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Ameesha Patel sparks dating rumours with 'darling' Nirvaan Birla after their Dubai photo goes viral, gets trolled for...

Ameesha Patel was age shamed after her intimate picture with businessman Nirvaan Birla went viral on social media. While Ameesha is 49 years old, Nirvaan is 30.




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3 Emails Every Early-Stage SaaS Should Be Sending

This article is a guest post by Christoph Engelhardt of SaaSEmailMarketing.net. Today I’m going to show you 3 emails that can change the trajectory of your SaaS business. The emails I’m highlighting here are easy to set up and pack a punch – ideal for early-stage products. You’ll learn how to: increase your signup conversions by 15%Read More →

The post 3 Emails Every Early-Stage SaaS Should Be Sending first appeared on Rob Walling - Serial Entrepreneur.




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Cult leader Charles Manson said he committed murders in Mexico in newly unearthed audio clip

Infamous cult leader Charles Manson said he committed multiple murders in Mexico in the 1960s in audio used in the upcoming Peacock documentary series "Making Manson."




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House on Pearl Street

House on Pearl Street by William Tolliver is a(n) Limited Edition. The Edition is Limited to Limited Edition 350 pcs




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Early Ordovician to Early Devonian tectonic development of the northern margin of Laurentia, Canadian Arctic Islands

Dewing, K; Hadlari, T; Pearson, D G; Matthews, W. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2019 p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35017.1
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20160081.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20160081.jpg" title="Geological Society of America Bulletin 2019 p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35017.1" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Integrated bio-chemostratigraphy of Lower and Middle Triassic marine successions at Spiti in the Indian Himalaya: implications for the Early Triassic nutrient crisis

Sun, Y D; Richoz, S; Krystyn, L; Grasby, S E; Chen, Y L; Banerjee, D; Joachimski, M M. Global and Planetary Change vol. 196, 103363, 2020 p. 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103363
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20200602.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20200602.jpg" title="Global and Planetary Change vol. 196, 103363, 2020 p. 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103363" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Tellurium in late Permian-early Triassic sediments as a proxy for Siberian flood basalt volcanism

Regelous, M; Regelous, A; Grasby, S E; Bond, D P G; Haase, K M; Gleißner, S; Wignall, P B. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3) vol. 21, issue 11, e2020GC009064, 2020 p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009064
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20200580.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20200580.jpg" title="Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3) vol. 21, issue 11, e2020GC009064, 2020 p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009064" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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High-resolution correlation between contrasting early Tonian carbonate successions in NW Canada highlights pronounced global carbon isotope variations

Greenman, J W; Rainbird, R H; Turner, E C. Precambrian Research vol. 346, 105816, 2020 p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105816
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20200113.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20200113.jpg" title="Precambrian Research vol. 346, 105816, 2020 p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105816" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Ancestral trans-North American Bell River system recorded in late Oligocene to early Miocene sediments in the Labrador Sea and Canadian Great Plains

Corradino, J I; Pullen, A; Leier, A L; Barbeau, D L, Jr; Scher, H D; Weislogel, A; Bruner, A; Leckie, D A; Currie, L D. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2021 p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35903.1
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210427.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210427.jpg" title="Geological Society of America Bulletin 2021 p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35903.1" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Early Cambrian maximum depositional age for the upper Yelverton Formation, northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut

Hadlari, T; Matthews, W A. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8820, 2021, 15 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/328836
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_328836.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_328836.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8820, 2021, 15 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/328836" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Early Paleozoic seas of offshore eastern Canada: insights from the lithology and palynology of lower Paleozoic strata from the Labrador Margin

Bingham-Koslowski, N. GAC®-MAC 2021, London, Canada: Exploring Geosciences Through Time and Space/GAC®-MAC 2021, London, Canada : Explorer les géosciences à travers le temps et l'espace; Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada, Joint Annual Meeting, Abstracts Volume vol. 44, 2021 p. 40
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210167.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210167.jpg" title="GAC®-MAC 2021, London, Canada: Exploring Geosciences Through Time and Space/GAC®-MAC 2021, London, Canada : Explorer les géosciences à travers le temps et l'espace; Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada, Joint Annual Meeting, Abstracts Volume vol. 44, 2021 p. 40" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Mercury record of intense hydrothermal activity during the early Cambrian, South China

Zhu, G; Wang, P; Li, T; Zhao, K; Zheng, W; Feng, X; Shen, J; Grasby, S E; Sun, G; Tang, S; Yan, H. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology vol. 568, 110294, 2021 p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110294
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210155.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210155.jpg" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology vol. 568, 110294, 2021 p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110294" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the trilobite faunas from the Mount Clark and Mount Cap formations (early and middle Cambrian), eastern Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada

Handkamer, N M; Pratt, B R; MacNaughton, R B. Journal of Paleontology vol. 96, S89, 2022, 47 pages, https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2022.13
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210288.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210288.jpg" title="Journal of Paleontology vol. 96, S89, 2022, 47 pages, https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2022.13" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Exploring the role of High Arctic Large Igneous Province volcanism on Early Cretaceous Arctic forests

Galloway, J M; Fensome, R A; Swindles, G T; Hadlari, T; Schröder-Adams, C; Herrle, J O; Fath, J; Pugh, A. Cretaceous Research vol. 129, 105022, 2022 p. 1-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105022
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210274.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210274.jpg" title="Cretaceous Research vol. 129, 105022, 2022 p. 1-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105022" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Biostratigraphic evidence for incremental tectonic development of Early Cambrian deep-water environments in the Misty Creek Embayment (Selwyn Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada)

Scott, W R; Turner, E C; MacNaughton, R B; Fallas, K M. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2022 p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2021-0049
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210256.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210256.jpg" title="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2022 p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2021-0049" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Iron loss during continental weathering in the early Carboniferous period recorded by karst bauxites

Ling, K; Wen, H; Fan, H; Zhu, X; Zhang, Z; Grasby, S E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Earth Surface vol. 128, issue 4, 2023 p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006906
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20230111.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20230111.jpg" title="Journal of Geophysical Research, Earth Surface vol. 128, issue 4, 2023 p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006906" height="150" border="1" /></a>




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Лидер DELAIN не готов возвращаться к CHARLOTTE WESSELS

В рамках недавней беседы у Martijn Westerholt'a спросили, что же привело к тому, что в 2021 году DELAIN развалились, на что он ответил:

«Ну, на самом деле, в феврале 21-го это был только результат. А началось всё ещё с конца 2019 года. Я перегорел, потому что в DELAIN именно я в основном заботился о большинстве происходящих событий, вместе с Charlotte, а остальные музыканты были своего рода наемниками и мало что делали в рабочих процессах, да от них и не ожидали этого. Никакой их вины в этом нет, просто именно так функционировал DELAIN. В определенный момент, когда я перегорел, мне действительно пришлось сделать шаг назад и взять паузу, поменьше ездить на гастроли. И тогда трое остальных парней в сущности сказали: «Хорошо, но мы хотим всё изменить, и всё должно быть по-другому. Лично мы хотим продолжать гастролировать, и мы вообще не хотим, чтобы ты больше гастролировал с нами. И мы так и поступим». Но это невозможно, потому что DELAIN это еще и обычная бизнес-компания - это моя работа, и это была работа Charlotte. А еще это моя ответственность. Если они поедут в тур без меня и что-то пойдет не так, тогда люди появятся у моего порога, а не у их. И Charlotte сказала: «Ладно, ребята, вы должны разобраться с этой проблемой. В противном случае я скорее уйду, потому что не хочу участвовать в таких масштабных переменах. Тогда я лучше займусь своими делами сама по себе». И в конце концов я предложил им совершить сделку: «Хорошо. Тогда выкупайте у меня DELAIN». Это могло бы стать проблемой, потому что они не писали большую часть музыки. Музыку писал я, мой соавтор Guus [Eikens], а с какого-то момента и Charlotte, хотя сначала Charlotte в большинстве своем занималась только текстами. Так что у меня были некоторые сомнения, но я подумал: «Ладно, если они хотят взять всё на себя, мне будет очень больно, но пускай, просто они должны будут купить бренд, а я тогда организую свой собственный проект». И мы начали вести переговоры на этот счет, но ничего не вышло. Оглядываясь назад, я чувствую облегчение. Я благодарен, что ничего не вышло, потому что многие люди говорили мне: «Эй, чувак, ты не должен отдавать имя так просто. Ведь это дело твоей жизни, и звучание DELAIN очень сильно изменится. И это будет проблемой». В общем, никакой сделки не вышло. Затем я собрал осколки, и мне пришлось думать, как двигаться дальше. В итоге мы пришли к тому, что мне пришлось задуматься: «Итак, проект, группа, надо объявить об этом». Примерно так всё и получилось. И самое забавное, что всё это произошло во времена COVID. Это стало для меня своего рода спасением в странном и грустном смысле, но благодаря локдауну появилась возможность и время, чтобы собрать осколки и понять, что делать дальше».

На вопрос о том, готов ли он снова работать с Charlotte в будущем, если такая возможность представится, Martijn сказал:

«Ну, так сказать, душевная боль еще не прошла, так что по состоянию на сейчас — нет. К тому же, если вы послушаете сольную музыку Charlotte [после DELAIN] и сравните её с моей музыкой, она совершенно другая. Она проделала отличную работу по созданию своего собственного звучания и своей собственной музыки, но, как вы можете слышать, они разные. И я считаю, что это комплимент в её адрес. Но это также показывает разницу в том, что мы делаем. Так что я отношусь к возможности нового сотрудничества довольно скептически. Но в то же время, как и во всем, что происходит в жизни, никогда не знаешь, как сложатся обстоятельства, никогда не стоит говорить «никогда», но конкретно сейчас я не представляю, что это произойдет в будущем».
#Delain #GothicMetal #Gothic_Metal #SymphonicMetal #Symphonic_Metal


Видео: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3mSnqG5lsI




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World Diabetes Day 2024: Early signs of high blood sugar level you should not ignore - India TV News

  1. World Diabetes Day 2024: Early signs of high blood sugar level you should not ignore  India TV News
  2. World Diabetes Day 2024  PIB
  3. World Diabetes Day: Why diabetes is more than abnormal blood sugar level  The Times of India
  4. World Diabetes Day 2024: 10 Foods That Are Secretly Increasing Your Risk Of Diabetes  NDTV
  5. World Diabetes Day 2024: 5 ways to detect diabetes quickly  Health shots







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Tata Steel Chess India Day 1: Abdussatorov Leads Carlsen, So, Narayanan - Chess.com

  1. Tata Steel Chess India Day 1: Abdussatorov Leads Carlsen, So, Narayanan  Chess.com
  2. Magnus Carlsen interview: I probably will have the most fun playing Gukesh  Hindustan Times
  3. Tata Steel Chess India - Live!  Chess News | ChessBase
  4. Abdusattorov Nodirbek leads, Magnus Carlsen close behind in India Open chess  The Times of India
  5. Indian chess has come a long way, courtesy Anand: Carlsen  The Hindu




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The Rising Star Scaffolding Guide: Supporting Young Children’s Early Spelling Skills

Encouraging pre-kindergarten children to write affords teachers the opportunity to provide scaffolds to improve spelling development. Teachers, however, tend to provide more support than necessary to guide children's early spelling, which may stifle children's opportunities to engage in important thinking that helps them to grow in their literacy knowledge.




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Scarlett McNally: GPs and geriatricians can help to improve shared decision making for surgical patients

At one of my first meetings as an elected council member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, we approved a report called Access All Ages. It encouraged less ageist thinking and bias among healthcare staff that might lead to them denying older people surgery.1 But sometimes an operation isn’t the best option. Among patients who have surgery, 14% express regret and 15% experience complications, which are at least four times as likely if they’re frail or physically inactive.2 The Centre for Perioperative Care has published information on the importance of exercise before surgery,3 but that alone may not be enough.We need shared decision making,4 including asking patients what matters to them. The public should be primed to ask about BRAN—the benefits, risks, and alternatives to surgery and the likely result from doing nothing.4 A slew of data supports this approach, especially from the POPS initiative (Perioperative Care of...




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OM's early days in India

In 1963, the first OM team travelled overland from Europe to India, sharing the gospel along the way and initiating a movement that would reached millions with the gospel.




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Ex-FDA chief cleared over Tarlac pharmacy closure

The Sandiganbayan has acquitted former Food and Drug Administration chief Nela Charade Puno of graft, which stemmed from a raid and closure by the FDA of a pharmacy and wellness center in Tarlac.




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Tarlac woman nabbed for posing as niece in online love scam

MANILA, Philippines — Central Luzon cops arrested a woman with the alias “Tita” for posing as her niece to lure a victim into giving her gifts, the Philippine National Police Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP ACG) said. According to the PNP ACG’s report released on Wednesday, “Tita” created a Facebook account using her then 17-year-old niece’s name and began messaging a 70-year-old meat vendor in San Manuel town in Tarlac province. The suspect lured the victim into a secret relationship, which lasted for more than a year, getting him to send money and gifts said to be worth a total of nearly […]...

Keep on reading: Tarlac woman nabbed for posing as niece in online love scam




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Nearly P150,000 worth of drugs seized in Caloocan buy-bust op

MANILA, Philippines — Northern Police District officers arrested two individuals and seized drugs worth a total of P146,440 in Caloocan City early Wednesday morning, Nov. 13. The suspects were identified by police as “Budoy”, 18; and “Buknoy”, 24, both of whom are Caloocan residents. NPD’s District Drugs Enforcement Unit made the arrest in a buy-bust operation at 4:12 a.m. on Wednesday along Libis Espina Street in Barangay 18, Caloocan City. Twenty grams of a white substance suspected to be shabu (crystal meth), estimated to be worth P136,000, were seized from the suspects. Additionally, police said they recovered 17 grams of […]...

Keep on reading: Nearly P150,000 worth of drugs seized in Caloocan buy-bust op




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Heated debate on Amsterdam violence in Dutch parliament

Dutch parliamentarians clashed on Wednesday in a heated debate to discuss the attacks on Israeli fans after a football match last week, with some lawmakers pointing fingers and others urging unity.

The Netherlands is still dealing with the political fallout from last week’s violence in Amsterdam, when fans of Tel Aviv Maccabi were assaulted by men on scooters in several parts of the capital.

Five Macabi fans were briefly hospitalised after being beaten up following a match with the local Ajax team last Thursday, in what Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof termed an incident of “unadulterated anti-Semitism”.

After the match, groups of men on scooters engaged in “hit-and-run” attacks on Maccabi fans in areas of the city.

Police said the attackers were mobilised by calls on social media to target Jewish people.

Far-right MP Geert Wilders, leader of the biggest party in the coalition government, said the perpetrators of the violence against Maccabi Tel Aviv fans were “all Muslims” and “for the most part Moroccans”.

The anti-Islam Wilders called for the attackers to be prosecuted “for terrorism.”

“For the first time since the Second World War there was a hunt on Jews,” Wilders said, adding “I am sick of being criticised when I tell the truth.”

But the firebrand MP drew the ire of opposition parties, who accused him of “adding fuel to fire”.

‘Dividing the country’

While unanimously condemning the violence, left-wing parties have called for dialogue with the Muslim community instead of “dividing the country”.

“I share the condemnation of the violence in Amsterdam and yes, there was indeed anti-Semitic violence,” left-wing opposition leader Frans Timmermans said.

“You are simply stoking the fires while this country has a need for politicians to unite people and find solutions,” Timmermans told Wilders.

Amsterdam mayor Femke Halsema on Tuesday called the attacks a “poisonous cocktail” of anti-Semitism and hooliganism.

Events ahead of the match heightened tensions, including anti-Arab chants by Maccabi fans, who also set fire to a Palestinian flag on the city’s central square and vandalising a taxi.

After the match, which passed off peacefully, reports emerged of social media calls to attack Jews, Amsterdam police said.

The violence took place against the backdrop of an increasingly polarised Europe, with heightened tensions following a rise in antisemitic, anti-Israeli and Islamophobic attacks since the start of the Gaza conflict.

The Dutch PM indicated that the government would present concrete steps to tackle antisemitism on Friday.

Eight people remained in custody over the violence.




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World Diabetes Day 2024: Early and surprising signs of the silent killer - The Times of India

  1. World Diabetes Day 2024: Early and surprising signs of the silent killer  The Times of India
  2. U.S. Diabetes Rates Rise to Nearly 1 in 6 Adults  Avery Journal Times
  3. Healthwatch: Millions of Americans have diabetes and don't know it  CBS Chicago
  4. CDC: 1 in 6 American adults have diabetes, costs rise  Business Insurance
  5. 16% of Adults Have Diabetes; Compounded Semaglutide Deaths; Testosterone Tx Surge  Medpage Today





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‘Emilia Pérez’ interview: Director Jacques Audiard on Karla Sofía Gascón and the operatic influences of writing a musical

Following its Cannes-winning run, French director Jacques Audiard talks about how ‘Emilia Pérez’ reshapes the musical genre, with its lead star’s dazzling spectacle of contradiction and rebirth




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‘Euphoria’ Season 3 to begin production in early 2025, cancellation rumours quashed by HBO

The upcoming season, created by Sam Levinson, will consist of eight episodes and is expected to include a time jump that catches up with the characters in new stages of their turbulent lives




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‘Emilia Pérez’ movie review: Karla Sofia Gascón, Zoe Saldaña’s narco-musical melange is an acquired taste

The feverish Cannes-winning spectacle dazzles with audacity but stumbles under the weight of its own ambition




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Daily roundup: Fugitive lawyer Charles Yeo in UK custody, awaiting extradition hearing — and other top stories today

Stay in the know with a recap of our top stories today. 1. Fugitive lawyer Charles Yeo in UK custody, awaiting extradition hearing Fugitive lawyer Charles Yeo, who is in custody in the UK, is currently awaiting an extradition hearing, reported CNA on Tuesday (Nov 12).  A court date for the extradition hearing has not been determined, but Yeo is set to attend a bail hearing on Friday, according to the report... » READ MORE 2. Vietnamese woman sells banh mi from her HDB flat, waiting time up to 1 hour during peak periods




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Pearl Jewelry-Perfect Gift for Christmas

Full Article



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Smartphone App Helps Early Detection Of Autism

Scientists have developed a new smartphone app that tracks eye movement to determine, in less than a minute, if a child is showing signs of autism spectrum disorder.




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Happy Jawaharlal Nehru Jayanti 2024: Inspiring Quotes, Wishes, And Celebrations To Share

Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister and the architect of modern India, is remembered every year on his birth anniversary, celebrated as Children’s Day. Born on November 14, 1889, Nehru's affection for children




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Indian chess has come a long way, courtesy Anand: Carlsen

The World No. 1 said that Indian chess had changed considerably since his first visit to the country in 2013




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Swiggy shares surge nearly 8% in market debut

At the NSE, shares of the firm made the market debut at ₹420, a jump of 7.69%




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Rupee falls 1 paisa to all-time low of 84.40 against U.S. dollar in early trade

Forex traders said the USDINR pair has shown significant volatility in recent sessions, with the rupee inching closer to its all-time low of 84.4




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Christian and Missionary Alliance: TOZER DEVOTIONAL, THOUGHTS ON COMMUNION - Tuesday, January 11, 2011 - What a sweet comfort to us that our Lord Jesus Christ was once known in the breaking of the bread - In earlier Christian times, believers called the C

THOUGHTS ON COMMUNION: What a sweet comfort to us that our Lord Jesus Christ was once known in the breaking of the bread. In earlier Christian times, believers called the Communion "the medicine of immortality," and God gave them the desire to pray: Be known to us in breaking bread, But do not then depart; Savior, abide with us and spread Thy table **in our heart [not just in our mind]. Some churches have a teaching that you will find God only at their table-and that you leave God there when you leave. I am so glad that God has given us light. We may take the Presence of the table with us. We may take the Bread of life with us as we go. Then sup with us in love divine, Thy body and Thy blood; That living bread and heavenly wine Be our immortal food! In approaching the table of our Lord, we dare not forget the cost to our elder Brother, the Man who was from heaven. He is our Savior; He is our Passover!



  • Christian Study
  • Christian Church History Study
  • 4. 1881 A.D. to Present (2012) - Corrupt modern bible translations and compromised Seminaries and Universities

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Charles Finney Revivals - Charles Finney Messages - Sermons From The Penny Pulpit (Resources)

CHRISTIAN EXPERIENCE: LECTURES TO PROFESSING CHRISTIANS (1836-37). DELIVERED IN THE CITY OF NEW-YORK, 1836 AND 1837. BY CHARLES G. FINNEY - What is the gospel, and what is Christianity? Are there false converts in the church? What is the real difference between true and false converts? Why do Christians struggle to live a life of obedience, and to win the lost to Christ? Does salvation really produce holiness? Does Christ actually make us holy so that we can enter heaven? Is this the message of the gospel? And how can we ourselves become HOLY?



  • Christian Church History Study
  • 4. 1881 A.D. to Present (2012) - Corrupt modern bible translations and compromised Seminaries and Universities

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Wikipedia: Charles Finney (Finney (August 29, 1792 - August 16, 1875) -- An American preacher and leader in the Second Great [American] Awakening - He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism [Alter calls and the 'sinners prayer'] - Finney

Theology: Finney was a primary influence on the "revival" style of theology which emerged in the 19th century. Though coming from a Calvinistic background, Finney rejected tenets of "Old Divinity" Calvinism which he felt were unbiblical and counter to evangelism and Christian mission. -- Finney's theology is difficult to classify, as can be observed in his masterwork, Religious Revivals. In this work, he emphasizes the involvement of a person's will in salvation. Whether he believed the will was free to repent or not repent, or whether he viewed God as inclining the will irresistibly (as in Calvinist doctrine, where the will of an elect individual is changed by God so that they now desire to repent, thus repenting with their will and not against it, but not being free in whether they choose repentance since they must choose what their will is inclined towards), is not made clear. Finney, like most Protestants, affirmed salvation by grace through faith alone, not by works or by obedience. Finney also affirmed that works were the evidence of faith. The presence of unrepentant sin thus evidenced that a person had not received salvation. -- In his Systematic Theology, Finney remarks that "I have felt greater hesitancy in forming and expressing my views upon this Perseverance of the saints, than upon almost any other question in theology." At the same time, he took the presence of unrepented sin in the life of a professing Christian as evidence that they must immediately repent or be lost. Finney draws support for this position from Peter's treatment of the baptized Simon (see Acts 8) and Paul's instruction of discipline to the Corinthian church (see 1 Corinthians 5). This type of teaching underscores the strong emphasis on personal holiness found in Finney's writings. -- Finney's understanding of the atonement was that it satisfied "public justice" and that it opened up the way for God to pardon people of their sin. This was the so-called New Divinity which was popular at that time period. In this view, Christ's death satisfied public justice rather than retributive justice. As Finney put it, it was not a "commercial transaction." This view of the atonement is typically known as the governmental view or government view. -- Princeton Theological Seminary Professor Albert Baldwin Dod reviewed Finney's 1835 book Lectures on Revivals of Religion and rejected it as theologically unsound from a Calvinistic perspective, not necessarily from a Christian perspective. Dod was a defender of Old School Calvinist orthodoxy (see Princeton theologians) and was especially critical of Finney's view of the doctrine of total depravity.



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Wikipedia: John Wesley (June 28, 1703 - March 2, 1791) -- A Church of England cleric and Christian theologian - Wesley is largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air prea

Doctrines and theology: The 20th century Wesley scholar Albert Outler argued in his introduction to the 1964 collection John Wesley that Wesley developed his theology by using a method that Outler termed the Wesleyan Quadrilateral. In this method, Wesley believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture; and the Bible was the sole foundational source of theological or doctrinal development. The centrality of Scripture was so important for Wesley that he called himself "a man of one book"-meaning the Bible-although he was well-read for his day. However, he believed that doctrine had to be in keeping with Christian orthodox tradition. So, tradition was considered the second aspect of the Quadrilateral. -- Wesley contended that a part of the theological method would involve experiential faith. In other words, truth would be vivified in personal experience of Christians (overall, not individually), if it were really truth. And every doctrine must be able to be defended rationally. He did not divorce faith from reason. Tradition, experience and reason, however, were subject always to Scripture, Wesley argued, because only there is the Word of God revealed "so far as it is necessary for our salvation." -- The doctrines which Wesley emphasised in his sermons and writings are prevenient grace, present personal salvation by faith, the witness of the Spirit, and sanctification. Prevenient grace was the theological underpinning of his belief that all persons were capable of being saved by faith in Christ. Unlike the Calvinists of his day, Wesley did not believe in predestination, that is, that some persons had been elected by God for salvation and others for damnation. He understood that Christian orthodoxy insisted that salvation was only possible by the sovereign grace of God. He expressed his understanding of humanity's relationship to God as utter dependence upon God's grace. God was at work to enable all people to be capable of coming to faith by empowering humans to have actual existential freedom of response to God. -- Wesley defined the witness of the Spirit as: "an inward impression on the soul of believers, whereby the Spirit of God directly testifies to their spirit that they are the children of God." He based this doctrine upon certain Biblical passages (see Romans 8:15-16 as an example). This doctrine was closely related to his belief that salvation had to be "personal." In his view, a person must ultimately believe the Good News for himself or herself; no one could be in relation to God for another. -- Sanctification he described in 1790 as the "grand depositum which God has lodged with the people called `Methodists'." Wesley taught that sanctification was obtainable after justification by faith, between justification and death. He did not contend for "sinless perfection"; rather, he contended that a Christian could be made "perfect in love". (Wesley studied Eastern Orthodoxy and particularly the doctrine of Theosis). This love would mean, first of all, that a believer's motives, rather than being self-centred, would be guided by the deep desire to please God. One would be able to keep from committing what Wesley called, "sin rightly so-called." By this he meant a conscious or intentional breach of God's will or laws. A person could still be able to sin, but intentional or wilful sin could be avoided. -- Secondly, to be made perfect in love meant, for Wesley, that a Christian could live with a primary guiding regard for others and their welfare. He based this on Christ's quote that the second great command is "to love your neighbour as you love yourself." In his view, this orientation would cause a person to avoid any number of sins against his neighbour. This love, plus the love for God that could be the central focus of a person's faith, would be what Wesley referred to as "a fulfilment of the law of Christ." Wesley believed that this doctrine should be constantly preached, especially among the people called Methodists. In fact, he contended that the purpose of the Methodist movement was to "spread scriptural holiness across England." -- Advocacy of Arminianism: Wesley entered controversies as he tried to enlarge church practice. The most notable of his controversies was that on Calvinism. His father was of the Arminian school in the church. Wesley came to his own conclusions while in college and expressed himself strongly against the doctrines of Calvinistic election and reprobation. -- Whitefield inclined to Calvinism. In his first tour in America, he embraced the views of the New England School of Calvinism. When in 1739 Wesley preached a sermon on Freedom of Grace, attacking the Calvinistic understanding of predestination as blasphemous, as it represented "God as worse than the devil," Whitefield asked him not to repeat or publish the discourse, as he did not want a dispute. Wesley published his sermon anyway. Whitefield was one of many who responded. The two men separated their practice in 1741. Wesley wrote that those who held to unlimited atonement did not desire separation, but "those who held 'particular redemption' would not hear of any accommodation." -- Whitefield, Harris, Cennick, and others, became the founders of Calvinistic Methodism. Whitefield and Wesley, however, were soon back on friendly terms, and their friendship remained unbroken although they travelled different paths. In 1770 the controversy broke out anew with violence and bitterness, as people's view of God related to their views of men and their possibilities. Augustus Montague Toplady, Rowland, Richard Hill, and others were engaged on the one side, and Wesley and Fletcher on the other. Toplady was editor of The Gospel Magazine, which had articles covering the controversy. In 1778 Wesley began the publication of The Arminian Magazine, not, he said, to convince Calvinists, but to preserve Methodists. He wanted to teach the truth that "God willeth all men to be saved." A "lasting peace" could be secured in no other way. His system of thought has become known as Wesleyan Arminianism, the foundations of which were laid by Wesley and Fletcher.



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Francis A. Schaeffer: The Early Years - MP3 Lectures & Resource List (Free - Mp3's)

Identification of the biblical emphasis in the thought and life of Francis and Edith Schaeffer, with a focus on the development of their early ministry in the United States and Europe and the founding of L'Abri. The course considers issues related to spiritual growth, the Christian family, the unity of the church, Christians and the arts, and various aspects of Christian ministry.



  • Christian Church History Study
  • 3. 1522 A.D. to 1880 A.D. - Indigenous Bible translations and Church Doctrines era - The Reformation
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Church History - 35 messages on church history by Pastor Phillips - Pastor Phillips takes us on a tour of some of the early Christians after the death of the Apostle Paul -- Note: Church History **John Bunyan 1628 - Save the "Play!" Version, ope

"WOW - what a great series!!" A couple years ago I followed the journey of the early church by a comprehensive study of the Acts of the Apostles, etc., and have wanted to fill in the gap of church history from that time to present, but don't have much time to read. I like to listen to sermons on the treadmill and in the tractor, so I searched for a series on church history. I found the first 3 and did extra time on the treadmill today so I could keep listening! Pastor Phillips has a way of telling the facts in a very interesting way and then finishes with application and lessons for today. After the 3rd sermon (on Augustine) I really wanted to hear more so I searched again. I was THRILLED to find 39 messages on church history by Pastor Phillips!! I plan to download all of them since spring seeding is coming up and I will be spending many hours in the tractor, and now I am looking forward to that! In the meantime, I'll keep at the treadmill. Thanks for posting all those great sermons!



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  • 3. 1522 A.D. to 1880 A.D. - Indigenous Bible translations and Church Doctrines era - The Reformation

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Johannes Gutenberg - His early training was in goldsmithing - Gutenberg had the idea of utilizing techniques of metalworking, such as casting, punch-cutting, and stamping, for the mass production of books. European books at this time were hand written by

Johannes Gutenberg was born into a noble family of the city of Mainz, Germany. His early training was in goldsmithing. In 1428, he moved to Strasbourg for political reasons, where he remained for over 20 years. It was in Strasbourg that he probably made his first experiments with moveable type. -- Gutenberg had the idea of utilizing techniques of metalworking, such as casting, punch-cutting, and stamping, for the mass production of books. European books at this time were hand written by scribes in a gothic script with many flourishes and ligatures (interconnected letter pairs). To reproduce this "look" Gutenberg fashioned a font of over 300 characters, far larger than the fonts of today. To make this possible, he invented the variable-width mold, and perfected the blend of lead, antimony, and tin used by type foundries up to the present century. -- Many years of Gutenberg's life are lost to history, but by 1450 he was back in Mainz at work on a printing press. Between 1450 and 1455, while preparing to produce a large folio Latin Bible, Gutenberg is thought to have printed a number of smaller books, a calendar, and a papal Letter of Indulgence. The Bible of 42 lines, the oldest surviving printed book in the western world, was completed by August 15, 1456, and while it is now credited to Gutenberg, he appears to have been relieved of his supervisory position, and his press, before the time of its publication. In fact, no printed material was ever credited to Gutenberg during his lifetime. -- Gutenberg is also believed to have worked on the Catholicon of Johannes de Janua, an enormous encyclopedia: 748 pages in two columns of 66 lines each. In later years, he received a position as a courtier to the archbishop of Mainz, and was buried in the town's Franciscan church.



  • Christian Church History Study
  • 2. 313 A.D. to 1521 A.D. - Revised Rome and the Holy Roman Empire

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Wikipedia: Johannes Gutenberg (1398 - February 3, 1468) was a blacksmith, goldsmith, printer and publisher who probably introduced movable type to Europe, and is likely to have developed the earliest European printing press - He is sometimes said to have

Gutenberg's printing technology spread rapidly throughout Europe, and may well have been refined and perfected by others. The process quickly replaced most of the manuscript methods of book-production throughout the world. Woodblock printing and manuscript rubrication continued to be used to supplement Gutenberg's printing process. His first major work using his printing methods was the Gutenberg Bible. -- Legacy: Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, the printing technologies spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than before. It fed the growing Renaissance, and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, it was a major catalyst for the later scientific revolution. The capital of printing in Europe shifted to Venice, where visionary printers like Aldus Manutius ensured widespread availability of the major Greek and Latin texts. The claims of an Italian origin for movable type have also focused on this rapid rise of Italy in movable-type printing. This may perhaps be explained by the prior eminence of Italy in the paper and printing trade. Additionally, Italy's economy was growing rapidly at the time, facilitating the spread of literacy. Christopher Columbus had a geographical book (printed by movable types) bought by his father. That book is in a Spanish museum. Finally, the city of Mainz was sacked in 1462, driving many (including a number of printers and punch cutters) into exile. -- **Printing was also a factor in the Reformation. Martin Luther's 95 Theses were printed and circulated widely; subsequently he issued broadsheets outlining his anti-indulgences position (certificates of indulgences were one of the first items Gutenberg had printed). The broadsheet contributed to development of the newspaper. -- In the decades after Gutenberg, many conservative patrons looked down on cheap printed books; books produced by hand were considered more desirable. Today there is a large antique market for the earliest printed objects. Books printed prior to 1500 are known as incunabula. There are many statues of Gutenberg in Germany, including the famous one by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1837) in Mainz, home to the eponymous Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz and the Gutenberg Museum on the history of early printing. The later publishes the Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, the leading periodical in the field. Project Gutenberg [www.gutenberg.org], the oldest digital library [of FREE eBooks], commemorates Gutenberg's name. In 1961 the Canadian philosopher and scholar Marshall McLuhan entitled his pioneering study in the fields of print culture, cultural studies, and media ecology, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Gutenberg remains a towering figure in the popular image. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg the No. 1 most influential person of the second millennium on their "Biographies of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time-Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium. In space, he is commemorated in the name of the asteroid 777 Gutemberga. A French opera on his life, by Philippe Manoury, was staged in Strasbourg in September 2011.



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  • 2. 313 A.D. to 1521 A.D. - Revised Rome and the Holy Roman Empire

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Wikipedia: The famous Bayeux Tapestry - The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered cloth (not an actual tapestry) nearly 70 metres (230 ft) long, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy and Har

Events depicted in the tapestry: The tapestry begins with a panel of Edward the Confessor sending Harold to Normandy. Later Norman sources say that the mission was for Harold to pledge loyalty to William but the tapestry does not suggest any specific purpose. By mischance, Harold arrives at the wrong location in France and is taken prisoner by Guy, Count of Ponthieu. After exchanges of messages borne by mounted messengers, Harold is released to William who then invites Harold to come on a campaign against Conan II, Duke of Brittany. On the way, just outside the monastery of Mont St. Michel, the army become mired in quicksand and Harold saves two Norman soldiers. William's army chases Conan from Dol de Bretagne to Rennes, and Conan finally surrenders at Dinan. William gives Harold arms and armour (possibly knighting him) and Harold takes an oath on saintly relics. Although the writing on the tapestry explicitly states an oath is taken there is no clue as to what is being promised. -- Harold leaves for home and meets again with the old king Edward, who appears to be remonstrating with him. Harold is in a somewhat submissive posture and seems to be in disgrace. However, possibly deliberately, the king's intentions are not made clear. The scene then shifts by about one year to when Edward has become mortally ill and the tapestry strongly suggests that, on his deathbed, he bequeaths the crown to Harold. What is probably the coronation ceremony is attended by Stigand, whose position as Archbishop of Canterbury was controversial. Stigand is performing a liturgical function, possibly not the crowning itself. The tapestry labels the celebrant as "Stigant Archieps" (Stigand the archbishop) although by that time he had been excommunicated by the papacy who considered his appointment unlawful. -- A star with a streaming tail then appears: Halley's Comet. Comets, in the beliefs of the Middle Ages, were a bad omen. At this point the lower border of the tapestry shows a fleet of ghost-like ships thus hinting at a future invasion. The news of Harold's coronation is taken to Normandy, whereupon we are told that William is ordering a fleet of ships to be built although it is Bishop Odo shown issuing the instructions. The invaders reach England, and land unopposed. William orders his men to find food, and a meal is cooked. A house is burnt, which may indicate some ravaging of the local countryside on the part of the invaders. News is brought to William. The Normans build a motte and bailey at Hastings to defend their position. Messengers are sent between the two armies, and William makes a speech to prepare his army for battle. -- The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 less than three weeks after the Battle of Stamford Bridge but the tapestry does not provide this context. The English fight on foot behind a shield wall, whilst the Normans are on horses. Two fallen knights are named as Leofwine and Gyrth, Harold's brothers, but both armies are shown fighting bravely. Bishop Odo brandishes his baton or mace and rallies the Norman troops in battle. To reassure his knights that he is still alive and well, William raises his helmet to show his face. The battle becomes very bloody with troops being slaughtered and dismembered corpses littering the ground. King Harold is killed. This scene can be interpreted in different ways, as the name "Harold" appears above a number of knights, making it difficult to identify which character is Harold. The final remaining scene shows unarmoured English troops fleeing the battlefield. The last part of the tapestry is missing but it is thought that story never continued for very much further.



  • Christian Church History Study
  • 2. 313 A.D. to 1521 A.D. - Revised Rome and the Holy Roman Empire