Voice-enabled technology has rapidly evolved from a novel concept to one that now plays a central role in our day-to-day lives. According to a recent report from Google, 72% of people who own voice-activated speakers say their devices are used as a part...

ABSTRACT

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) promotes the spread of genes within bacterial communities. Among the HGT mechanisms, natural transformation stands out as being encoded by the bacterial core genome. Natural transformation is often viewed as a way to acquire new genes and to generate genetic mixing within bacterial populations. Another recently proposed function is the curing of bacterial genomes of their infectious parasitic mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Here, we propose that these seemingly opposing theoretical points of view can be unified. Although costly for bacterial cells, MGEs can carry functions that are at points in time beneficial to bacteria under stressful conditions (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes). Using computational modeling, we show that, in stochastic environments, an intermediate transformation rate maximizes bacterial fitness by allowing the reversible integration of MGEs carrying resistance genes, although these MGEs are costly for host cell replication. Based on this dual function (MGE acquisition and removal), transformation would be a key mechanism for stabilizing the bacterial genome in the long term, and this would explain its striking conservation.

IMPORTANCE Natural transformation is the acquisition, controlled by bacteria, of extracellular DNA and is one of the most common mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, promoting the spread of resistance genes. However, its evolutionary function remains elusive, and two main roles have been proposed: (i) the new gene acquisition and genetic mixing within bacterial populations and (ii) the removal of infectious parasitic mobile genetic elements (MGEs). While the first one promotes genetic diversification, the other one promotes the removal of foreign DNA and thus genome stability, making these two functions apparently antagonistic. Using a computational model, we show that intermediate transformation rates, commonly observed in bacteria, allow the acquisition then removal of MGEs. The transient acquisition of costly MGEs with resistance genes maximizes bacterial fitness in environments with stochastic stress exposure. Thus, transformation would ensure both a strong dynamic of the bacterial genome in the short term and its long-term stabilization.

North Carolina has received national attention for its approach to health care payment and delivery reform. Importantly, payment reform alone is not enough to drive systematic changes in care delivery. We highlight the importance of progress in four complementary areas to achieve system-wide payment and care reform.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes B cell lymphomas and transforms B cells in vitro. The EBV protein EBNA3A collaborates with EBNA3C to repress p16 expression and is required for efficient transformation in vitro. An EBNA3A deletion mutant EBV strain was recently reported to establish latency in humanized mice but not cause tumors. Here, we compare the phenotypes of an EBNA3A mutant EBV (3A) and wild-type (WT) EBV in a cord blood-humanized (CBH) mouse model. The hypomorphic 3A mutant, in which a stop codon is inserted downstream from the first ATG and the open reading frame is disrupted by a 1-bp insertion, expresses very small amounts of EBNA3A using an alternative ATG at residue 15. 3A caused B cell lymphomas at rates similar to their induction by WT EBV but with delayed onset. 3A and WT tumors expressed equivalent levels of EBNA2 and p16, but 3A tumors in some cases had reduced LMP1. Like the WT EBV tumors, 3A lymphomas were oligoclonal/monoclonal, with typically one dominant IGHV gene being expressed. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed small but consistent gene expression differences involving multiple cellular genes in the WT EBV- versus 3A-infected tumors and increased expression of genes associated with T cells, suggesting increased T cell infiltration of tumors. Consistent with an impact of EBNA3A on immune function, we found that the expression of CLEC2D, a receptor that has previously been shown to influence responses of T and NK cells, was markedly diminished in cells infected with EBNA3A mutant virus. Together, these studies suggest that EBNA3A contributes to efficient EBV-induced lymphomagenesis in CBH mice.

IMPORTANCE The EBV protein EBNA3A is expressed in latently infected B cells and is important for efficient EBV-induced transformation of B cells in vitro. In this study, we used a cord blood-humanized mouse model to compare the phenotypes of an EBNA3A hypomorph mutant virus (3A) and wild-type EBV. The 3A virus caused lymphomas with delayed onset compared to the onset of those caused by WT EBV, although the tumors occurred at a similar rate. The WT EBV and EBNA3A mutant tumors expressed similar levels of the EBV protein EBNA2 and cellular protein p16, but in some cases, 3A tumors had less LMP1. Our analysis suggested that 3A-infected tumors have elevated T cell infiltrates and decreased expression of the CLEC2D receptor, which may point to potential novel roles of EBNA3A in T cell and NK cell responses to EBV-infected tumors.

The ocean is our planet’s largest life-support system. It stabilizes climate; stores carbon; produces oxygen; nurtures biodiversity; directly supports human well-being through food, mineral, and energy resources; and provides cultural and recreational services. The value of the ocean economy speaks to its importance: The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development...

The IR Biotyper is a new automated typing system based on Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy that gives results within 4 h. We aimed (i) to use the IR Biotyper to retrospectively analyze an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) in a neonatal intensive care unit and to compare results to BOX-PCR and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) results as the gold standard and (ii) to assess how the cutoff values used to define clusters affect the discriminatory power of the IR Biotyper. The sample consisted of 18 isolates from 14 patients. Specimens were analyzed in the IR Biotyper using the default analysis settings, and spectra were analyzed using OPUS 7.5 software. The software contains a feature that automatically proposes a cutoff value to define clusters; the cutoff value defines up to which distance the spectra are considered to be in the same cluster. Based on FT-IR, the outbreak represented 1 dominant clone, 1 secondary clone, and several unrelated clones. FT-IR results, using the cutoff value generated by the accompanying software after 4 replicates, were concordant with WGS for all but 1 isolate. BOX-PCR was underdiscriminatory compared to the other two methods. Using the cutoff value generated after 12 replicates, the results of FT-IR and WGS were completely concordant. The IR Biotyper can achieve the same typeability and discriminatory power as genome-based methods. However, to attain this high performance requires either previous, strain-dependent knowledge about the optimal technical parameters to be used or validation by a second method.

A lightweight liquid metal alloy that is less dense than water could be used to make exoskeletons and transformable flexible robots

An image-editing program designed by researchers at Abode uses AI to let you quickly transform the shape of objects in images and change the lighting

Perhaps astronomers need help from something that thinks a bit less like a human.

"People get so emotional when you give them communion for the first time in seven weeks," one religious leader said.

Burberry said it has donated more than 100,000 pieces of PPE in line with its commitments to support relief efforts during the global health emergency.

A west London bus stop has been transformed into a "fabulous" children's art gallery to brighten the drudgery of life under the coronavirus lockdown.

Main roads and town centres across London are to be rapidly transformed to create safe space for a massive increase in pedestrians and cyclists, City Hall announced today.

The Little Mix singer has reportedly broken up with former Love Island contestant Chris Hughes

Daniel Hopwood reveals his Marylebone flat makeover secrets.

Tottenham's stadium will be used as a hospital unit for expecting mothers during the coronavirus pandemic.

Tottenham continue to offer their state-of-the-art stadium to assist the combat against the coronavirus pandemic and on Thursday provided a behind-the-scenes look into how the stadium has been transformed.

Luke Shaw has hailed the togetherness of the Manchester United squad, revealing the introductions of manager Ole Gunnar Solskjaer and signings such as captain Harry Maguire have provided pivotal turning points.

Britain's biggest family, who live in Morecambe, revealed how they did it in their latest Youtube video

In its desperate attempt to flatten the curve, India is flattening something else: its notorious air pollution.

Sarah Ferguson is never one to do things by halves and to mark VE Day on Friday, the...

When Belinda Willshire's partner brought a gun into her home and threatened her sons' lives, she knew something needed to change. Now, the mother-of-four has turn her life around with the help of triathlons.

A smiling, happy Brydi Saul is on a mission to get to the Paralympics. But rewind three years, and it was a very different story.

Today, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana entered an order granting the joint motion of the United States and the city of New Orleans to enter the consent decree regarding the New Orleans Police Department.

"Our Declaration of Independence declared in 1776 that “all men are created equal,” but it took 100 years and a civil war that took hundreds of thousands of lives to end slavery; another hundred years to create legal equality for African Americans; and we struggle to this day to make equality a reality. I see this every day in my work as the chief civil rights law enforcement official for the United States," said Assistant Attorney General Perez.

"The United States was able to become more inclusive not because we changed our principles, which reflect universal and timeless values, but because we learned to apply our principles more consistently. Over time, we also developed tools that help us to better apply our principles," said Assistant Attorney General Perez.

"We need the continued partnerships of foreign, state, local, and tribal officials. We need the leadership of the business community and the innovation of researchers and academics; and we need the voices of victim advocates and the resolve of victim service providers," said Acting Associate Attorney General West.

"The goal of Vision 21 is to create a framework to address these enduring and emerging challenges – in short, to re-define the role of victim services in the 21st century," said Acting Assistant Attorney General Leary

“Ten, twenty, thirty years ago, you were in the best position to go global if you were a large company and had a lot of resources and access to a lot of attorneys and advisors who could help you navigate regulations and issues that get more complicated as you go abroad.”

Ministers convened this week in Concepcion to talk about one of the most underrepresented but vital business sectors of the region.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

Jan 3, 2020

Nonviolent resistance scholar Erica Chenoweth explains the key ingredients of successful social movements.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.

May 1, 2020

Joel Clement describes how the Arctic is transforming into a warmer, wetter, and less predictable climate state, what the consequences are for the Arctic's indigenous inhabitants, and what measures can be taken to build resilience.