Somatic mutations arise and accumulate during tissue culture and vegetative propagation, potentially affecting various traits in horticultural crops, but their characteristics are still unclear. Here, somatic mutations in regenerated woodland strawberry derived from tissue culture of shoot tips under different conditions and 12 cultivated strawberry individuals are analyzed by whole genome sequencing. The mutation frequency of single nucleotide variants is significantly increased with increased hormone levels or prolonged culture time in the range of 3.3 x 10^–8–3.0 x 10^–6 mutations per site. CG methylation shows a stable reduction (0.71%–8.03%) in regenerated plants, and hypoCG-DMRs are more heritable after sexual reproduction. A high-quality haplotype-resolved genome is assembled for the strawberry cultivar "Beni hoppe." The 12 "Beni hoppe" individuals randomly selected from different locations show 4731–6005 mutations relative to the reference genome, and the mutation frequency varies among the subgenomes. Our study has systematically characterized the genetic and epigenetic variants in regenerated woodland strawberry plants and different individuals of the same strawberry cultivar, providing an accurate assessment of somatic mutations at the genomic scale and nucleotide resolution in plants.

Strawberry nutrition facts. You probably know these berries pack a vitamin C wallop, but there's a wealth of other good stuff inside including fiber, manganese,

Chocolate-dipped strawberries are a luxurious, expensive treat, so save money by making yours at home.

Here's the most pesticide-contaminated produce, as well as the fruits and veggies with the fewest pesticides.

Here's the Environmental Working Group's 2017 list of fruit and veggies with the most and least pesticides.

“Strawberries is kind of the quintessence of industrial agriculture in California. It’s the fifth highest value crop in the state. It also got the most heavy pesticide regime, by far, of any other crop in the state. And it kind of captures so much of the dynamics of what’s going on in California.“-Julie Guthman In...

ALAN TITCHMARSH, TV legend and much loved gardener, once revealed his top tips to get the very best strawberries grown at home.

Farmers around the world are letting their crops rot in the fields as the coronavirus outbreak disrupts supply and demand for flowers, fruit and milk.

One to eat lounging on the sofa in slippers

Prolonged monsoon and high temperature led to delay in planting of the fruit saplings in Mahabaleshwar and Panchgani