growth

The Big Question: Where Do You See Renewable Energy Growth Potential in 2015?

The annual outlook issue of Renewable Energy World magazine is our attempt to predict what will happen within the renewable energy industry over the course of the year. To do this, we went straight to the top of major renewable energy companies, asking CEOs and presidents to tell us where they are devoting their company resources in order to capitalize on some of the market growth that they expect to see in 2015.




growth

EIA Sees Strong Renewable Growth Over Next Two Years

EIA expects non-hydroelectric renewable energy resources such as solar and wind will be the fastest growing source of U.S. electricity generation for at least the next two years. EIA’s January 2019 Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) forecasts that electricity generation from utility-scale solar generating units will grow by 10 percent in 2019 and by 17 percent in 2020. According to the January STEO, wind generation will grow by 12 percent and 14 percent during the next two years. EIA forecasts total U.S. electricity generation across all fuels will fall by 2 percent this year and then show very little growth in 2020.




growth

Tata Power Seeks to Install EV Charging Stations as Demand Growth Slows

Tata Power Co. is seeking to set up electric vehicle chargers in the Indian capital, a company official said, as one of the most polluted cities on earth plans an ambitious push toward cleaner vehicles.




growth

FERC Data Shows Substantial Renewable Growth Coming but Gas Still Dominating Today

According to an analysis by the SUN DAY Campaign of data just released by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), natural gas dominated new electrical generating capacity in 2018. However, renewable energy sources (i.e., biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar, wind) seem poised to swamp fossil fuels as new generating capacity is added over the next three years.




growth

Saudi windpower market set for 6 GW growth

Saudi Arabia will become a regional heavyweight in windpower by the early 2020's, according to new research.




growth

Northeast planned offshore wind farms already bringing economic growth to the region

Even though there is only one small existing offshore wind farm in the Northeast, the 30-MW Block Island wind farm off the coast of Rhode Island, two announcements this week highlight the growing economic importance of the region's burgeoning offshore wind industry.




growth

FERC revises three-year forecast to reflect rapid growth of renewable energy

According to a review by the SUN DAY Campaign of data just released by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), within the past month, the agency has dramatically revised its three-year forecast for changes in the U.S. electrical generating capacity mix. Sharp declines are foreseen for fossil fuels and nuclear power while accompanied by even stronger growth in renewable energy (i.e., biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar, wind) than earlier projected.




growth

Utilities Threatened by Competitive Renewable Energy Growth

Technology is catching up with Thomas Edison’s electricity industry, eating away at the utility business model that hasn’t changed much in a century.




growth

Ethanol Groups Say EPA's Proposal Crushing Growth of Industry

An Obama administration proposal last month to cut quotas for renewable fuels led to a rout in ethanol credits and handcuffed the industry’s growth, biofuel groups said Thursday.




growth

German onshore wind growth slows

Germany has installed about one-third less onshore wind power capacity so far this year than during the same period in 2014, new analysis shows.




growth

Solar power growth impacting UK electricity sector

Q2 of 2015 saw a large increase in the generation of electricity from solar PV in the UK, with the growth having a significant impact on electricity market prices and other supply factors.




growth

God’s Strategy for Church Growth (Selected Scriptures)

Check here each week to keep up with the latest from John MacArthur's pulpit at Grace Community Church.




growth

The Construction Sector – A Budget for Growth?

The 2011 Budget contained little in the way of direct headline statements impacting specifically on the construction industry. However, there were a few notable measures announced, such as the £200 million new investment in rail projects, the ...




growth

Arlo Can Reattach To Growth




growth

Eversheds Sutherland maintains growth with partner promotion in Hong Kong

Eversheds Sutherland has announced 38 partner promotions across its global network. A total of 16 of these promotions are female which is in line with its goal to achieve 30% female representation at partner level by 2021.  In Asia, we are plea...




growth

Can Technology Offset the Effects of Population Aging on Economic Growth? New Report from the Asian Development Bank

By East-West Center HONOLULU (March 27, 2020)—Population aging is affecting countries all across Asia. This ongoing demographic transition will leave many of the region’s economies increasingly dependent on an aging, and eventually a shrinking, workforce. Economists disagree, however, on whether population aging will necessarily lead to a slowdown in economic growth.

This is a summary only. Click the title for the full article, or visit www.EastWestCenter.org/Research-Wire for more.




growth

Home Mortgage Loan Balance Growth Slows Noticeably after Aug. 2 Measure

The volume of home mortgage loans made out by commercial banks is falling at a rapid rate after the government's measure to keep the housing marketing from overheating on August 2. According to figures made public by the nation's top-five banks including Kookmin, Shinhan, Woori, KEB Hana, and Nonghyup on August 21, the balance of home mortgage loans as of August 18 was 368,370.2 billion won, up by 1,834.3 billion won from the end of July (366,535.9 billion won). In monthly rate, this is up ...





growth

Coronavirus - Government launches Future Fund for high-growth companies - UK

On 20th April, the UK Government announced a £500m “Future Fund”, as part of its package of measures to support businesses in response to the coronavirus.  What is the Future Fund? The Future Fund is being set up with the aim ...




growth

Global Reusable Water Bottle Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) The comprehensive research study on [To enable links in your articles, contact MENAFN Click here ] presents a thorough marke... ......




growth

Global Corrosion Protection Polymer Coating Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) A report added to the rich database of MarketsandResearch.biz , titled [To enable links in your articles, contact MENAFN Cl... ......




growth

Global Honeycomb Containers Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, Demand ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) Global Honeycomb Containers Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2026 recently added to th... ......




growth

Global Network Security Firewall Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) [To enable links in your articles, contact MENAFN Click here ] aims to cover market size, share, trends, and growth analysis... ......




growth

Global Food Enzymes Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, Demand ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) The dedicated research report titled Global Food Enzymes Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast... ......




growth

Global Elemental Sulfur Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, Demand ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) A recent comprehensive study titled Global Elemental Sulfur Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forec... ......




growth

Global Mechanical Time Switches Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) The currently appended report by MarketsandResearch.biz with the title Global Mechanical Time Switches Market 2020 by Manufa... ......




growth

Global Rubber Compounding Ingredients Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) A recent comprehensive study titled [To enable links in your articles, contact MENAFN Click here ] starts with offering the ... ......




growth

Global Hermosetting Polymers Market 2020 Key Players Analysis, Segmentation, Growth, Future Trend, Gross Margin, Demand ...

(MENAFN - CDN Newswire) MarketsandResearch.biz has recently published a research report titled, Global Hermosetting Polymers Market 2020 by Manufact... ......




growth

Greater economic growth expected in 2015

“Next year, the Cuban economy will continue to progress despite the blockade, external financial restrictions and the international situation,” asserted Minister of the Economy Marino Murillo Jorge, during a November 28 Council of Ministers meeting, presided by President Raúl Castro Ruz. The 2015 Economic Plan, Murillo reported, is fundamentally focused on maximizing efficiency...




growth

Asia’s growth engines need a tune up -- by Glenita Amoranto, Liming Chen, Eugenia Co Go

Asian cities act as engines of economic growth, providing jobs, expertise, and the sharing of resources. But in some cases, these powerful engines are sputtering due to insufficient infrastructure, inadequate planning, and poor governance.




growth

Building Viet Nam’s bridge to greater economic growth and development -- by Donald Lambert

There are three key strategies that can help Viet Nam achieve its ambitious development targets in the coming years.




growth

Asian Development Outlook 2020: Growth Outlook

The COVID-19 outbreak is hurting developing Asia's economies. Growth will slow sharply, and the outlook is very uncertain.




growth

Will General Budget Fuel the Real Growth Engine?

The intuitive habit of drawing macroeconomic conclusions (about India) from the corporate feedback (and vice versa) is fraught with risk. After all, only half of India’s GDP and 10% of India’s employment are in the formal sector. Further, only a fraction of the formal sector is listed.” This is not any Swadeshi ideologue speaking. This is what the Asia Pacific/India Equity Research paper of Credit Suisse titled “India’s better half: The Informal Economy” says about the most unique aspect of Indian economy. The paper points out that corporate sector accounts for only one-fourth of the national capital formed – the share of listed corporates in it is even less, just […]



  • Banking and Finance
  • Real Estate Companies
  • Real Estate India

growth

The Real-Time Impact on Real Economy—A Multivariate BVAR Analysis of Digital Payment Systems and Economic Growth in India

Financial sector development can play a crucial role in driving economic growth.




growth

The Real-Time Impact on Real Economy—A Multivariate BVAR Analysis of Digital Payment Systems and Economic Growth in India

Financial sector development can play a crucial role in driving economic growth.




growth

Reuters Newsmaker full event: Ryanair’s O’Leary on growth, Brexit, the environment and executive pay

Ryanair Group CEO Michael O’Leary sits down with Reuters Tim Hepher to discuss challenges including industry-wide consolidation, environmental taxes, Brexit, the grounding of the Boeing 737 MAX and his 5-year, 100 million euro bonus package. Watch here the full event.




growth

Do ADHD Drugs Stunt Kids' Growth?

Title: Do ADHD Drugs Stunt Kids' Growth?
Category: Health News
Created: 5/2/2006 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 5/2/2006 12:00:00 AM




growth

Direct Observation of the Dynamics of Single-Cell Metabolic Activity during Microbial Diauxic Growth

ABSTRACT

Population-level analyses are rapidly becoming inadequate to answer many of biomedical science and microbial ecology’s most pressing questions. The role of microbial populations within ecosystems and the evolutionary selective pressure on individuals depend fundamentally on the metabolic activity of single cells. Yet, many existing single-cell technologies provide only indirect evidence of metabolic specialization because they rely on correlations between transcription and phenotype established at the level of the population to infer activity. In this study, we take a top-down approach using isotope labels and secondary ion mass spectrometry to track the uptake of carbon and nitrogen atoms from different sources into biomass and directly observe dynamic changes in anabolic specialization at the level of single cells. We investigate the classic microbiological phenomenon of diauxic growth at the single-cell level in the model methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens. In nature, this organism inhabits the phyllosphere, where it experiences diurnal changes in the available carbon substrates, necessitating an overhaul of central carbon metabolism. We show that the population exhibits a unimodal response to the changing availability of viable substrates, a conclusion that supports the canonical model but has thus far been supported by only indirect evidence. We anticipate that the ability to monitor the dynamics of anabolism in individual cells directly will have important applications across the fields of ecology, medicine, and biogeochemistry, especially where regulation downstream of transcription has the potential to manifest as heterogeneity that would be undetectable with other existing single-cell approaches.

IMPORTANCE Understanding how genetic information is realized as the behavior of individual cells is a long-term goal of biology but represents a significant technological challenge. In clonal microbial populations, variation in gene regulation is often interpreted as metabolic heterogeneity. This follows the central dogma of biology, in which information flows from DNA to RNA to protein and ultimately manifests as activity. At present, DNA and RNA can be characterized in single cells, but the abundance and activity of proteins cannot. Inferences about metabolic activity usually therefore rely on the assumption that transcription reflects activity. By tracking the atoms from which they build their biomass, we make direct observations of growth rate and substrate specialization in individual cells throughout a period of growth in a changing environment. This approach allows the flow of information from DNA to be constrained from the distal end of the regulatory cascade and will become an essential tool in the rapidly advancing field of single-cell metabolism.




growth

Defining Stage-Specific Activity of Potent New Inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum Growth In Vitro

ABSTRACT

Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis have emerged as major enteric pathogens of infants in the developing world, in addition to their known importance in immunocompromised adults. Although there has been recent progress in identifying new small molecules that inhibit Cryptosporidium sp. growth in vitro or in animal models, we lack information about their mechanism of action, potency across the life cycle, and cidal versus static activities. Here, we explored four potent classes of compounds that include inhibitors that likely target phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (PI4K), phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase (PheRS), and several potent inhibitors with unknown mechanisms of action. We utilized monoclonal antibodies and gene expression probes for staging life cycle development to define the timing of when inhibitors were active during the life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum grown in vitro. These different classes of inhibitors targeted different stages of the life cycle, including compounds that blocked replication (PheRS inhibitors), prevented the segmentation of daughter cells and thus blocked egress (PI4K inhibitors), or affected sexual-stage development (a piperazine compound of unknown mechanism). Long-term cultivation of C. parvum in epithelial cell monolayers derived from intestinal stem cells was used to distinguish between cidal and static activities based on the ability of parasites to recover from treatment. Collectively, these approaches should aid in identifying mechanisms of action and for designing in vivo efficacy studies based on time-dependent concentrations needed to achieve cidal activity.

IMPORTANCE Currently, nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved treatment for cryptosporidiosis; unfortunately, it is ineffective in immunocompromised patients, has varied efficacy in immunocompetent individuals, and is not approved in infants under 1 year of age. Identifying new inhibitors for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis requires standardized and quantifiable in vitro assays for assessing potency, selectivity, timing of activity, and reversibility. Here, we provide new protocols for defining which stages of the life cycle are susceptible to four highly active compound classes that likely inhibit different targets in the parasite. We also utilize a newly developed long-term culture system to define assays for monitoring reversibility as a means of defining cidal activity as a function of concentration and time of treatment. These assays should provide valuable in vitro parameters to establish conditions for efficacious in vivo treatment.




growth

The Absence of (p)ppGpp Renders Initiation of Escherichia coli Chromosomal DNA Synthesis Independent of Growth Rates

ABSTRACT

The initiation of Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA replication starts with the oligomerization of the DnaA protein at repeat sequences within the origin (ori) region. The amount of ori DNA per cell directly correlates with the growth rate. During fast growth, the cell generation time is shorter than the time required for complete DNA replication; therefore, overlapping rounds of chromosome replication are required. Under these circumstances, the ori region DNA abundance exceeds the DNA abundance in the termination (ter) region. Here, high ori/ter ratios are found to persist in (p)ppGpp-deficient [(p)ppGpp0] cells over a wide range of balanced exponential growth rates determined by medium composition. Evidently, (p)ppGpp is necessary to maintain the usual correlation of slow DNA replication initiation with a low growth rate. Conversely, ori/ter ratios are lowered when cell growth is slowed by incrementally increasing even low constitutive basal levels of (p)ppGpp without stress, as if (p)ppGpp alone is sufficient for this response. There are several previous reports of (p)ppGpp inhibition of chromosomal DNA synthesis initiation that occurs with very high levels of (p)ppGpp that stop growth, as during the stringent starvation response or during serine hydroxamate treatment. This work suggests that low physiological levels of (p)ppGpp have significant functions in growing cells without stress through a mechanism involving negative supercoiling, which is likely mediated by (p)ppGpp regulation of DNA gyrase.

IMPORTANCE Bacterial cells regulate their own chromosomal DNA synthesis and cell division depending on the growth conditions, producing more DNA when growing in nutritionally rich media than in poor media (i.e., human gut versus water reservoir). The accumulation of the nucleotide analog (p)ppGpp is usually viewed as serving to warn cells of impending peril due to otherwise lethal sources of stress, which stops growth and inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. This work importantly finds that small physiological changes in (p)ppGpp basal levels associated with slow balanced exponential growth incrementally inhibit the intricate process of initiation of chromosomal DNA synthesis. Without (p)ppGpp, initiations mimic the high rates present during fast growth. Here, we report that the effect of (p)ppGpp may be due to the regulation of the expression of gyrase, an important enzyme for the replication of DNA that is a current target of several antibiotics.




growth

Contextual Flexibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Central Carbon Metabolism during Growth in Single Carbon Sources

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen, particularly noted for causing infections in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Previous studies have shown that the gene expression profile of P. aeruginosa appears to converge toward a common metabolic program as the organism adapts to the CF airway environment. However, we still have only a limited understanding of how these transcriptional changes impact metabolic flux at the systems level. To address this, we analyzed the transcriptome, proteome, and fluxome of P. aeruginosa grown on glycerol or acetate. These carbon sources were chosen because they are the primary breakdown products of an airway surfactant, phosphatidylcholine, which is known to be a major carbon source for P. aeruginosa in CF airways. We show that the fluxes of carbon throughout central metabolism are radically different among carbon sources. For example, the newly recognized "EDEMP cycle" (which incorporates elements of the Entner-Doudoroff [ED] pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas [EMP] pathway, and the pentose phosphate [PP] pathway) plays an important role in supplying NADPH during growth on glycerol. In contrast, the EDEMP cycle is attenuated during growth on acetate, and instead, NADPH is primarily supplied by the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase(s). Perhaps more importantly, our proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed a global remodeling of gene expression during growth on the different carbon sources, with unanticipated impacts on aerobic denitrification, electron transport chain architecture, and the redox economy of the cell. Collectively, these data highlight the remarkable metabolic plasticity of P. aeruginosa; that plasticity allows the organism to seamlessly segue between different carbon sources, maximizing the energetic yield from each.

IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that is well known for causing infections in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis. Although it is clear that P. aeruginosa is metabolically well adapted to life in the CF lung, little is currently known about how the organism metabolizes the nutrients available in the airways. In this work, we used a combination of gene expression and isotope tracer ("fluxomic") analyses to find out exactly where the input carbon goes during growth on two CF-relevant carbon sources, acetate and glycerol (derived from the breakdown of lung surfactant). We found that carbon is routed ("fluxed") through very different pathways during growth on these substrates and that this is accompanied by an unexpected remodeling of the cell’s electron transfer pathways. Having access to this "blueprint" is important because the metabolism of P. aeruginosa is increasingly being recognized as a target for the development of much-needed antimicrobial agents.




growth

Lipid Anchoring of Archaeosortase Substrates and Midcell Growth in Haloarchaea

ABSTRACT

The archaeal cytoplasmic membrane provides an anchor for many surface proteins. Recently, a novel membrane anchoring mechanism involving a peptidase, archaeosortase A (ArtA), and C-terminal lipid attachment of surface proteins was identified in the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii. ArtA is required for optimal cell growth and morphogenesis, and the S-layer glycoprotein (SLG), the sole component of the H. volcanii cell wall, is one of the targets for this anchoring mechanism. However, how exactly ArtA function and regulation control cell growth and morphogenesis is still elusive. Here, we report that archaeal homologs to the bacterial phosphatidylserine synthase (PssA) and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PssD) are involved in ArtA-dependent protein maturation. Haloferax volcanii strains lacking either HvPssA or HvPssD exhibited motility, growth, and morphological phenotypes similar to those of an artA mutant. Moreover, we showed a loss of covalent lipid attachment to SLG in the hvpssA mutant and that proteolytic cleavage of the ArtA substrate HVO_0405 was blocked in the hvpssA and hvpssD mutant strains. Strikingly, ArtA, HvPssA, and HvPssD green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions colocalized to the midcell position of H. volcanii cells, strongly supporting that they are involved in the same pathway. Finally, we have shown that the SLG is also recruited to the midcell before being secreted and lipid anchored at the cell outer surface. Collectively, our data suggest that haloarchaea use the midcell as the main surface processing hot spot for cell elongation, division, and shape determination.

IMPORTANCE The subcellular organization of biochemical processes in space and time is still one of the most mysterious topics in archaeal cell biology. Despite the fact that haloarchaea largely rely on covalent lipid anchoring to coat the cell envelope, little is known about how cells coordinate de novo synthesis and about the insertion of this proteinaceous layer throughout the cell cycle. Here, we report the identification of two novel contributors to ArtA-dependent lipid-mediated protein anchoring to the cell surface, HvPssA and HvPssD. ArtA, HvPssA, and HvPssD, as well as SLG, showed midcell localization during growth and cytokinesis, indicating that haloarchaeal cells confine phospholipid processing in order to promote midcell elongation. Our findings have important implications for the biogenesis of the cell surface.




growth

OsNAR2.1 Interaction with OsNIT1 and OsNIT2 Functions in Root-growth Responses to Nitrate and Ammonium

The nitrate transport accessory protein OsNAR2 plays a critical role in root-growth responses to nitrate and nitrate acquisition in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, a pull-down assay combined with yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analyses revealed that OsNAR2.1 interacts with OsNIT1 and OsNIT2. Moreover, an in vitro nitrilase activity assay indicated that indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) is hydrolyzed to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by OsNIT1, the activity of which was enhanced 3- to 4-fold by OsNIT2 and in excess of 5- to 8-fold by OsNAR2.1. Knockout (KO) of OsNAR2.1 was accompanied by repressed expression of both OsNIT1 and OsNIT2, whereas KO of OsNIT1 and OsNIT2 in the osnit1 and osnit2 mutant lines did not affect expression of OsNAR2.1 or the root nitrate acquisition rate. osnit1 and osnit2 displayed decreased primary root length and lateral root density. Double KO of OsNAR2.1 and OsNIT2 caused further decreases in lateral root density under nitrate supply. Ammonium supply repressed OsNAR2.1 expression whereas it upregulated OsNIT1 and OsNIT2 expression. Both osnit1 and osnit2 showed root growth hypersensitivity to external ammonium; however, less root growth sensitivity to external IAN, higher expression of three IAA-amido synthetase genes, and a lower rate of 3H-IAA movement toward the roots were observed. Taken together, we conclude that the interaction of OsNIT1 and OsNIT2 activated by OsNAR2.1 and nitrogen supply is essential for maintaining root growth possibly via altering the IAA ratio of free to conjugate forms and facilitating its transportation.




growth

Phosphomimetic T335D Mutation of Hydroxypyruvate Reductase 1 Modifies Cofactor Specificity and Impacts Arabidopsis Growth in Air

Photorespiration is an essential process in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms triggered by the oxygenase activity of Rubisco. In peroxisomes, photorespiratory HYDROXYPYRUVATE REDUCTASE1 (HPR1) catalyzes the conversion of hydroxypyruvate to glycerate together with the oxidation of a pyridine nucleotide cofactor. HPR1 regulation remains poorly understood; however, HPR1 phosphorylation at T335 has been reported. By comparing the kinetic properties of phosphomimetic (T335D), nonphosphorylatable (T335A), and wild-type recombinant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HPR1, it was found that HPR1-T335D exhibits reduced NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase activity while showing improved NADPH-dependent activity. Complementation of the Arabidopsis hpr1-1 mutant by either wild-type HPR1 or HPR1-T335A fully complemented the photorespiratory growth phenotype of hpr1-1 in ambient air, whereas HPR1-T335D-containing hpr1-1 plants remained smaller and had lower photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rates. Metabolite analyses indicated that these phenotypes were associated with subtle perturbations in the photorespiratory cycle of HPR1-T335D-complemented hpr1-1 rosettes compared to all other HPR1-containing lines. Therefore, T335 phosphorylation may play a role in the regulation of HPR1 activity in planta, although it was not required for growth under ambient air controlled conditions. Furthermore, improved NADP-dependent HPR1 activities in peroxisomes could not compensate for the reduced NADH-dependent HPR1 activity.




growth

Pits and CtBP Control Tissue Growth in Drosophila melanogaster with the Hippo Pathway Transcription Repressor Tgi [Developmental and Behavioral Genetics]

The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling network that regulates organ size, cell fate, and tumorigenesis. In the context of organ size control, the pathway incorporates a large variety of cellular cues, such as cell polarity and adhesion, into an integrated transcriptional response. The central Hippo signaling effector is the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie, which controls gene expression in partnership with different transcription factors, most notably Scalloped. When it is not activated by Yorkie, Scalloped can act as a repressor of transcription, at least in part due to its interaction with the corepressor protein Tgi. The mechanism by which Tgi represses transcription is incompletely understood, and therefore we sought to identify proteins that potentially operate together with Tgi. Using an affinity purification and mass-spectrometry approach we identified Pits and CtBP as Tgi-interacting proteins, both of which have been linked to transcriptional repression. Both Pits and CtBP were required for Tgi to suppress the growth of the Drosophila melanogaster eye and CtBP loss suppressed the undergrowth of yorkie mutant eye tissue. Furthermore, as reported previously for Tgi, overexpression of Pits repressed transcription of Hippo pathway target genes. These findings suggest that Tgi might operate together with Pits and CtBP to repress transcription of genes that normally promote tissue growth. The human orthologs of Tgi, CtBP, and Pits (VGLL4, CTBP2, and IRF2BP2) have previously been shown to physically and functionally interact to control transcription, implying that the mechanism by which these proteins control transcriptional repression is conserved throughout evolution.




growth

GRASP55 Is Dispensable for Normal Hematopoiesis but Necessary for Myc-Dependent Leukemic Growth [IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT]

Key Points

  • Golgi morphology and Grasp55 expression are regulated during hematopoiesis.

  • Hematopoiesis is not affected in Grasp55-deficient mice.

  • Grasp55 regulates Myc-transformed leukemic cell survival.




    growth

    De Novo Purine Biosynthesis Is Required for Intracellular Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and for the Hypervirulence Phenotype of a purR Mutant [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]

    Staphylococcus aureus is a noted human and animal pathogen. Despite decades of research on this important bacterium, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the pathogenic mechanisms it uses to infect the mammalian host. This can be attributed to it possessing a plethora of virulence factors and complex virulence factor and metabolic regulation. PurR, the purine biosynthesis regulator, was recently also shown to regulate virulence factors in S. aureus, and mutations in purR result in derepression of fibronectin binding proteins (FnBPs) and extracellular toxins, required for a so-called hypervirulent phenotype. Here, we show that hypervirulent strains containing purR mutations can be attenuated with the addition of purine biosynthesis mutations, implicating the necessity for de novo purine biosynthesis in this phenotype and indicating that S. aureus in the mammalian host experiences purine limitation. Using cell culture, we showed that while purR mutants are not altered in epithelial cell binding, compared to that of wild-type (WT) S. aureus, purR mutants have enhanced invasion of these nonprofessional phagocytes, consistent with the requirement of FnBPs for invasion of these cells. This correlates with purR mutants having increased transcription of fnb genes, resulting in higher levels of surface-exposed FnBPs to promote invasion. These data provide important contributions to our understanding of how the pathogenesis of S. aureus is affected by sensing of purine levels during infection of the mammalian host.




    growth

    GABARAPL2 Is Critical for Growth Restriction of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells Treated with Gamma Interferon [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]

    Gamma interferon (IFN-)-induced innate immune responses play important roles in the inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii infection. It has been reported that IFN- stimulates non-acidification-dependent growth restriction of T. gondii in HeLa cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-associated protein-like 2 (GABARAPL2) plays a critical role in parasite restriction in IFN--treated HeLa cells. GABARAPL2 is recruited to membrane structures surrounding parasitophorous vacuoles (PV). Autophagy adaptors are required for the proper localization and function of GABARAPL2 in the IFN- -induced immune response. These findings provide further understanding of a noncanonical autophagy pathway responsible for IFN--dependent inhibition of T. gondii growth in human HeLa cells and demonstrate the critical role of GABARAPL2 in this response.




    growth

    Bottleneck Size-Dependent Changes in the Genetic Diversity and Specific Growth Rate of a Rotavirus A Strain [Genetic Diversity and Evolution]

    RNA viruses form a dynamic distribution of mutant swarms (termed "quasispecies") due to the accumulation of mutations in the viral genome. The genetic diversity of a viral population is affected by several factors, including a bottleneck effect. Human-to-human transmission exemplifies a bottleneck effect, in that only part of a viral population can reach the next susceptible hosts. In the present study, two lineages of the rhesus rotavirus (RRV) strain of rotavirus A were serially passaged five times at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 or 0.001, and three phenotypes (infectious titer, cell binding ability, and specific growth rate) were used to evaluate the impact of a bottleneck effect on the RRV population. The specific growth rate values of lineages passaged under the stronger bottleneck (MOI of 0.001) were higher after five passages. The nucleotide diversity also increased, which indicated that the mutant swarms of the lineages under the stronger bottleneck effect were expanded through the serial passages. The random distribution of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions on rotavirus genome segments indicated that almost all mutations were selectively neutral. Simple simulations revealed that the presence of minor mutants could influence the specific growth rate of a population in a mutant frequency-dependent manner. These results indicate a stronger bottleneck effect can create more sequence spaces for minor sequences.

    IMPORTANCE In this study, we investigated a bottleneck effect on an RRV population that may drastically affect the viral population structure. RRV populations were serially passaged under two levels of a bottleneck effect, which exemplified human-to-human transmission. As a result, the genetic diversity and specific growth rate of RRV populations increased under the stronger bottleneck effect, which implied that a bottleneck created a new space in a population for minor mutants originally existing in a hidden layer, which includes minor mutations that cannot be distinguished from a sequencing error. The results of this study suggest that the genetic drift caused by a bottleneck in human-to-human transmission explains the random appearance of new genetic lineages causing viral outbreaks, which can be expected according to molecular epidemiology using next-generation sequencing in which the viral genetic diversity within a viral population is investigated.




    growth

    Constitutive CHK1 Expression Drives a pSTAT3-CIP2A Circuit that Promotes Glioblastoma Cell Survival and Growth

    High-constitutive activity of the DNA damage response protein checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) has been shown in glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines and in tissue sections. However, whether constitutive activation and overexpression of CHK1 in GBM plays a functional role in tumorigenesis or has prognostic significance is not known. We interrogated multiple glioma patient cohorts for expression levels of CHK1 and the oncogene cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), a known target of high-CHK1 activity, and examined the relationship between these two proteins in GBM. Expression levels of CHK1 and CIP2A were independent predictors for reduced overall survival across multiple glioma patient cohorts. Using siRNA and pharmacologic inhibitors we evaluated the impact of their depletion using both in vitro and in vivo models and sought a mechanistic explanation for high CIP2A in the presence of high-CHK1 levels in GBM and show that; (i) CHK1 and pSTAT3 positively regulate CIP2A gene expression; (ii) pSTAT3 and CIP2A form a recursively wired transcriptional circuit; and (iii) perturbing CIP2A expression induces GBM cell senescence and retards tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we have identified an oncogenic transcriptional circuit in GBM that can be destabilized by targeting CIP2A.

    Implications:

    High expression of CIP2A in gliomas is maintained by a CHK1-dependent pSTAT3–CIP2A recursive loop; interrupting CIP2A induces cell senescence and slows GBM growth adding impetus to the development of CIP2A as an anticancer drug target.