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Principles for Transparency and Public Participation in Redistricting

Scholars from the Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute are collaborating to promote transparency in redistricting. In January 2010, an advisory board of experts and representatives of good government groups was convened in order to articulate principles for transparent redistricting and to identify barriers to the public and communities who wish to create redistricting…

      
 
 




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Pulling Back the Curtain on Redistricting

Every 10 years — unfortunately, sometimes more frequently — legislative district lines are redrawn to balance population for demographic changes revealed by the census. What goes on is much more than a simple technical adjustment of boundaries, with ramifications that largely escape public notice.Politicians often use redistricting as an opportunity to cut unfavorable constituents and…

      
 
 




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Toward Public Participation in Redistricting

The drawing of legislative district boundaries is among the most self-interested and least transparent systems in American democratic governance. All too often, formal redistricting authorities maintain their control by imposing high barriers to transparency and to public participation in the process. Reform advocates believe that opening that process to the public could lead to different…

      
 
 




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Does decarbonization mean de-coalification? Discussing carbon reduction policies

In September, the Energy Security and Climate Initiative (ESCI) at Brookings held the third meeting of its Coal Task Force (CTF), during which participants discussed the dynamics of three carbon policy instruments: performance standards, cap and trade, and a carbon tax. The dialogue revolved around lessons learned from implementing these policy mechanisms, especially as they…

       




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Can taxing the rich reduce inequality? You bet it can!


Two recently posted papers by Brookings colleagues purport to show that “even a large increase in the top marginal rate would barely reduce inequality.”[1]  This conclusion, based on one commonly used measure of inequality, is an incomplete and misleading answer to the question posed: would a stand-alone increase in the top income tax bracket materially reduce inequality?  More importantly, it is the wrong question to pose, as a stand-alone increase in the top bracket rate would be bad tax policy that would exacerbate tax avoidance incentives.  Sensible tax policy would package that change with at least one other tax modification, and such a package would have an even more striking effect on income inequality.  In brief:

    • stand-alone increase in the top tax bracket would be bad tax policy, but it would meaningfully increase the degree to which the tax system reduces economic inequality.  It would have this effect even though it would fall on just ½ of 1 percent of all taxpayers and barely half of their income.
    • Tax policy significantly reduces inequality.  But transfer payments and other spending reduce it far more.  In combination, taxes and public spending materially offset the inequality generated by market income.
    • The revenue from a well-crafted increase in taxes on upper-income Americans, dedicated to a prudent expansions of public spending, would go far to counter the powerful forces that have made income inequality more extreme in the United States than in any other major developed economy.

[1] The quotation is from Peter R. Orszag, “Education and Taxes Can’t Reduce Inequality,” Bloomberg View, September 28, 2015 (at http://bv.ms/1KPJXtx). The two papers are William G. Gale, Melissa S. Kearney, and Peter R. Orszag, “Would a significant increase in the top income tax rate substantially alter income inequality?” September 28, 2015 (at http://brook.gs/1KK40IX) and “Raising the top tax rate would not do much to reduce overall income inequality–additional observations,” October 12, 2015 (at http://brook.gs/1WfXR2G). 

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Image Source: © Jonathan Ernst / Reuters
     
 
 




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COVID-19 outbreak highlights critical gaps in school emergency preparedness

The COVID-19 epidemic sweeping the globe has affected millions of students, whose school closures have more often than not caught them, their teachers, and families by surprise. For some, it means missing class altogether, while others are trialing online learning—often facing difficulties with online connections, as well as motivational and psychosocial well-being challenges. These problems…

       




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Minding the gap: A multi-layered approach to tackling violent extremism

      
 
 




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An agenda for reducing poverty and improving opportunity


SUMMARY:
With the U.S. poverty rate stuck at around 15 percent for years, it’s clear that something needs to change, and candidates need to focus on three pillars of economic advancement-- education, work, family -- to increase economic mobility, according to Brookings Senior Fellow Isabel Sawhill and Senior Research Assistant Edward Rodrigue.

“Economic success requires people’s initiative, but it also requires us, as a society, to untangle the web of disadvantages that make following the sequence difficult for some Americans. There are no silver bullets. Government cannot do this alone. But government has a role to play in motivating individuals and facilitating their climb up the economic ladder,” they write.

The pillar of work is the most urgent, they assert, with every candidate needing to have concrete jobs proposals. Closing the jobs gap (the difference in work rates between lower and higher income households) has a huge effect on the number of people in poverty, even if the new workers hold low-wage jobs. Work connects people to mainstream institutions, helps them learn new skills, provides structure to their lives, and provides a sense of self-sufficiency and self-respect, while at the aggregate level, it is one of the most important engines of economic growth. Specifically, the authors advocate for making work pay (EITC), a second-earner deduction, childcare assistance and paid leave, and transitional job programs. On the education front, they suggest investment in children at all stages of life: home visiting, early childhood education, new efforts in the primary grades, new kinds of high schools, and fresh policies aimed at helping students from poor families attend and graduate from post-secondary institutions. And for the third prong, stable families, Sawhill and Rodrique suggest changing social norms around the importance of responsible, two-person parenthood, as well as making the most effective forms of birth control (IUDs and implants) more widely available at no cost to women.

“Many of our proposals would not only improve the life prospects of less advantaged children; they would pay for themselves in higher taxes and less social spending. The candidates may have their own blend of responses, but we need to hear less rhetoric and more substantive proposals from all of them,” they conclude.

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Campaign 2016: Ideas for reducing poverty and improving economic mobility


We can be sure that the 2016 presidential candidates, whoever they are, will be in favor of promoting opportunity and cutting poverty. The question is: how? In our contribution to a new volume published today, “Campaign 2016: Eight big issues the presidential candidates should address,” we show that people who clear three hurdles—graduating high school, working full-time, and delaying parenthood until they in a stable, two-parent family—are very much more likely to climb to middle class than fall into poverty:

But what specific policies would help people achieve these three benchmarks of success?  Our paper contains a number of ideas that candidates might want to adopt. Here are a few examples: 

1. To improve high school graduation rates, expand “Small Schools of Choice,” a program in New York City, which replaced large, existing schools with more numerous, smaller schools that had a theme or focus (like STEM or the arts). The program increased graduation rates by about 10 percentage points and also led to higher college enrollment with no increase in costs.

2. To support work, make the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) refundable and cap it at $100,000 in household income. Because the credit is currently non-refundable, low-income families receive little or no benefit, while those with incomes above $100,000 receive generous tax deductions. This proposal would make the program more equitable and facilitate low-income parents’ labor force participation, at no additional cost.

3. To strengthen families, make the most effective forms of birth control (IUDs and implants) more widely available at no cost to women, along with good counselling and a choice of all FDA-approved methods. Programs that have done this in selected cities and states have reduced unplanned pregnancies, saved money, and given women better ability to delay parenthood until they and their partners are ready to be parents. Delayed childbearing reduces poverty rates and leads to better prospects for the children in these families.

These are just a few examples of good ideas, based on the evidence, of what a candidate might want to propose and implement if elected. Additional ideas and analysis will be found in our longer paper on this topic.

Authors

Image Source: © Darren Hauck / Reuters
     
 
 




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Whole Foods Completes Largest Renewable Energy Credit Purchase by Any US Retailer

Say what you like about Whole Foods' founder's views on health care, but there's no doubt that the company has its corporate head screwed on straight when it comes to renewable energy. Whole Foods has announced is has just completed its 2009 purchase




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Redesigning How We Clean: Ami Shah of iQ on Their Award Winning Refill Packaging (Interview)

Over one billion plastic cleaning containers go into landfill each year, according to the Canadian eco-cleaning company Planet People. And did you know that the majority of household cleaners are 95 per cent water and only five per




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LA Residents Get Fresh Food Delivered by Bike to Their Doorstep

LA Whole Foods shoppers now can have concierge-shopped groceries delivered to their door via solar powered electric bikes




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3 simple sneaky ingredient swaps for healthier baking

Healthy, wholesome baked goods need not taste like cardboard and molasses when these substitutions are made.




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Our 3 favorite food trend predictions for 2018

Whole Foods published a list of all the food trends it predicts for next year, and several of them fit right in on TreeHugger.




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Washington, DC predicted to sink 6 inches or more by 2100

A detailed geological-drilling study warns of threats to the region's monuments, roads, wildlife refuges, and military installations.




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Finnish passenger ferry retrofits rotary sail to reduce emissions

The Viking Grace was already low emission. Now it's going further.




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Ecotricity launches wind- and solar-powered cell phone network

And profits will go to giving land back to nature.




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Photo: Red fox shows its true colors

Our photo of the day comes from the vibrant hills of California.




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Thrift stores are tired of getting people's useless junk

"Don't donate if you wouldn't give it to a mate."




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6 beauty recipes that are pink and red for Valentine's Day

Get in the Valentine’s Day mood with these fun DIY beauty recipes for masks, moisturizers, and scrubs – all of which are suitably pink or red for the occasion!




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Win an Eco-Friendly, Solar-Powered Wedding

Want an eco-friendly wedding?? Afraid of the sticker shock for all of those organic, free-range doves merrily flying away after your vows? Not sure you can beat the millions of other people vying for a Today Show




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Europe bans two cosmetic ingredients you didn't know are hazardous

The chemicals that make your personal products silky smooth are banned from all cosmetics that are washed off after use.




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What Are Your Hopes, Dreams and Predictions for 2013?

We asked the question on Facebook and got all kinds of interesting responses.




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7 cocktail recipes inspired by Victory Gardens for the Fourth of July

So for this 4th of July, I want to honor the Victory Garden! Well, that and booze. Here are some fun and tasty cocktails, fresh from the garden.




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Angular small house is inspired by Dutch and Japanese design

Clad with reclaimed cedar, this modern and quirky house fits on a small footprint.




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Multi-layered urban housing prototype packs in plenty of great small space ideas

Using a series of overlapping mezzanines and spaces, this accessible, urban housing prototype explores the possibilities of living small but comfortably in the city.




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After the big Northridge earthquake, a mysterious cloud appeared above LA – here's what it was

Calls came into emergency centers and even the Griffith Observatory from LA residents who described seeing a “giant silvery cloud.”




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Clouded leopards declared extinct in Taiwan

After more than a decade of in the field study, there has been no evidence of the rare and majestic leopard.




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Mirrored shipping container becomes an invisible urban art gallery

Built as an extension for a local high school, this new urban space blends into its tree-lined surroundings.




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Multi-tiered micro-apartment comes with a rolling staircase

This apartment's new design unifies the small space with a simple palette of materials over three levels.




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Small 420 sq. ft. apartment gets multifunctional redesign

Multifunctional zones and a sleeping loft enlarge this small apartment in Taipei.




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Australia Stepping Back From The Coal-Fired Edge

Climate change is powerfully symbolized by severe drought. Extended, widespread drought can make potable water scarce. Desalination plants are energy intensive and expensive to build and run: the several recently build or planned for Australia may




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Side mirrors no longer required on cars in Japan. Is this a good idea?

It would save fuel and be safer for pedestrians and cyclists. But is it too complicated?




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California Paves the Way for Lower-VOC Cleaning Products to Reduce Smog

Household cleaning products in the U.S. might soon be a little greener, thanks to a new rule in California that will require companies to reformulate products so they contain fewer volatile organic compounds, or




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First-Ever Geoengineering Research Ban Considered by Convention on Biological Diversity

While preservation of the planet's dwindling biodiversity itself has rightly grabbed the headlines at the ongoing Convention on Biological Diversity in Japan, Science Insider points out an important geoengineering




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Asymmetrical shingle-clad laneway house is inspired by houseboat design

This modern laneway house is now home to a client who wants to look after her aging parents.




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Hundreds of thousands around the world join Global Climate March

Ahead of the U.N. climate negotiations in Paris, hundreds of marches were held around the world to call for strong climate action.




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The UN has declared war on ocean plastic pollution

The Clean Seas campaign was launched last week, aimed at eliminating major sources of marine plastic and changing shopping habits.




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186 countries have signed UN pact to reduce plastic pollution

But the United States has opted out.




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Recycle Old Furs Into Bedding for Injured Animals

With a slew of fur-free celebrities and PETA's racy anti-fur campaigns, sporting a fur coat is controversial. For reasons that range from the philosophical to the stylistic, Planet Green notes, thousands of old fur coats are sitting




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Wave Power ‘Sea Snake’ Inventor Honored

An inventor has been awarded for his novel technology for generating energy with waves.




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Wave-Powered "Dolphin Speaker" Could Let Us Talk to Dolphins

Scientists have developed a piezoelectric speaker that can playback the full frequency range of dolphin sounds, getting us closer to human-dolphin communication.




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Solar and Wave-Powered Wave Glider Survives Hurricane Sandy, Transmits Dramatic Weather Data

The wave glider created by Iquid Robotics has passed quite a test for robustness. It coasted through the superstorm and provided real time weather data nonstop.




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The Orchid is a luxurious Scandinavian-inspired tiny home

This modern take on the gabled farmhouse includes lots of clever space-saving ideas.




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It's time to stop cars from making legal right turns on red lights

It was actually introduced to save fuel, but there have been unintended consequences.




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Looking at trees can reduce problematic cravings

Having a view of green space or access to a garden or park is linked to lower frequency and strength of cravings, study finds.




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The Week in Pictures: Galapagos Islands No Longer Endangered? 'Static Kill' of BP's Oil Well, and More (Slideshow)

The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico reached an important milestone this Tuesday afternoon when BP started their 'static kill' procedure to seal the oil well, and the good news is, that it seems to be working -- so far. In other green news, the




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TED conferences use security technology inspired by butterflies

The theme of this year's conference is "the next chapter," and each attendee will receive a sample of what could be next in anti-counterfeit technology.




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Cabin project follows stress-reducing effect of living in nature -- the Swedish way (Video)

Swedes enjoy an interesting "close-to-nature" lifestyle -- this informal study shows how it might help visitors from other countries.




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Creepy doll redux: 8 reasons not to buy Hello Barbie

Why Mattel's diabolical darling could be a threat to children’s privacy, wellbeing, and creativity.