The alarming rise of anti-Semitism in this country and other parts of the world is completely unacceptable, a letter to the editor says.

'Thank God we have a president in office with a backbone.'

Our leaders need to get back to the roles they were elected to and stop playing politics, a letter to the editor says.

Future authorizations must be limited in scope and duration so that wars can no longer be waged endlessly without public deliberation, a letter says.

The governor expects teachers to wait until the 2021 budget before he does anything significant, a letter to the editor says.

Lawmakers should support SB 111 as an investment to make Indiana families stronger now and in the future, a letter to the editor says.

In our state, sex without consent is not a crime unless there is force, the threat of force or incapacitation, a letter to the editor says.

An average of 907 Hoosiers are killed by guns each year, and 85 of those are children, a letter to the editor says.

If I was just passing through on my way somewhere else, what I see along the roadside would not encourage me to stay, a letter to the editor says.

Keeping him in office prevents the left from destroying America with their socialistic ideology, a letter to the editor says.

It was clear from the beginning it was going to be totally partisan, yet the hatred for Trump drove them on, a letter to the editor says

When people have no respect for lives of others, it explains why the smallest disagreement can result in violent acts, a letter to the editor says.

More than half of the politicians that we voted in were on their cell phones, a letter to the editor says.

For too long, the health of women has been controlled by legislatures that are majority male or biased by their own religious beliefs, a letter says.

The Legislature should declare a voting holiday to make it easier for all Hoosiers to vote on election day, a letter to the editor says.

We all must work together to dismantle the barriers and empower our neighbors for a truly inclusive city, a letter to the editor says.

Once he pads his resume, former South Bend, Indiana, mayor Pete Buttigieg can run again for a higher office, a letter to the editor says.

I am grateful for thoughtful insights amid today's cacophony of intolerant and mean-spirited shouting, a letter to the editor says.

Pence has repeatedly given the public misleading information about COVID-19, including contradictory statements about testing, a letter says.

Our state is taking the wise step of reducing unnecessary public gatherings and that includes voting.

Take this virus seriously and do your part to protect everyone in the community, a letter to the editors says.

I want to publicly thank all the other workers who continue to make life tolerable for those of us who are stuck at home, a letter to the editor says.

There is no recovery for those who will die if COVID-19 is not slowed and we overwhelm our health care system, a letter to the editor says.

The worst part of the COVID-19 outbreak for the vast majority of healthy Americans is the uncertainty of the situation, a letter to the editor says.

Now is the time to stay at home and allow us to bring much needed supplies to your front door.

Many of these hard-working people do not qualify for unemployment benefits because they are considered independent contractors, a letter says.

While acceptable as a short-term mitigation strategy, the stay-at-home restrictions cannot be the long-term solution to this crisis.

They have worked statewide seven-days per week to offer support, guidance, expertise and reassurance.

Indiana Gov. Eric Holcomb's responsibility and obligation is to the citizenry of Indiana, a letter to the editor says.

Eventual vaccine developed to fight COVID-19 should be free to everyone, a letter to the editor says.

Until we have a vaccine, the road to opening is through a health care system which can handle the infection, a letter to the editor says.

This example many will be able to repeat with possible grave danger to uncounted numbers, a letter to the editor says.

I see people praising restaurant workers, grocery clerks, and truck drivers and I think this is long overdue.

Officers found a woman wounded by gunshots about 4 p.m. in the 400 block of North Denny Street, IMPD said.

Trump might shut down the coronavirus task force. This won't do anything to boost our response to the pandemic.

Indiana Gov. Eric Holcomb's responsibility and obligation is to the citizenry of Indiana, a letter to the editor says.

Eventual vaccine developed to fight COVID-19 should be free to everyone, a letter to the editor says.

Until we have a vaccine, the road to opening is through a health care system which can handle the infection, a letter to the editor says.

This example many will be able to repeat with possible grave danger to uncounted numbers, a letter to the editor says.

I see people praising restaurant workers, grocery clerks, and truck drivers and I think this is long overdue.

In our computational study, we use molecular simulations to substantiate a hypothetical mechanism for glycosidic bond cleavage in the presence of a single catalytic acid at the active site of the mutant D10N HiCel45A. In addition to discussing this plausible mechanism from the context of structurally related MltA lytic transglycosylase and subfamily C GH45s, we also suggest the implications of the plausible mechanism for our current understanding of the action of expansins and lytic transglycosylases. As correctly pointed out by Professor Cosgrove (1), there is large body of evidence, a significant portion of which was regrettably not discussed in our paper, that suggests that expansins are incapable of lytic action on polysaccharide substrates. Whereas these insights do not change the results or the conclusions of our article, we would like to thank Professor Cosgrove for these additional insights. In particular, our main point with respect to expansins is that our results suggest the possibility that expansins are capable of nonhydrolytic lytic activity. Our intention was not to suggest this was the mechanism of expansins, but that it should be considered based on our results and the similarity of the active sites.The molecular mechanisms of how expansins enable cell wall expansion remains to be fully understood. Whereas our proposed mechanism resulting in the formation of the 1,6-anhdro product might be found in expansins and might contribute to the mode of action of expansins, we would like to emphasize that the intent of this study was only to suggest this as a...

From their simulations of endoglucanase Cel45A, Bharadwaj et al. (1) propose that structurally related expansins and MltA may cut glycan backbones without generating reducing ends. This is tenable for MltA, a peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylase whose action produces nonreducing 1,6-anhydro products, but is untenable for expansins.Expansins loosen plant cell walls and induce wall expansion. Contrary to the assertion by Bharadwaj et al., the conclusion that expansins are not lytic is not merely based on lack of new reducing ends but is supported by multiple (negative) tests for polysaccharide cleavage that do not rely on detection of reducing ends. At least eight studies with three divergent groups of expansins document this point. For instance, α-expansin did not reduce the viscosity of various wall polysaccharide solutions, an endolytic assay that does not rely on measuring reducing ends (e.g. see Ref. 2 and other studies).Walls treated with α-expansin did not release saccharide fragments, measured by pulsed amperometric detection, which can detect nonreducing saccharides (3).In the case of β-expansins, protein treatments did not cleave the backbones of a wide range of dye-coupled cross-linked wall polysaccharides; nor did they cleave backbones of polysaccharides extracted from plant cell walls, measured by gel permeation chromatography (4).For five microbial expansins, tests with a range of dye-coupled cross-linked polysaccharides likewise did not detect lytic activity (e.g. see Ref. 5). Thus, extensive published evidence argues against lytic action by expansins, as proposed by Bharadwaj (1), and attempts to identify 1,6-anhydro products seem unlikely to succeed.

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Early Modern Letters Online is a combined finding aid and editorial interface for basic descriptions of early modern correspondence: a collaboratively populated union catalogue of sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth-century letters.

London : S. Highley, 1848.

London : J. & A. Churchill, [1874]