the known metabolic differences between mice and humans. The Cyp2c70-KO mouse should be useful in studies exploring potential therapeutic targets for human disease.

Miriam Cnop
Dec 1, 2005; 54:S97-S107
Section III: Inflammation and beta-Cell Death

Twenty-seven years after signing Barry Bonds to a then-record free-agent contract, the Giants are in the market for yet another superstar outfielder. San Francisco's interest in Bryce Harper remained a prominent topic of conversation during Saturday's FanFest at Oracle Park, with CEO Larry Baer weighing in on the potential franchise-altering benefits of landing a marquee player.

30 April 2020

As editors, we feel like we’re spending a lot of time taking the superlatives out from articles - amazing, novel, important… But new research on BMJ.com suggests that we might not be doing that great a job, and that for some reason, papers authored by men tend to have more of them - because men put more in, or maybe a bias against woman writing in...

Miriam Cnop
Dec 1, 2005; 54:S97-S107
Section III: Inflammation and beta-Cell Death

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of long-term use of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of dementia in men and women.

Joseph Largay
Jan 1, 2012; 30:25-26
Case Studies

Ideological differences in the Democratic Party over immigration that were once masked by unity against President Trump’s border wall and immigration agenda are now being exposed as Democratic presidential candidates seek to stand out in a crowded field and amid controversy over an emergency border spending bill. As the 2020 electoral calendar accelerates, how the party navigates the gulf between its most liberal and conservative wings will become a greater challenge for its leaders.

When the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. called on America to open the doors of opportunity to people of color, the civil rights leader was making a moral argument.

OBJECTIVE

Prevalence and prognostic impact of cardiovascular disease differ between patients with or without diabetes. We aimed to explore differences in the prevalence and prognosis of myocardial ischemia by automated quantification of total perfusion deficit (TPD) among patients with and without diabetes.

An Alaskan high school exchange program works to promote understanding between the state's urban centers and its remote Native Villages and communities.

Derivatives play an important role in bandwidth selection methods (e.g., plug-ins), data analysis and bias-corrected confidence intervals. Therefore, obtaining accurate derivative information is crucial. Although many derivative estimation methods exist, the majority require a fixed design assumption. In this paper, we propose an effective and fully data-driven framework to estimate the first and second order derivative in random design. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed derivative estimator, and also propose a fast selection method for the tuning parameters. The performance and flexibility of the method is illustrated via an extensive simulation study.

Catherine Orr
Mar 6, 2019; 39:1817-1827
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Canine-equid pairs can mimic each other’s facial expressions during play, which has never been seen between animals of different species

OM Hungary works alongside partner organisations to bring comfort and Jesus’ love to refugees in Budapest.

OM Hungary works alongside partner organisations to bring comfort and Jesus’ love to refugees in Budapest.

Logos Hope's Visitor Experience deck creatively engages people with the gospel as local volunteers make the language and cultural barriers obsolete.

As war continues in the east of Ukraine, refugees flood Odessa. OM cannot turn a blind eye to its new neighbours.

The associations between food insecurity and child well-being have been well studied on the basis of household levels of food insecurity, as reported by heads of households.

Household measures, however, may not capture gender biases in food insecurity and morbidity. This study assessed adolescents' own experience with food insecurity and how it was associated with morbidity and the effect of gender in this process. (Read the full article)

Chlamydia testing among adolescents and young women without symptoms is recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force, but only approximately one-half of eligible young women presenting for health care are screened appropriately.

Our work indicates that providers screen young women for chlamydia differentially according to patient age, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and sexual health history. Biases in chlamydia screening may contribute to higher reported rates of chlamydia among minority and poor young women. (Read the full article)

Birth defects are associated with preterm birth and are a major contributor to infant mortality. There are persistent black-white differences in overall infant mortality and infant mortality attributable to birth defects.

Among infants delivered at 37 to 44 weeks, blacks and Hispanics had significantly higher neonatal and postneonatal mortality attributable to birth defects than whites. Among infants delivered at 20 to 33 or 34 to 36 weeks, neonatal mortality attributable to birth defects was significantly lower among blacks. (Read the full article)

Immature animals exposed to anesthetics display apoptotic neurodegeneration and long-term cognitive deficiencies. In children, studies of cognitive deficits associated with anesthesia exposure have yielded mixed results. No studies to date have used directly administered neuropsychological assessments as outcome measures.

This study examines the association between exposure to anesthesia in children under age 3 and deficits at age 10 by using a battery of directly administered neuropsychological assessments, with deficits found in language and abstract reasoning associated with exposure. (Read the full article)

Previous studies suggest that hospitals under the greatest financial strain may be more prone to adverse events because they have limited resources to invest in quality and safety.

The patient population served, rather than hospital category, best predicts measured quality, underscoring the need for robust risk adjustment when incentivizing quality or comparing hospitals. Thus, problems of quality may not be systemic across hospital categories. (Read the full article)

Racial disparities in health care have been reported in multiple settings, but not thoroughly examined at the clinician level. The frequent occurrence of respiratory tract infections allows the evaluation of differences in the management of children seen by the same clinician.

Racial differences in the management of common pediatric infections occur among children treated by the same clinician. Given persistent concerns about nonjudicious antibiotic use, examining racial differences may inform our understanding of prescribing practices and identify opportunities for intervention. (Read the full article)

Studies suggest that young adults have worse access to health care, use less primary care, and visit emergency departments more frequently than adolescents. Whether these differences are present between adolescents and young adults with asthma is unknown.

Young adults with asthma were less likely to have a usual source of care and use primary care. In contrast, they were more likely to use the emergency department. Adjusting for insurance coverage reduced these differences partially but not completely. (Read the full article)

There are ethnic differences in lung function, with white people generally having higher values of FVC and FEV₁ than people of South Asian origin, whereas differences in forced expiratory flows are absent or less marked. The underlying reasons are unknown.

Lung function differences were not explained by cultural, socioeconomic, or perinatal factors, nor by environmental exposures or wheezing illness. This suggests that genetic factors are responsible, and supports the use of ethnicity-specific prediction equations for children of South Asian origin. (Read the full article)

Pediatric palliative care (PC) can be beneficial to children with life-threatening conditions and their families by providing symptom management and control, sibling support, bereavement services, spiritual guidance, support in decision-making about limiting burdensome medical interventions, and advance directives.

Little is known about actual receipt of PC by dying children. This study compares characteristics of dying children by receipt of PC and highlights underserved patient groups who could be targeted to improve access. (Read the full article)

Racial and ethnic differences exist in age at diagnosis and early access to mental and behavioral health services among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASDs are also associated with increased rates of other medical comorbidities that may require specialty care.

Significant racial and ethnic differences in use of specialty care and specialty procedures exist among children with documented ASD. (Read the full article)

The number of overweight and obese children has dramatically increased in recent decades. To combat this trend, information on possible gender-related differences in risk factors of overweight and obesity is critical.

This study examines associations of gender and physiologic and behavior measurements with potential cardiovascular risk. Lunch consumption and screen time were associated with weight; however, other associations with weight differ by gender. This information can be used to tailor future interventions. (Read the full article)

Evaluating for elevations in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a common screening test for the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is less common among non-Hispanic blacks. Better predictors of NAFLD are needed to identify individuals in most need of screening.

Relative to other ethnicities, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance performed poorly at identifying non-Hispanic black adolescents with ALT elevations. The presence of metabolic syndrome may therefore not be an adequate trigger for NAFLD screening. Triglyceride elevations performed similarly between groups in identifying ALT elevations. (Read the full article)

Although expert consensus and previous literature document the importance of early feeding and activity behaviors and practices in preventing obesity and the risks of early rapid weight gain, few studies have rigorously assessed obesity-related behaviors by caregivers of infants.

This study demonstrates the high prevalence of behaviors thought to increase risk for obesity in a diverse, large sample of parent/2-month-old dyads and finds that many behaviors vary by race and ethnicity, suggesting the potential for culturally tailored interventions. (Read the full article)