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In the age of American ‘megaregions,’ we must rethink governance across jurisdictions

The coronavirus pandemic is revealing a harsh truth: Our failure to coordinate governance across local and state lines is costing lives, doing untold economic damage, and enacting disproportionate harm on marginalized individuals, households, and communities. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo explained the problem in his April 22 coronavirus briefing, when discussing plans to deploy contact…

       




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The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross

The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross, a six-hour series, written and presented by Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., examines the evolution of the African-American people, as well as the political strategies, and religious and social perspectives they developed — shaping their own history, culture and society against unimaginable odds. The series moves through five…

       




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Boosting growth across more of America

On Wednesday, January 29, the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program (Brookings Metro) hosted “Boosting Growth Across More of America: Pushing Back Against the ‘Winner-take-most’ Economy,” an event delving into the research and proposals offered in Robert D. Atkinson, Mark Muro, and Jacob Whiton’s recent report “The case for growth centers: How to spread tech innovation across…

       




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What About Microeconomics?

Robert Crandall and Clifford Winston respond to Paul Krugman's recent New York Times Magazine article which laments the current state of macroeconomics. The authors call attention to the fact that Krugman did not mention the state of microeconomics which, they argue, has not suffered any serious intellectual setbacks from the current Great Recession.

      
 
 




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Using Crowd-Sourced Mapping to Improve Representation and Detect Gerrymanders in Ohio


Analysis of dozens of publicly created redistricting plans shows that map-making technology can improve political representation and detect a gerrymander.  In 2012, President Obama won the vote in Ohio by three percentage points, while Republicans held a 13-to-5 majority in Ohio’s delegation to the U.S. House. After redistricting in 2013, Republicans held 12 of Ohio’s House seats while Democrats held four. As is typical in these races, few were competitive; the average margin of victory was 32 points. Is this simply a result of demography, the need to create a majority-minority district, and the constraints traditional redistricting principles impose on election lines—or did the legislature intend to create a gerrymander?

Crowd-Sourced Redistricting Maps

In the Ohio elections, we have a new source of information that opens a window into the legislature’s choice: Large numbers of publicly created redistricting plans.

During the last round of redistricting, across the country thousands of people in over a dozen states created hundreds of legal redistricting plans. Advances in information technology and the engagement of grassroots reform groups made these changes possible. To promote these efforts we created the DistrictBuilder open redistricting platform and many of these groups used this tool to create their plans.

Over the last several years, we have used the trove of information produced by public redistricting to gain insight into the politics of representation. In previous work that analyzed public redistricting in Virginia[1], and in Florida[2], we discovered that members of the public are capable of creating legal redistricting plans that outperform those maps created by legislatures in a number of ways.

Public redistricting in Ohio shows something new—the likely motives of the legislature. This can be seen through using information visualization methods to show the ways in which redistricting goals can be balanced (or traded-off) in Ohio , revealing the particular trade-offs made by the legislature.

The figure below, from our new research paper[3], shows 21 plots—each of which compares legislative and publicly-created plans using a pair of scores—altogether covering seven different traditional and representational criteria. A tiny ‘A’ shows the adopted plan. The top-right corner of each mini-plot shows the best theoretically possible score. When examined by itself, the legislative plan meets a few criteria: it minimizes population deviation, creates an expected majority-minority seat, and creates a substantial majority of districts that would theoretically be competitive in an open-seat race in which the statewide vote was evenly split.

Figure 1: Pairwise Congressional Score Comparisons (Scatterplots) - Standardized Scores

In previous rounds of redistricting, empirical analysis would stop here—unless experts were called in to draw alternative plans in litigation. However, the large number of public plans now available allows us to see other options, plans the legislature could readily have created had it desired to do so. Comparison of the adopted plans and public plans reveal the weakness of the legislature’s choice. Members of the public were able to find plans that soundly beat the legislative plan on almost every pair of criteria, including competitive districts.

So why was the adopted plan chosen? Information visualization can help here, as well, but we need to add another criterion—partisan advantage:

Pareto Frontier: Standard Criteria vs. Democratic Surplus

When we visualize the number of expected Democratic seats that was likely to result from each plan, and compare this to the other score, we can see that the adopted plan is the best at something— producing Republican seats.

Was Ohio gerrymandered? Applying our proposed gerrymandering detection method, the adopted plans stands in high contrast to the public sample of plans, even if the overall competition scoring formula is slightly biased towards the Democrats, as strongly biased towards the Republicans on any measure of partisan fairness. Moreover analyzing the tradeoffs among redistricting criteria illuminate empirically demonstrates what is often suspected, but is typically impossible to demonstrate—that had the legislature desired to improve any good-government criterion—it could have done so, simply by sacrificing some partisan advantage. In light of this new body of evidence, the political intent of the legislature is clearly displayed.

However, when politics and technology mix, beware of Kranzberg’s first law: “Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.”[4] Indeed there is an unexpected and hopeful lesson on reform revealed by the public participation that was enabled by new technology. The public plans show that, in Ohio, it is possible to improve the expected competitiveness, and to improve compliance with traditional districting principles such as county integrity, without threatening majority-minority districts simply by reducing partisan advantage—this is a tradeoff we should gladly accept.



[1] Altman M, McDonald MP. A Half-Century of Virginia Redistricting Battles: Shifting from Rural Malapportionment to Voting Rights to Public Participation. Richmond Law Review [Internet]. 2013;43(1):771-831.

[2] Altman M, McDonald M. Paradoxes Of Political Reform: Congressional Redistricting In Florida. In: Jigsaw Puzzle Politics in the Sunshine State. University Press of Florida; 2014.

[3] Altman, Micah and McDonald, Michael P., Redistricting by Formula: An Ohio Reform Experiment (June 3, 2014). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2450645

[4] Kranzberg, Melvin (1986) Technology and History: "Kranzberg's Laws", Technology and Culture, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 544-560.

Image Source: © Jonathan Ernst / Reuters
      
 
 




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Adele Morris on BPEA and looking outside macroeconomics

Adele Morris is a senior fellow in Economic Studies and policy director for Climate and Energy Economics at Brookings. She recently served as a discussant for a paper as part of the Spring 2019 BPEA conference.Her research informs critical decisions related to climate change, energy, and tax policy. She is a leading global expert on the design…

       




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The Economics of the Cross-Strait Services Agreement

On March 30, 2014, 500,000 Taiwanese, according to some observers, gathered in a rally against the hasty ratification of the contentious Cross-Strait Services Trade Agreement (CSSTA). The rally marked the climax of the recently concluded 24-day student-led sit-in protest inside Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan (LY). Some considered the protest’s rationale plausible and others did not; regardless, a sound resolution…

       




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Congressional Testimony: Cross-Strait Economic and Political Issues

Cross-Strait relations have marked a path of reduced tension and increasing cooperation after the election of President Ma Ying-jeou of the ruling Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) in 2008. Taiwan’s efforts to institutionalize its engagement with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), particularly in trade and investment activities, presents both opportunities and challenges on both sides…

       




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Cross-Strait risks are rising and need to be managed

Taiwan’s political atmosphere is growing more fervid as the January 2020 election draws nearer. The roster of contenders includes candidates with experience governing and an understanding of the need for balance, and others who rely on charisma and offer promises without consideration of potential consequences.There also is growing momentum in Washington for judging that Beijing’s…

       




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Human rights, climate change and cross-border displacement

      
 
 




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Using Crowd-Sourced Mapping to Improve Representation and Detect Gerrymanders in Ohio

Analysis of dozens of publicly created redistricting plans shows that map-making technology can improve political representation and detect a gerrymander.  In 2012, President Obama won the vote in Ohio by three percentage points, while Republicans held a 13-to-5 majority in Ohio’s delegation to the U.S. House. After redistricting in 2013, Republicans held 12 of Ohio’s…

      
 
 




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Boosting growth across more of America

On Wednesday, January 29, the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program (Brookings Metro) hosted “Boosting Growth Across More of America: Pushing Back Against the ‘Winner-take-most’ Economy,” an event delving into the research and proposals offered in Robert D. Atkinson, Mark Muro, and Jacob Whiton’s recent report “The case for growth centers: How to spread tech innovation across…

       




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Micro-community of tiny homes flourishes on rehabilitated vacant lot

A group of tiny home owners have converted a formerly vacant lot into a small but vibrant place to demonstrate the possibilities of living happily with less.




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Modernist Matchbox is an off-grid micro-house in a micro-village

Built as part of a community of tiny homes in Washington DC, this contemporary solar-powered tiny home collects its own rainwater and has a thoughtful interior to boot.




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Immigrants get a new microbiome when they come to the U.S.

Unfortunately it's not an improvement.




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Why you should embrace the 'microadventure'

Don't wait for a big exotic trip to get outdoors. How about squeezing it in between 5 pm and 9 am?




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236 sq. ft. micro-apartment stacks & maximizes its interior up in Taipei

To make this small space more livable, there is an emphasis on filling out the vertical space. Plus, a great tatami-inspired seating area.




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Tiny 355 sq. ft. micro-apartment is expanded with adaptable mini-loft

A small apartment gets enlarged by knocking some walls down and adding a multi-functional staircase and mini-loft.




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Multi-tiered micro-apartment comes with a rolling staircase

This apartment's new design unifies the small space with a simple palette of materials over three levels.




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Former piano studio converted into modern 189 sq. ft. micro-apartment

Once a centrally located piano practice space, it's been converted into a comfortable little apartment with the help of some smart space-saving strategies.




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Sydney micro-apartment designed with Japanese organizational technique in mind

Decluttering techniques are a big trend now. This small apartment is designed with organizational principles right from the start.




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Ozone Could Slash Global Crop Yields by 40% by Century's End

We recently told you of a study warning that global warming could prompt the large-scale collapse of the world's crops by 2080; now comes another study concluding that rising levels of ozone could achieve the same result by century's end. The study,




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Queen's Crown Estate Identifies 180GW of Potential Marine Power

The Crown Estate is Britain's largest landowner, and it owns an awful lot of coastline. It is also very interested in the potential for marine power.




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650 sq. ft. Urban Micro Home is a small house for outdoorsy couple

Outfitted with smart home tech and lots of storage space for outdoor gear, this small home feels 'just right'.




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Micro-apartment has carousel closet under the bed

This once-derelict small apartment has been renovated on a budget into a more modern space.




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Transforming wall hides all in young family's micro-apartment (Video)

Like a nesting doll, this all-in-one wall unit functions like a multipurpose piece of furniture.




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Microbial Fuel Cell Treats Wastewater, Harvests Energy

A new microbial fuel cell can not only drastically reduce the amount of sludge from wastewater treatment plants, but can also produce clean energy at the same time.




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Microsoft Using Biogas Fuel Cell to Power Wyoming Data Center

The fuel cell is part of Microsoft's Data Plant project to build a zero carbon data center.




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Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell Produces Power from Plants

The fuel cell generates electricity from living plants and could turn green roofs and marshes into power plants.




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Micro Fuel Cell Made from Glass Could Power Our Gadgets

The tiny fuel cell is long-lasting, low-cost and could power our tablets and smartphones with clean energy.




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Make a simple microbial fuel cell

This is a great way to understand the science behind microbial fuel cells and make a little renewable energy at home.




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Taking a close look at insecticide-producing crops

Are crops that produce their own pesticides as scary as they sound?




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More farmers are ditching GMO crops

Even farmers who don't use organic practices are leaving genetically engineered crops behind.




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Synthetic fabrics and car tires are major source of microplastic pollution

We hear a lot about plastics breaking down at sea, but scientists are discovering that a shocking quantity of plastic enters the ocean already in microscopic form.




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Adapting to Climate Change: Salt-Tolerant Biofuel Crops Could Turn Saline Soil Back Into Cultivable Land

As salinization impacts agriculture around the world—another effect of climate change that will hit already-vulnerable places and people the hardest—farmers, small-scale farmers in particular, have to figure out how to




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Super Monster Wolf is a crop-saving demon robot

The solar powered lupine menace has proven so successful at scaring away wild boar from Japanese farms that it’s going into mass production.




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California gets serious in the fight against plastic microfibers

New legislation would require polyester clothing to have a label warning about shedding in the wash.




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Micro-apartment has stairs you can sit, store things in & sleep on (Video)

This small space renovation turns a cramped space into one that has space for almost everything.




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Cross-Laminated Timber is now made in the USA

Our favorite green building material is now made in Oregon




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8 Enchanting Sea Creatures You Can Crochet

Save the sea creatures! Handcraft your own natural specimens using these these simple patterns, yarn and a crochet hook.




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DIY Pod-Tainer microhome sports two space-expanding bump-outs (Video)

Compared to conventional shipping container homes, the Pod-Tainer has a relatively spacious interior, thanks to pop-outs on both sides.




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Venice's mayor segregates tourists from locals in attempt to control crowds

But not all locals are happy, saying the mayor is treating the city like a theme park.




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Bubble cars are back with the electric Microlino

The tiny Italian car is now available in Europe.




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Solar 'smart' greenhouses produce both clean electricity & food crops

A new breed of solar panel can do double duty on greenhouse roofs by not only generating renewable electricity, but also by using a light-altering dye to help optimize photosynthesis in the plants beneath them.




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15-year-old invents smart microwave that heats foods to their perfect temperature

The teen has been building the DIY microwave, hoping to solve many cooking problems with one device.




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Man builds solar-powered, app-controlled micro-home with "zombie mode" (Video)

It also comes with its own beer dispenser, built-in right in the couch.




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Crowd-Sourcing Solutions to Plastic-Filled Oceans

Sylvia Earle won the 2009 TED prize for her presentation on oceans, and this year got her Mission Blue project up and rolling to create marine preserves. Earle's wish was that we all use all the means at our disposal to tell the story of oceans in




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From bottles to bike lanes: the first PlasticRoad opens in the Netherlands

We have lots of waste plastic and not much use for it, so why not use it instead of asphalt or concrete?




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Jewel-like micro-apartment gets multifunctional makeover in Paris

This small 118-square-foot apartment holds a few pleasant, space-saving surprises.




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Driver in car hits 14 year old with right of way in crosswalk, and all they care about is the iPhone

It's almost like there is a concerted campaign to turn distracted walking into a serious problem.