Phenanthroline ligands are important metal-binding mol­ecules which have been extensively researched for applications in both material science and medicinal chemistry. Azo­benzene and its derivatives have received significant attention because of their ability to be reversibly switched between the E and Z forms and so could have applications in optical memory and logic devices or as mol­ecular machines. Herein we report the formation and crystal structure of a highly unusual novel diazo-diphenanthroline compound, C24H14N6O2·2CHCl3.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H22N+·CH3O3S−, consists of three (3,5-di­methyl­adamantan-1-yl)ammonium cations, C12H22N+, and three methane­sulfonate anions, CH3O3S−. In the crystal, the cations and anions associate via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into layers, parallel to the (001) plane, which include large supra­molecular hydrogen-bonded rings.

The PtII atom in the title complex, [Pt(C15H18N4O4S)(C2H6OS)], exists within a square-planar NS2O donor set provided by the N, S, O atoms of the di-anionic tridentate thio­semicarbazo ligand and a dimethyl sulfoxide S atom. The two chelate rings are coplanar, subtending a dihedral angle of 1.51 (7)°. The maximum deviation from an ideal square-planar geometry is seen in the five-membered chelate ring with an S—Pt—S bite angle of 96.45 (2)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯O, C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯π inter­actions into two-dimensional networks lying parallel to the ab plane. The conformations of related cyclo­hexyl­hydrazine-1-carbo­thio­amide ligands are compared to that of the title compound.

The title compound, [Fe(CF3SO3)2(C4H8O)4], is octa­hedral with two tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate ligands in trans positions and four tetra­hydro­furane mol­ecules in the equatorial plane. By the conformation of the ligands the complex is chiral in the crystal packing. The compound crystallizes in the Sohncke space group P212121 and is enanti­omerically pure. The packing of the mol­ecules is determined by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal studied was refined as a two-component inversion twin.

The solvated title salt, [Ir(C9H7N2)2(C8H6N2)]PF6·CH2Cl2, was obtained from the reaction between 1,8-naphthyridine (NAP) and an orthometalated iridium(III) precursor containing a 1-phenyl­pyrazole (ppz) ligand. The asymmetric unit comprises one [Ir(ppz)2(NAP)]+ cation, one PF6− counter-ion and one CH2Cl2 solvent mol­ecule. The central IrIII atom of the [Ir(ppz)2(NAP)]+ cation is distorted-octa­hedrally coordinated by four N atoms and two C atoms, whereby two N atoms stem from the NAP ligand while the ppz ligands ligate through one N and one C atom each. In the crystal, the [Ir(ppz)2(NAP)]+ cations and PF6− counter-ions are connected with each other through weak inter­molecular C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds. Together with an additional C—H⋯F inter­action involving the solvent mol­ecule, a three-dimensional network structure is formed.

The title hydrazine carbodi­thio­ate, C13H18N2OS2, is constructed about a central and almost planar C2N2S2 chromophore (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0263 Å); the terminal meth­oxy­benzene group is close to coplanar with this plane [dihedral angle = 3.92 (11)°]. The n-butyl group has an extended all-trans conformation [torsion angles S—Cm—Cm—Cm = −173.2 (3)° and Cm—Cm—Cm—Cme = 180.0 (4)°; m = methyl­ene and me = meth­yl]. The most prominent feature of the mol­ecular packing is the formation of centrosymmetric eight-membered {⋯HNCS}2 synthons, as a result of thio­amide-N—H⋯S(thio­amide) hydrogen bonds; these are linked via meth­oxy-C–H⋯π(meth­oxy­benzene) inter­actions to form a linear supra­molecular chain propagating along the a-axis direction. An analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional fingerprint plots point to the significance of H⋯H (58.4%), S⋯H/H⋯S (17.1%), C⋯H/H⋯C (8.2%) and O⋯H/H⋯O (4.9%) contacts in the packing. The energies of the most significant inter­actions, i.e. the N—H⋯S and C—H⋯π inter­actions have their most significant contributions from electrostatic and dispersive components, respectively. The energies of two other identified close contacts at close to van der Waals distances, i.e. a thione–sulfur and meth­oxy­benzene–hydrogen contact (occurring within the chains along the a axis) and between methyl­ene-H atoms (occurring between chains to consolidate the three-dimensional architecture), are largely dispersive in nature.

4-[(Morpholin-4-yl)carbothioyl]benzoic acid, C12H13NO3S, a novel phen­yl(morpholino)methane­thione derivative, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation and the carb­oxy­lic acid group is bent out slightly from the benzene ring mean plane. The mol­ecular geometry of the carb­oxy­lic group is characterized by similar C—O bond lengths [1.266 (2) and 1.268 (2) Å] as the carboxyl­ate H atom is disordered over two positions. This mol­ecular arrangement leads to the formation of dimers through strong and centrosymmetric low barrier O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the carb­oxy­lic groups. In addition to these inter­molecular inter­actions, the crystal packing consists of two different mol­ecular sheets with an angle between their mean planes of 64.4 (2)°. The cohesion between the different layers is ensured by C—H⋯S and C—H⋯O inter­actions.

The solid-state structure of bis­(1-mesityl-1H-imidazole-κN3)di­phenyl­boron tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate, C36H38BN4+·CF3SO3− or (Ph2B(MesIm)2OTf), is reported. Bis(1-mesityl-1H-imidazole-κN3)di­phenyl­boron (Ph2B(MesIm)2+) is a bulky ligand that crystallizes in the ortho­rhom­bic space group Pbcn. The asymmetric unit contains one Ph2B(MesIm)2+ cationic ligand and one tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate anion that balances the positive charge of the ligand. The tetra­hedral geometry around the boron center is distorted as a result of the steric bulk of the phenyl groups. Weak inter­actions, such as π–π stacking are present in the crystal structure.

New world megafauna such as mammoths, bison and camelids that were alive at the end of the Pleistocene epoch (some 13,000 years ago) would have produced massive amounts of methane-rich flatulence and belching, thanks to the cellulose-digesting microbes in their guts.

The post Killing of methane-producing megafauna may have caused cooling 13,000 years ago appeared first on Smithsonian Insider.

Now here is something to ruminate on. About 85 percent of the methane produced by a cow comes out of its mouth as burps. The […]

The post Monitoring methane? Now there is a better way to measure appeared first on Smithsonian Insider.

Phragmites australis, the common reed, has been a component of North American marshes for thousands of years. However, a novel genetic lineage, Phragmites australis australis, […]

The post Climate change conundrum: Invasive reed makes much more methane appeared first on Smithsonian Insider.

The U.S. should take bold steps to improve measurement, monitoring, and inventories of methane emissions caused by human activities, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

For thousands of years, vast amounts of methane – a potent greenhouse gas – have been stored in frozen deposits on land and under the ocean in the Arctic. A new study has found that rapidly rising temperatures are accelerating the release of methane by thawing subsea ‘permafrost’, releasing nearly 8 million tonnes into the atmosphere each year and potentially increasing global warming.

Scientists have found that retreating glaciers and melting permafrost in Alaska are releasing up to 70% more methane – a potent greenhouse gas – than previously thought. If this estimate is true for the rest of the Arctic, this could have serious implications for global warming, say the scientists.

Higher temperatures being brought about by global warming are increasing methane emissions from the extensive northern European peatlands, a recent study has found. The researchers also say that future estimations of greenhouse gas emissions can be improved via better land-cover classification — i.e. determining how much peatland is fenland or bogland.

Methane gas emissions could have a larger warming effect on climate than has been previously thought. A recent study has found that the interactions between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and aerosols in the atmosphere can change the impact of various emissions, and that mitigation policies should take these effects into account.

Measures to control methane and black carbon (soot) emissions could improve air quality and public health, in addition to slowing the rate of climate change, according to recent research. By 2030, the reduced pollution could prevent between 700,000 and 4.7 million premature deaths each year, with 80% of the benefits occurring in Asia.

A recent global study has estimated that, each year, 1.5 million people die early from cardiopulmonary diseases and 0.1 million people die early from lung cancer caused by exposure to PM2.5 pollution. A further 0.4 million people are estimated to die early from respiratory diseases caused by exposure to surface ozone (O3) pollution. Although short-lived air pollutants have the largest influence on air quality and premature deaths, controlling methane emissions as well would improve air quality and reduce the number of people dying prematurely each year, the study suggests.

Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) can have damaging effects on human health. New research has now revealed that only three substances out of a large number of NMVOCs are responsible for almost all damaging effects on human health. Air pollution policies should be designed to target these substances specifically, rather than overall NMVOC emissions, the researchers recommend.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories are significantly underestimating methane emissions from a region in the southwest of the United States, and potentially elsewhere, a new study has found. The authors of the study suggest that satellite data could be used to identify and quantify new sources of methane, such as fracking.

Due to regulation on sulphur emissions, liquefied natural gas (LNG) has increased in use as a maritime fuel. This study measured exhaust gases from a ship with dual-fuel engines running on LNG and marine gas oil (MGO). Although NOX and CO2 emissions were lower for LNG compared to MGO, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were higher. The authors say future work should reconsider the climate impact of LNG.

A group of researchers at Cornell University finds that natural gas may not be as clean as originally thought.

A new study finds that drinking water quality near Marcellus shale gas extraction sites could be compromised.

Researchers at Princeton recently studied the question of whether abandoned gas & oil well are leaking methane into the atmosphere.

Microbes possibly feeding on the remains of an ancient forest may be generating billions of tons of methane deep beneath Antarctic ice, a new study suggests.

A new study shows that some wells in N.Y. contain large amounts of explosive methane and need to be monitored to prevent any detonation.

Most of the methane that humans emit comes from natural gas, landfills, coal mining and manure management, but methane is almost everywhere and it comes from so

A new study claims it isn't as bad as estimated, at least during one part of the process. But how much methane does leak during fracking?

Seafloor-dwelling bacteria may prevent methane from reaching the atmosphere by eating it up.

U.S. federal budget woes are shrinking the monitoring network that tracks greenhouse gases such as methane.

Scientists have known this for a while now, but new research gives us more information about why kangaroos are so much more efficient than cows.

The gassy hotspot is centered over New Mexico's San Juan Basin, where some 40,000 wells suck out natural gas trapped in coal seams.

Methane is a natural substance that can be produced over time through biological routes. This colorless, odorless gas has huge potential as a fuel, but it also

Scientists estimate more than 7,000 dangerous methane 'bumps' have formed in Siberia's Yamal and Gydan peninsulas over the last couple of years.

The Environmental Defense Fund is developing a satellite that will regularly monitor 50 major oil and gas regions for methane leaks.

Dr. Sarah-Jeanne Royer at the University of Hawai'i discovered that plastic bags are contributing to global warming by giving off methane.

Yes, you read that right.

In large part to gas wells and cow farms, the United States is spewing 50 percent more methane than regulators thought.

NASA's Curiosity rover has made a surprising find that could help scientists get one step closer to figuring out if Mars has ever supported life.

Advanced methane capture could make a significant dent in U.S. energy demand.

The present invention relates to a process for separating chlorinated methanes utilizing a dividing wall column. Processes and manufacturing assemblies for generating chlorinated methanes are also provided, as are processes for producing products utilizing the chlorinated methanes produced and/or separated utilizing the present process(es) and/or assemblies.

To provide a method for efficiently separating 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and chloromethane (R40) from a composition comprising HFO-1234yf and R40. An azeotrope-like composition comprising from 58 to 78 mol % of HFO-1234yf and from 22 to 42 mol % of R40, and a method for producing HFO-1234yf, which comprises steps of distilling an initial mixture containing HFO-1234yf in a content exceeding 63 mol % in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40, thereby to separate the initial mixture into a first fraction in which the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 is lower than the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 in the initial mixture, and a second fraction in which the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 is higher than the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 in the initial mixture, and then obtaining HFO-1234yf having a reduced R40 concentration, from the second fraction.

The present invention provides routes for making 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd) from commercially available raw materials. More specifically, this invention provides routes for HCFO-1233zd from inexpensive and commercially available trifluoromethane (HFC-23).

A compound with a diphenylmethane moiety having an inhibitory activity against sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) being present in the intestine and kidney is disclosed. A pharmaceutical composition including the compound as an active ingredient, which is useful for preventing or treating metabolic disorders, particularly diabetes is disclosed. A method for preparing the compound, and a method for preventing or treating metabolic disorders, particularly diabetes, by using the compound is provided.

A process for the production of methane comprising reacting at least part of a feed gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen in an internally cooled methanation reactor containing a nickel comprising methanation catalyst to produce a product gas containing methane, cooling the internally cooled methanation reactor with water, wherein the water enters the internally cooled methanation reactor at a temperature in the range from 20-120° C. below its boiling temperature.

The invention provides for a method of forming methanol by combining a mixture of methane, water and carbon dioxide under reaction conditions sufficient to form a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide are reacted under conditions sufficient to form methanol. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is at least two moles of hydrogen to one mole of carbon monoxide and the overall molar ratio between methane, water and carbon dioxide is about 3:2:1. Methane, carbon dioxide and water are bi-reformed over a catalyst. The catalyst includes a single metal, a metal oxide, a mixed catalyst of a metal and a metal oxide or a mixed catalyst of at least two metal oxides.

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to nitrogen based hydrocarbon compounds such as pyridines. The method includes the reaction of acetylene with ammonia and controlling the ratio of acetylene to ammonia to generate the desired nitrogen based hydrocarbon compound.

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of a stabilizer comprising at least one ascorbic acid, terephthalate, or nitromethane, or mixtures thereof. The stabilized compositions may be useful in cooling apparatus, such as refrigeration, air-conditioning, chillers and heat pumps, as well as in applications as foam blowing agents, solvents, aerosol propellants, fire extinguishants, and sterilants.

Processes for the catalytic conversion of a carbonaceous composition into a gas stream comprising methane are provided. In addition, the processes provide for the generation of a hydrogen-enriched gas stream and, optionally, a carbon monoxide-enriched gas stream, which can be mixed or used separately as an energy source for subsequent catalytic gasification processes.

The invention relates to a gasifier comprising a syngas generation section, a coal methanation section and a syngas methanation section in the order from bottom to top. The invention also relates to a process for preparing methane by catalytically gasifying coal using such a gasifier. Optionally, the gasifier is additionally provided with a coal pyrolysis section above the syngas methanation section.