U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos on Wednesday visited a Kentucky high school that is recovering from a 2018 shooting to award additional grant money meant to aid its recovery efforts.

The U.S. Department of Education's office for civil rights said that some students were placed in self-contained special education settings without an individualized justification for doing so.

Students at Bellevue Elementary in Syracuse, N.Y., spend an extra 70 minutes at school each day, and their principal says the extended school day has improved their academic performance.

Two lawsuits were filed Monday challenging a proposition that Arizona voters approved to impose an additional 3.5% tax on individuals earning above $250,000 to pay school teacher salaries and training.

Board members didn't act on a resolution to revoke Alabama's version of the Common Core State Standards.

A school district in Tennessee says it no longer wants teachers to use crowdfunding websites to get extra school supplies.

Former Tennessee Gov. Bill Haslam announced the Tennessee Tutoring Corps, which will recruit college students to tutor children in an effort to prevent learning loss after extended school closures.

Federal watchdogs find that Utah inflated its high school graduation rate in the last of a series of reports warning states not to make end runs around the rules for calculating graduation rates.

An activist's lawsuit is an example of how many states, because of outdated software, have trouble answering the public's demand to detail how billions of K-12 dollars are spent.

The Connecticut Coalition for Achievement Now, or ConnCAN, has profiled five successful early childhood education programs in other states for ideas to help programs in Connecticut.

The state's board voted not to open the Common Core to revision, but its commissioner still plans to review them informally, with an eye to future changes.

A suburban Indianapolis district is signing up teachers to drive school buses before and after their usual time in the classroom.

A small group of science teachers in Missouri is using the coronavirus as a teachable moment that's aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards.

The Winnipeg Jets claimed Kaapo Kahkonen off NHL waivers from the Colorado Avalanche, while the Anaheim Ducks' James Reimer is one of two players now on waivers.

Alaskan schooling developed on many fronts. An illustrated timeline adds historical context for the growth of the state's education system, from the territory’s earliest Native inhabitants to today.

In Tuesday night's Republican primary in West Virginia, Robert Karnes, a West Virginia Republican state senator who lashed out at teachers during their nine-day strike, lost to pro-labor candidate Bill Hamilton.

The state's budget bill, which Republican Gov. Bruce Rauner signed into law this week, caps annual raises for end-of-career-teachers, lowering the pension they can receive.

Five-star wing Deniya Prawl has committed to Lady Vols basketball, marking a significant recruiting win in Kim Caldwell's first year at Tennessee.

Elena Neumann
Oct 9, 2024; 44:e0591242024-e0591242024
Systems/Circuits

Yasmin L. Hurd
Oct 16, 2019; 39:8250-8258
Symposium and Mini-Symposium

John M. Beggs
Dec 3, 2003; 23:11167-11177
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

GABAergic neurons and GABA_A receptors (GABA_ARs) are critical elements of almost all neuronal circuits. Most GABA_ARs of the CNS are heteropentameric ion channels composed of two α, two β, and one subunits. These receptors serve as important drug targets for benzodiazepine (BDZ) site agonists, which potentiate the action of GABA at GABA_ARs. Most GABA_AR classifications rely on the heterogeneity of the α subunit (α1–α6) included in the receptor complex. Heterogeneity of the subunits (1–3), which mediate synaptic clustering of GABA_ARs and contribute, together with α subunits, to the benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding site, has gained less attention, mainly because 2 subunits greatly outnumber the other subunits in most brain regions. Here, we have investigated a potential role of non-2 GABA_ARs in neural circuits of the spinal dorsal horn, a key site of nociceptive processing. Female and male mice were studied. We demonstrate that besides 2 subunits, 1 subunits are significantly expressed in the spinal dorsal horn, especially in its superficial layers. Unlike global 2 subunit deletion, which is lethal, spinal cord-specific loss of 2 subunits was well tolerated. GABA_AR clustering in the superficial dorsal horn remained largely unaffected and antihyperalgesic actions of HZ-166, a nonsedative BDZ site agonist, were partially retained. Our results thus suggest that the superficial dorsal horn harbors functionally relevant amounts of 1 subunits that support the synaptic clustering of GABA_ARs in this site. They further suggest that 1 containing GABA_ARs contribute to the spinal control of nociceptive information flow.

The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, met today with FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva at FAO headquarters in Rome.

With agriculture growing at a 6 [...]

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