cron

Author Correction: Genetic circuit design automation for the gut resident species <i>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</i>




cron

Don’t TOSSD the baby out with the bathwater: The need for a new way to measure development cooperation, not just another (bad) acronym


Once upon a time, long ago, the development industry was fixated on measuring aid from richer to poorer countries. They called it ODA, standing for Official Development Assistance. For decades this aid has been codified, reported, and tracked, mostly by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (DAC/OECD), a club of advanced economies. In advance of the Spring Meetings of the IMF and World Bank, the DAC announced that ODA has risen by 6.9% over 2014 levels to 132 billion dollars, a record amount. Importantly, ODA increased even after stripping out funds spent on refugees.

The United Nations has established targets for ODA—like the famous 0.7 percent of national income—which have taken on legendary status as benchmarks of national generosity. Only six out of 28 DAC countries met this target last year: Denmark, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Some institutions and lobby groups remain fixated on ODA, but many development actors now reject it as flawed. A major theme of the Spring Meetings is how to move beyond ODA and expand other forms of financing for development. ODA is, among other things, symptomatic of a charity perspective, rather than investment; inappropriate for South-South cooperation; and unable to capture the big new landscape of public-private links. What’s more, it is riddled with self-serving quirks like scoring numerous flows—the cost of university places in donor countries, and administrative costs of aid agencies—that never reach developing countries.

Perhaps the most telling weakness of ODA is that emerging powers like China and India see little merit (and arguably, some residual stigma) in this concept and, therefore, will not report on that basis to a club to which they do not belong. As their share of the world economy and their interactions with other “developing” countries continue to grow, this means ODA will inevitably start to represent an ever smaller share of official financing for development.

TOSSD to the rescue?

TOSSD stands for Total Official Support for Sustainable Development. The idea, still being fleshed out, is to have a universally accepted measure of the full array of public financial support for sustainable development. TOSSD should differ from ODA in at least three ways:

  • First, it should take a developing country perspective rather than a donor country perspective. So it should cover the value of all funding for development that is officially supported, from pure grants to near-market loans and equity investments, as well as guarantees and insurance.
  • Second, it should measure cross-border flows from all countries, not just the rich members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee.
  • Third, it should include contributions to global public goods needed to support development, like U.N. peacekeeping and pandemic surveillance.

There are many complications behind any international attempt to define and track such a huge range of activities. Some are technical, but can probably be resolved with enough goodwill and professionalism. So, for example, we can debate how to establish whether and how official support to private investors changes their behaviour, delivering “additional” development results compared to a situation without that support. In the end, sensible solutions and workarounds will be found.

More difficult are a couple of politically sensitive challenges, which at the same time underlie the value of reaching consensus on a new measure. How far, for example, should the new measure recognise indirect spending on global public goods? Take for example public research on an AIDS vaccine that could lead to prevention of millions of deaths in developing countries. Right now, this would not count as ODA because the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries is not its main objective.

We tend to think that consideration of globe-spanning benefits like these, which do not fit the simple mould of money crossing borders, is an essential feature of a new measure of development finance. However, it will need to be bounded sensibly, not least because of underlying suspicions that the countries that are today most likely to deploy such tools, and claim them as a large part of their distinctive contribution, are among the “old rich”—though that could change quickly. We suggest that spending on a defined list of global public goods should be included, perhaps those that support Agenda 2030, such as U.N. peacekeeping or a global research consortium like GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance.

A second potentially divisive issue, already alluded to, is how to value non-monetary flows, like technical assistance, and in a fair way across countries. We think it would be a powerful positive signal for international cooperation if even modest contributions by low- and middle-income countries are recognised, celebrated, and valued according to the contribution being made, not the cost of providing the assistance. The assistance provided by professionals from developing countries (think Cuban doctors) should be measured at the same prices as assistance provided by professionals from rich countries. Some form of purchasing power parity equivalence would need to be defined and used.

Who should collect all this information and ensure it is more or less consistent?

This is a hugely contentious question. Neither of the most obvious answers, the well-organised but globally unloved OECD and the legitimate but under-resourced U.N. secretariat, are likely to be acceptable without some changes. A preferred candidate has to have a sufficiently broad group of countries prepared to self-report on even a loose set of definitions in order to get momentum. At a minimum all the major economies of the world, for example members of the G-20, should be willing to participate. It should also have the technical capacity to help countries provide information in a consistent way.

The International Monetary Fund or World Bank could be candidates—most countries already report to them on a range of data, including financial flows. The Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation, with its membership of many development actors and technical support, could be another. Or a new group could be created in much the same way as the International Aid Transparency Initiative. This could even be a revamped Development Assistance Committee that operates with broader support in much the same way as the OECD’s tax work has many non-OECD members participating. What is important is that the guiding principle be to measure official cross-border financial resources that support the new universally-agreed Sustainable Development Goals, and to start now and learn by doing.  Such initiatives are too easily killed by subjecting them to endless external criticism that a perfect solution has not been found.

Finally, what’s in name?

TOSSD may be one of the least attractive acronyms on offer today. Without disrespect to its OECD authors, it will anyway have to change to something that works for all the major stakeholders, and is not visibly invented in Paris and that also encourages players who are not strictly speaking “official,” like foundations, to sign up. We tend to favor a plainer, simpler wrapper like International Development Contributions (IDC), or Defined Development Contributions (DDC). 

Authors

      
 
 




cron

Macron, the lonely Europeanist

       




cron

Webinar: Emmanuel Macron — The last president of Europe

On April 22, the Center on the United States and Europe at Brookings hosted William Drozdiak, nonresident senior fellow at Brookings and senior advisor for Europe at McLarty Associates, for the launch of his new book “The Last President of Europe: Emmanuel Macron’s Race to Revive France and Save the World” (PublicAffairs, April 28, 2020).…

       




cron

Macron, the lonely Europeanist

       




cron

Macron, the lonely Europeanist

       




cron

Macron announces extra aid for French arts sector battered by Covid-19 crisis

French President Emmanuel Macron said he was looking into more financial aid for the country's arts and culture sectors that have been hit hard by the coronavirus pandemic. 




cron

France to limit international travel this summer, Macron says

French President Emmanuel Macron said Tuesday it was unlikely that French people will be able to take long-distance trips this summer and that even trips within Europe may have to be limited to reduce the risk of a resurgence of the coronavirus.




cron

Fiesta Resort Saipan to rebrand as Crowne Plaza® Resort Saipan in 2022, signalling IHG's rapid expansion in Micronesia

IHG has signed a long-term agreement with Asia Pacific Hotels Inc to take on management of Fiesta Resort & Spa Saipan, in the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, from May 20201.The impressive 416-room hotel will rebrand as Crowne Plaza® Resort Saipan in 2022 following a refurbishment, before adding a 116-room extension by 2025. Alongside IHG's October announcement that it has taken on management of the 318-room Fiesta Resort Guam, a hotel that will rebrand as a Crowne Plaza in 2021, the combined 850 room count makes the biggest ever conversion signing for IHG's Australasia, Japan and Pacific Islands region.Saipan is the largest island of the Northern Mariana Islands and is part of the Commonwealth of the United States. A 20-minute flight from Guam, Saipan is characterised by sandy shores and mountainous landscapes, and boasts several championship golf courses. It has a borderline tropical rainforest climate and, with an average year-round maximum temperature of 28.9°C, Saipan ha...




cron

Micronesia Average Precipitation

Precipitation in Micronesia increased to 322.46 mm in December from 241.26 mm in November of 2015. Precipitation in Micronesia averaged 317.29 mm from 1901 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 705.12 mm in September of 1991 and a record low of 68.25 mm in February of 1977. This page includes a chart with historical data for Micronesia Average Precipitation.




cron

Deposit Interest Rate in Micronesia

Deposit Interest Rate in Micronesia increased to 0.47 percent in 2017 from 0.38 percent in 2016. Deposit Interest Rate in Micronesia averaged 2.06 percent from 1995 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 5.33 percent in 1995 and a record low of 0.38 percent in 2016. The Deposit Interest Rate is the average rate paid by commercial banks to individuals or corporations on deposits. This page includes a chart with historical data for Deposit Interest Rate in Micronesia.




cron

Micronesia GDP Per Capita

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Micronesia was last recorded at 2773.60 US dollars in 2018. The GDP per Capita in Micronesia is equivalent to 22 percent of the world's average. GDP Per Capita in Micronesia averaged 2657.44 USD from 1986 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2962.30 USD in 2011 and a record low of 2295.40 USD in 1987. This page provides - Micronesia Gdp Per Capita- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia GDP Per Capita PPP

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Micronesia was last recorded at 3196 US dollars in 2018, when adjusted by purchasing power parity (PPP). The GDP per Capita, in Micronesia, when adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity is equivalent to 18 percent of the world's average. GDP Per Capita Ppp in Micronesia averaged 3116.99 USD from 1990 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3413.50 USD in 2011 and a record low of 2721.90 USD in 1990. The GDP per capita PPP is obtained by dividing the country’s gross domestic product, adjusted by purchasing power parity, by the total population. This page provides the latest reported value for - Micronesia GDP Per Capita PPP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.




cron

Ease of Doing Business in Micronesia

Micronesia is ranked 158 among 190 economies in the ease of doing business, according to the latest World Bank annual ratings. The rank of Micronesia improved to 158 in 2019 from 160 in 2018. Ease of Doing Business in Micronesia averaged 146.08 from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 160 in 2018 and a record low of 125 in 2008. The Ease of doing business index ranks countries against each other based on how the regulatory environment is conducive to business operationstronger protections of property rights. Economies with a high rank (1 to 20) have simpler and more friendly regulations for businesses. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ease of Doing Business in Micronesia.




cron

Micronesia Sales Tax Rate - VAT

The Sales Tax Rate in Micronesia stands at 5 percent. In Micronesia, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Micronesia. This page provides - Micronesia Sales Tax Rate | VAT - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia Social Security Rate

The Social Security Rate in Micronesia stands at 15 percent. This page provides - Micronesia Social Security Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia Social Security Rate For Companies

The Social Security Rate For Companies in Micronesia stands at 7.50 percent. This page provides - Micronesia Social Security Rate For Companies- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia Social Security Rate For Employees

The Social Security Rate For Employees in Micronesia stands at 7.50 percent. In Micronesia, the Social Security Rate is a tax related with labor income charged to both companies and employees. Revenues from the Social Security Rate are an important source of income for the government of Micronesia because they help to pay for many social programs including welfare, health care and many other benefits. This page provides - Micronesia Social Security Rate For Employees- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia Retirement Age Men

Retirement Age Men in Micronesia remained unchanged at 60 in December from 60 in December of 2019. This page provides - Micronesia Retirement Age Men- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia Retirement Age Women

Retirement Age Women in Micronesia remained unchanged at 60 in December from 60 in December of 2019. This page provides - Micronesia Retirement Age Women- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia Business Gross Revenue Tax

The Corporate Tax Rate in Micronesia stands at 3 percent. This page provides - Micronesia Corporate Tax Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Micronesia GDP

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Micronesia was worth 0.36 billion US dollars in 2019, according to official data from the World Bank and projections from Trading Economics. The GDP value of Micronesia represents 0 percent of the world economy. GDP in Micronesia averaged 0.24 USD Billion from 1983 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 0.36 USD Billion in 2019 and a record low of 0.11 USD Billion in 1986. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given country's economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. This page provides - Micronesia Gdp - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




cron

Rights and wrongs of Macron’s vision for Europe

The EU should do more to defend itself, without expecting the US to underwrite the peace




cron

Merkel and Macron: Europe’s missed chance

German and French leaders’ hesitation could be fatal




cron

Sean Cronin's World Cup hopes not dented by omission from Ireland squad, insists Simon Easterby

Ireland insist hooker Sean Cronin has lost no World Cup ground despite being dropped from the squad for Sunday's Guinness Six Nations clash with France in Dublin.




cron

Rugby World Cup 2019: Rob Herring replaces injured Sean Cronin as Ireland gear up for All Blacks

'Sean aggravated a pre-existing neck muscle complaint and has been ruled out of the remainder of RWC19,' read an Irish Rugby Football Union statement.




cron

Trump says Macron's claim that Europe needs an army to protect itself from the U.S. is insulting

Seconds after his plane was wheels down in Paris, Donald Trump attacked host Emmanuel Macron for suggesting that Europe needs to raise a standing army to protect itself from China, Russia and the United States.




cron

Trump meets Macron at Élysée after slamming French host in arrival tweet

Trump met with French President Emmanuel Macron this morning at Elysee Palace in Paris after slamming him Friday night in a tweet seconds after landing at Orly in Air Force One.




cron

Trump and Melania head to Paris for Armistice Day with the Macrons

The president and first lady Melania Trump are on their way to France for a program celebrating the 100th anniversary of the cessation of hostilities in World War One with other world leaders.




cron

Did Trump pull out of Armistice tribute over Macron EU army jibe? President snubs war graves visit

Mr Trump and First Lady Melania’s no-show followed a row with Mr Macron over France’s contribution to Nato. Among the furious critics was Winston Churchill's grandson.




cron

Le Grand Diversion! Paris is burning and Macron’s popularity is plunging

While France was reeling from images of violence in Paris, the French leader announced he would use the newly signed EU Brexit deal to try to ‘leverage’ concessions from the UK on fishing rights.




cron

DOMINIC LAWSON: Why it's hard not to gloat at travails of Macron

DOMINIC LAWSON: We mustn't gloat about the public uprising in Paris. Some of it has involved setting fire to buildings. And there are some pretty unpleasant types among the demonstrators.




cron

Emma Watson shakes hands with Macron at Gender Equality meeting

Emma Watson attended the first meeting for the G7 (Group of Seven) Advisory Council For Gender Equality with French President Emmanuel Macron in Elysee Palace, Paris on Tuesday.




cron

May to fly to Paris for No Deal Brexit talks with Macron

Mrs May is risking civil war with her own party by pursuing a softer Brexit with Boris Johnson calling it a 'surrender' and warning his party leader: 'It cannot, must not and will not happen'.




cron

Putin takes swipe at Macron as he says 'yellow vest' protests would NEVER be allowed in Russia 

Vladimir Putin vowed to prevent the emergence of mass protests yesterday speaking to French President Emmanuel Macron in southern France .




cron

Cronulla skipper calls out anti-vaxxers

Cronulla captain Wade Graham has called out anti-vaxxers who refuse to get a flu shot, saying they should put their teammates above their own personal...




cron

Emmanuel Macron embraces Canadian PM Justin Trudeau as he welcomes him to the Elysee Palace

Emmanuel Macron and Justin Trudeau were pictured sharing a warm embrace in Paris today, as they met to discuss a new EU-Canada trade deal. 




cron

Trump blasts Trudeau and Macron behind closed doors following NATO 'gossip circle' viral video

President Trump was said to have made remarks about Justin Trudeau and Emmanuel Macron to more than a dozen United Nations ambassadors in a closed-doors meeting at the White House.




cron

Cronulla Sharks 'No. 1 fan' Scott Morrison promises he WILL be at the first footy game of the year

The Prime Minister's favourite team will begin their 2020 campaign against the South Sydney Rabbitohs - supported by opposition leader Anthony Albanese - at ANZ Stadium in Sydney.




cron

Two Cronulla Sharks NRL players sent home after developing flu-like symptoms amid coronavirus panic

Two players from the Cronulla Sharks have been sent home from team training after falling ill with flu-like symptoms.




cron

Speculation Scott Morrison wants to watch Cronulla Sharks before mass gathering ban

Mr Morrison announced the government would ban 'non essential' public gatherings of more than 500 people in Australia from Monday.




cron

Scott Morrison cancels trip to see Cronulla Sharks after Peter Dutton tests positive for coronavirus

The life-long Sharks fan had just hours before insisted he would attend his team's first NRL game of the season against the South Sydney Rabbitohs.




cron

Latrell Mitchell has hit back at former teammate Cooper Cronk after criticised for leaving the team

Latrell Mitchell has hit back at Cooper Cronk who accused the NRL star of slacking off training when he was actually protecting his pregnant girlfriend from the coronavirus by driving her out of Sydney.




cron

How Brigitte Macron, 65, ‘went a bit Britney’ after her ‘boxy’ outfit choice channelled US pop star

LIZ JONES: At the Elysee Palace in Paris on Saturday, as part of Donald Trump’s visit to France to commemorate the Armistice, Melania Trump and Brigitte Macron went into battle.




cron

Donald Trump's canary vs Emmanuel Macron's Mme Mahogany: LIZ JONES on the G7 style wars 

LIZ JONES: In the post-MeToo age, should we really be obsessing about what the wives of the world's leaders attending the G7 summit in Biarritz are wearing?




cron

Kylian Mbappe joins France president Emmanuel Macron to watch women's World Cup final in Lyon

The World Cup winner was seen smiling and shaking hands with his compatriot before the game between USA and Holland at in Lyon.




cron

Ooh la la! Emmanuel Macron's very hands-on thank-you to Melania Trump

French President Emmanuel Macron warmly clasped First Lady Melania Trump's hand before a reception at 10 Downing Street after hitching a ride with the Trumps in 'the Beast.'




cron

Furious Emmanuel Macron argues with Israeli police during visit to Jerusalem

The 42-year-old head of state erupted in anger after officers broke diplomatic protocol by walking into Saint Anne's, in the city's Old Town, on Wednesday.




cron

Value of pound SPIKES after Emmanuel Macron and Angela Merkel deliver Brexit boosts to Boris Johnson

The value of the pound jumped this afternoon after Emmanuel Macron and Angela Merkel delivered Brexit boosts to Boris Johnson.




cron

French President Macron backs Angela Merkel's plan to give Boris Johnson 30 days

The French President echoed the German Chancellor's suggestion that the deadlock over the Irish backstop could potentially be broken to prevent No Deal.