fake news

Fake News MSNBC, CNN Ratings Collapse after Trump’s Massive Win

The following article, Fake News MSNBC, CNN Ratings Collapse after Trump’s Massive Win, was first published on Conservative Firing Line.

Two of the worst fake news purveyors, MSNBC and CNN, both suffered ratings bloodbaths since Donald Trump won his historic victory last week. And it couldn’t happen to any more serving networks. Let’s take the extremist, left-wing MSNBC. Take a look at this delicious drop in ratings: Major Nielsen ratings plunge at MSNBC since Trump …

Continue reading Fake News MSNBC, CNN Ratings Collapse after Trump’s Massive Win ...




fake news

Fake News Hurts Small Business

Here is a fact: fake news is everywhere.  There is not a reputable news source out there distributing information with an objective, unbiased voice. It just does not exist anymore.

Where are the Cronkites, the Huntleys, the Brinkleys? In this frayed political climate, fake news seems to be at the very top of every discussion; it’s almost inescapable

Fake News Hurts Small Business




fake news

Las agencias de relaciones públicas y las fake news


Uno de los grandes problemas estructurales de las agencias de relaciones públicas es lo mal que comunica.  Ya se sabe, “En casa del herrero, cuchillo de palo”.  Esta reflexión viene a cuento por todo lo que se ha publicado sobre las “fake news” en los medios más importantes de todo el mundo y el sepulcral silencio que prácticamente todo el sector ha guardado en torno a este tema.

¿Por qué nos incumbe esta discusión?, se preguntarán algunos.  La respuesta es sencilla.  El sector lleva años sufriendo ataques contra su trabajo por sembrar sus propias “fake news” para sus clientes. Noticias que no lo son tanto que sirven para empujar la agenda temática de quienes pagan nuestras facturas. En este sentido, resultaría sano que esta experiencia del sector de las agencias de relaciones públicas sirviera para matizar las discusiones de políticos y periodistas sobre un tema que, desde mi particular punto de vista, se ha exagerado interesadamente.

Una vuelta a la “olvidada” Guerra Fría

Para los más viejos del lugar, quienes crecimos con la imagen de que los soviéticos eran los malos en las películas de Hollywood, ver cómo se ataca ahora a los rusos nos parece un deja vu que pensábamos que no volveríamos a ver.  Sin embargo, ahí están nuevamente las acusaciones en contra de las fábricas de trolls y de “fake news” provenientes desde Rusia, Corea del Norte e incluso Venezuela.

Esto se ha convertido en un tema muy serio, que incluso se ha discutido con profundidad en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos con la presencia de directivos de Google, Facebook, entre otras empresas de internet.  De forma paralela, la Unión Europea quiere detener las “fake news” con estrategias de contrapropaganda y la Comisión Europea ha abierto una consulta pública sobre noticias falsas y desinformación en línea.

Haciendo poderosos a los rusos

Un amigo ruso que también está en el ámbito de las agencias de relaciones públicas me dijo divertido que se “siente poderoso” al saber que un puñado de sus compatriotas son capaces de influir decisivamente en las elecciones de países tan importantes como Estados Unidos, Reino Unido o España.  “Lo que no saben es que esto hace más poderoso a Putin a los ojos del mundo y de los propios rusos”, me indicó recientemente.

Valoraciones políticas aparte, lo que es verdad es que no me parece haber escuchado por parte de ningún representante relevante del sector de las agencias de relaciones públicas ninguna matización sobre el debate abierto de las “fake news”.

Desde este espacio ofrezco algunas reflexiones que me parece conveniente discutir sobre este fenómeno de propaganda:

  • Según el Washington Post, se detectaron 4.700 USD de inversión en Youtube y más de 100.000 USD en Facebook de grupos y/o personas del ámbito ruso.  Si consideramos que una empresa como EA invirtió 2,75 millones USD para promover uno de sus juegos, el dinero invertido supuestamente por Rusia se antoja poco relevante.
  • En este mismo medio se indicaba que los contenidos generados supuestamente por los rusos habían impactado a 126 millones de estadounidenses (un 38% de la población).  Lo que no se explica es la número de veces que han visto estos contenidos.  Es dudoso que si sólo se han visto una o hasta dos veces un contenido determinado esto haya podido persuadirlos hasta hacerlos cambiar sus preferencias políticas.  Otra cosa es que se hubiera impactado a un número relativamente pequeño de ciudadanos que normalmente no votan y que éstos hubieran visto cientos o miles de veces los contenidos que finalmente les habrían hecho cambiar de opinión.  Sin embargo, para esto se hubieran necesitado auténticos expertos que tuvieran un conocimiento profundo no sólo de Facebook y Google, sino del sistema electoral norteamericano, algo que no se antoja asequible fácilmente para un grupo de generadores de contenidos y estrategias digitales rusos.  
  • Según el Post, se detectaron 43 horas de contenido supuestamente generado por los rusos, cuando cada minuto se suben 300 horas de vídeo cada minuto.
  • En el mismo artículo se indicaba que había hasta 470 cuentas y páginas involucradas en difundir propaganda rusa, y que se habían gastado 100.000 usd en 3.000 anuncios.  Lo que implica que cada anuncio recibió 3 usd de inversión en promedio.  Por experiencia, con esa inversión no se puede impactar a audiencia de millones de usuarios ubicados en EEUU como indican algunos congresistas y senadores norteamericanos.  De hecho, hay servicios que ofrecen de manera puntual o continuada el servicio de miles de cuentas generadas para retuitear, dar Me gusta o realizar visionados de videos en sitios como Seoclerks, Fiverr, Growviews, entre muchas otras.
  • Ante las acusaciones de que Facebook se habría convertido en una plataforma de manipulación política, su creador Mark Zuckerberg dijo que era “una idea bastante alocada”, aunque luego tuviera que retractarse y pedir perdón. 

Desde un punto de vista experto, las acusaciones en contra del gobierno ruso y de sus adláteres digitales suenan exageradas.  Otra cosa es que estas denuncias funcionen muy bien para según qué fines políticos.

Es muy importante recalcar que no se trata de hackers, sino que la acusación de generar y difundir “fake news” es contra creadores de contenidos y estrategas digitales.  De los primeros no nos ocupamos ahora, sino de aquellos con los que los profesionales que trabajamos en una agencia de relaciones públicas y marketing tenemos algo en común.

Es difícil ir en contra de los gobiernos occidentales más poderosos, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que muchos de éstos son o pueden ser clientes, pero el sector de las agencias de relaciones públicas debería promover una discusión seria en torno a las “fake news” e indicar cuando hay acusaciones que, desde un punto de vista estrictamente profesional, difícilmente se sostienen.  No sólo nos debemos a nuestros clientes, sino también a la sociedad y si somos expertos en algo deberíamos de hacer escuchar nuestra voz.




fake news

Not Fake News, Good News, but Does the Bible Tell You So?

As the following game show reveals, some of your favorite Bible verses might not be in the Bible!




fake news

Information Re-Sharing on Social Network Sites in the Age of Fake News

Aim/Purpose: In the light of the recent attention to the role of social media in the dissemination of fake news, it is important to understand the relationship between the characteristics of the social media content and re-sharing behavior. This study seeks to examine individual level antecedents of information re-sharing behavior including individual beliefs about the quality of information available on social network sites (SNSs), attitude towards SNS use and risk perceptions and attitudes. Methodology: Testing the research model by data collected through surveys that were adminis-tered to test the research model. Data was collected from undergraduate students in a public university in the US. Contribution: This study contributes to theory in Information Systems by addressing the issue of information quality in the context of information re-sharing on social media. This study has important practical implications for SNS users and providers alike. Ensuring that information available on SNS is of high quality is critical to maintaining a healthy user base. Findings: Results indicate that attitude toward using SNSs and intention to re-share infor-mation on SNSs is influenced by perceived information quality (enjoyment, rele-vance, and reliability). Also, risk-taking propensity and enjoyment influence the intention to re-share information on SNSs in a positive direction. Future Research: In the dynamic context of SNSs, the role played by quality of information is changing. Understanding changes in quality of information by conducting longitudinal studies and experiments and including the role of habits is necessary.




fake news

Fake News and Informing Science

The present paper identifies a variety of conceptual schemes that have emerged within informing science and consider how they might be applied to fake news. The paper begins with a brief overview of fake news. This is followed presentations of various models identified in a two-volume survey of informing science. The models presented include those dealing with extrinsic (i.e., environmental) complexity, informing transitions, and individual resonance. The potential implications for informing science research into fake news are discussed and questions that may warrant future research are raised. The paper then concludes by describing what current informing science may already be telling us about fake news, its spread and its influence. Through its analysis of the fake news and informing science literature, a number of questions are identified where informing science can possibly contribute to our understanding of fake news. These include: • Does fake news need to disinform its clients if it is to be effective? • Why are certain groups of individuals particularly credible when it comes to communicating fake news? • Under what circumstances will the emotional and social motivations to accept fake news exceed our concern for its truth? • How does the nature of the fake news content and objectives impact the disinformer’s choice of channel? • What are the circumstances under which radically transitional fake news might have an impact?




fake news

Building an Informing Science Model in Light of Fake News

Aim/Purpose: Many disciplines have addressed the issue of “fake news.” This topic is of central concern to the transdiscipline of Informing Science, which endeavors to understand all issues related to informing. This paper endeavors to build a model to address not only fake news but all informing and misin-forming. To do this, it explores how errors get into informing systems, the issue of bias, and the models previously created to explore the complexity of informing. That is, this paper examines models and frameworks proposed to explore informing in the presence of bias, misinformation, disinformation, and fake news from the perspective of Informing Science. It concludes by intro-ducing a more nuanced model that considers some of the topics explored in the paper Methodology: The issue of informing and disinforming crosses many disciplinary perspectives. Each discipline puts on blinders that limit what it can contribute to its understanding of research topics. It is like trying to study a forest by seeing only the trees and not the animals or the animals but not the trees. Research perspectives that cross disciplinary boundaries are needed to more fully understand complex phenomena. This paper lays out some fundamental cross-disciplinary issues including how errors find their way into informing systems, the issue of bias, and the frameworks used to model this phenomenon. Contribution: The paper introduces the competition framework for understanding informing and misinforming. This framework addresses many of the limitation of prior frameworks. Future Research: The concluding framework offers insights into understanding informing and disinforming. But this framework offers no insights into other forms of informing that are less well explored, such as song, dance, physical art, and architecture. Likewise, this framework does nothing to help the un-derstanding of informing via fideism or psychedelic revelation.




fake news

Introduction to Series: Informing Science Perspectives on Fake News

Aim/Purpose: This series of papers on Fake News: Bias, Misinformation, and Disinformation examines fake news from an Informing Science perspective. As such, the papers in this special series make novel con-tributions to the field by viewing the issues through the transdisciplinary lens of informing science. This series makes no claim to summarize or review all that has been written on this topic. Rather it provides a glimpse into this immense literature from the perspective of informing science. Background: It is one small step on the 20+ year quest by the editor to explore better ways to inform from an approach that transcends academic disciplines (Cohen, 1998, 1999) and a 20 year quest to under-stand the issues of how we become misinformed and disinformed (Cohen, 2000). The series pro-vided here gains thrust for two reasons. One reason is that the study has become more popular with academicians due to the blathering of politicians and the attacks by national powers on de-mocracy. The second reason is more mundane; without the deadline that the end-of-year affords, the papers would become richer, fuller, and more detailed. Recommendation for Researchers: Taken together, the results brought forth across these papers is truly scary. Due to their biases, when presented with information, people can and do generate their own misinformation. People tend to communicate such misinformation that they self-generated with others in groups sharing their beliefs, strengthening the misinformation by some and silencing those do not share these thoughts. This process creates divisions in society. How can humanity seek wise decisions when we cannot agree even upon the facts. We see the results of this syndrome in Operation SIG and cur-rent divisions within politics in the West.




fake news

Fake News Debunker for Chrome 0.83

Fake News Debunker for Chrome is a Social Media tool that verifies videos and images for anyone who wants to be more efficient in fact-checking and debunking things on social networks. [License: Freeware | Requires: 11|10|8|7|Linux|macOS | Size: 4 MB ]




fake news

On Day of Election New Book Reveals the Carnage of the First Fake News Broadcast

The long hidden story of the carnage firom the War of the Worlds Broadcast on the night of October 30 1938 is revealed in new book 'Dead Air The Night Orson Welles Terrifed America'




fake news

Work Comp Matters - Free Weekly Podcast - Episode 45: Fake News

"Work Comp Matters" - the central location for all your workers' compensation, employment and labor law matters. Steve Appell hosts this weekly podcast from sunny southern California - presenting some…




fake news

The history of fake news

Fake news is everywhere, but what is it and how can you spot it? Watch our video and read useful tips on how you can spot fake news quickly!




fake news

Quiz: Can you spot the fake news stories from the US election?

Find out which viral news stories from the US election are real or fake with this quiz.




fake news

Azerbaijani president & UN climate summit host calls oil a ‘gift of God’ in COP29 speech – ‘The people need them’ – Slams Western ‘fake news media’

Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, has accused Western "fake news media" and environmental organizations of a slander campaign against his country, in his address to fellow leaders...Aliyev repeated his controversial quote that Azerbaijan's oil and gas reserves are a "gift of the God [sic]." "Countries should not be blamed for having them and should not be blamed for bringing these resources to the market because the market needs them, the people need them," he said. Oil and gas are natural resources, just like gold, copper, wind or the sun. "To accuse us that we have oil is the same like [sic] to accuse us that we have more than 250 sunny days a year in Baku," he said.




fake news

How close are we to an accurate AI fake news detector?


In the ambitious pursuit to tackle the harms from false content on social media and news websites, data scientists are getting creative. While still in their training wheels, the large language models (LLMs) used to create chatbots like ChatGPT are being recruited to spot fake news. With better detection, AI fake news checking systems may be able to warn of, and ultimately counteract, serious harms from deepfakes, propaganda, conspiracy theories and misinformation. The next level AI tools will personalise detection of false content as well as protecting us against it. For this ultimate leap into user-centered AI, data science needs…

This story continues at The Next Web





fake news

Fake News MSNBC, CNN Ratings Collapse after Trump’s Massive Win

Two of the worst fake news purveyors, MSNBC and CNN, both suffered ratings bloodbaths since Donald Trump won his historic victory last week. And it couldn’t happen to any more serving networks. Let’s take the extremist, left-wing MSNBC. Take a look at this delicious drop in ratings: Major Nielsen ratings plunge at MSNBC since Trump […]

The post Fake News MSNBC, CNN Ratings Collapse after Trump’s Massive Win appeared first on The Lid.




fake news

Imagine a World Without Fake News

Imagine a World Without Fake News Explainer Video NCapeling 25 February 2021

Harriet Moynihan and Mathieu Boulegue explain how we can avoid drowning in an ocean of fake news and information manipulation.

The flow of fake news is vast and unlikely to go away. What’s more, imagining a world where fake news is eradicated completely has implications for freedom of expression.

But what if, instead of wishing fake news away, we can adapt and become immune to it? 

Chatham House is built on big ideas. Help us imagine a better world.

Our researchers develop positive solutions to global challenges, working with governments, charities, businesses and society to build a better future.

SNF CoLab is our project supported by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) to share our ideas in experimental, collaborative ways – and to learn about designing a better future, overcoming challenges such as fake news, COVID-19, food security, and conflict.




fake news

The Real Reason Fake News Travels Faster Than The Truth

“Nothing travels faster than the speed of light, with the possible exception of bad news, which obeys its own special laws.” ― Douglas Adams, Mostly Harmless




fake news

How the Titanic Sinking Became Fake News

Hours after the Titanic sank, news organizations latched onto a telegraph message that seemed to say that the ship and all its passengers had been rescued. It would turn out to be a tragic case of fake news.




fake news

What To Do About 'Fake News'

What To Do About 'Fake News' What To Do About 'Fake News'
ferrard Fri, 07/20/2018 - 16:06

East-West Wire

Tagline
News, Commentary, and Analysis
East-West Wire

The East-West Wire is a news, commentary, and analysis service provided by the East-West Center in Honolulu. Any part or all of the Wire content may be used by media with attribution to the East-West Center or the person quoted. To receive East-West Center Wire media releases via email, subscribe here.

For links to all East-West Center media programs, fellowships and services, see www.eastwestcenter.org/journalists.

Explore

East-West Wire

Tagline
News, Commentary, and Analysis
East-West Wire

The East-West Wire is a news, commentary, and analysis service provided by the East-West Center in Honolulu. Any part or all of the Wire content may be used by media with attribution to the East-West Center or the person quoted. To receive East-West Center Wire media releases via email, subscribe here.

For links to all East-West Center media programs, fellowships and services, see www.eastwestcenter.org/journalists.

Explore




fake news

The Defense of Science in the Age of Fake News

Fake news didn’t just become a problem because of Trump, or the pandemic. It’s been around for a long while. The problem can’t begin to be solved unless the medical and scientific community accepts that it has an absolute responsibility to aggressively debunk fake news and defend and support scientific principles. Click here to read...

Click here to continue reading...




fake news

Politics of disinformation : the influence of fake news on the public sphere [Electronic book] / edited by Guillermo López-García, Dolors Palau-Sampio, Bella Palomo, Eva Campos-Domínguez, Pere Masip, Ramon Llull.

Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021.




fake news

Electoral Competition with Fake News [electronic journal].

National Bureau of Economic Research




fake news

An IQ test fit for the age of fake news

Questions devised by the Office of American Innovation for use by the Trump team




fake news

Bitcoin: an investment mania for the fake news era

The cryptocurrency has attracted people who mistrust institutions — and those looking for a way to get rich quick




fake news

Vijay Deverakonda Likely To Take Legal Action Against Portals Who Posted Fake News About Him

A few days ago, Vijay Deverakonda expressed his anger against websites publishing fake news about him. For those who are unversed, in a recent video, angry Vijay revealed that some websites spread fake news against his charitable trust, which gained all




fake news

Curbing fake news: WhatsApp sets limit to forwarded messages

The Facebook-owned company explained that its previous exercise of limiting a forwarded message to five chats led to a 25% reduction in message forwards globally at the time.




fake news

New AI tools spread fake news in politics and business

Growth of artificial intelligence software is driving ‘democratisation of propaganda’




fake news

Vijay Deverakonda Likely To Take Legal Action Against Portals Who Posted Fake News About Him

A few days ago, Vijay Deverakonda expressed his anger against websites publishing fake news about him. For those who are unversed, in a recent video, angry Vijay revealed that some websites spread fake news against his charitable trust, which gained all




fake news

Punjab Police give lyrical push to its campaign against fake news amid coronavirus pandemic




fake news

Fake news travels faster than corona in Punjab!




fake news

Episode 960 Scott Adams: Fake News, Bad Math, Bad Mind-Reading, Bad Behavior in the News

My new book LOSERTHINK, available now on Amazon https://tinyurl.com/rqmjc2a Content: Is the record unambiguous…it was a coup attempt? Mind-readers confirm, Schiff is panicked Tim Graham’s visual writing style Ahmaud Arbery shooting The Plandemic video If you would like to enjoy this same content plus bonus content from Scott Adams, including micro-lessons on lots of useful […]

The post Episode 960 Scott Adams: Fake News, Bad Math, Bad Mind-Reading, Bad Behavior in the News appeared first on Scott Adams' Blog.




fake news

Social media to join hands to fight fake news, hate speech

The proposed alliance — to be named the Information Trust Alliance (ITA) — will be a grouping of digital platforms and publishers, fact checkers, civil society and academia that will aim to control the spread of harmful content, including fake news and hate speech. So far, discussions have taken place among Facebook, Google, Twitter, Byte-Dance, ShareChat and YY Inc.




fake news

Indian government asks social media firms to curb Covid-19 fake news

The government asked social media platforms to start awareness campaigns, remove misinformation from the platform and promote authentic information




fake news

Fake news pandemic surges on Facebook, Twitter

In novel coronavirus times, there is so much fake news going around and according to new research, there's a price to pay when you get your news and political information from the same place you find funny memes and cat pictures.




fake news

New exhibition in Finchley to examine the role of fake news in our lives

A NEW exhibition will explore the role of fake news in our lives.




fake news

Why fake news is a problem (and who's doing something about it)

Some say that news articles from questionable sites shared on social media swayed the election, so these students took the challenge on.




fake news

People over 65 share 7 times as much fake news as young people

Older people tend to be more conservative, and tend to hit the share button a lot more often.




fake news

Great Tibet Tour Clarify Fake News About Everest

Tourists are stopped from visiting Everest Base Camp? Not true. You can go to the new Everest Base Camp.




fake news

Credulous Users and Fake News: a Real Case Study on the Propagation in Twitter. (arXiv:2005.03550v1 [cs.SI])

Recent studies have confirmed a growing trend, especially among youngsters, of using Online Social Media as favourite information platform at the expense of traditional mass media. Indeed, they can easily reach a wide audience at a high speed; but exactly because of this they are the preferred medium for influencing public opinion via so-called fake news. Moreover, there is a general agreement that the main vehicle of fakes news are malicious software robots (bots) that automatically interact with human users. In previous work we have considered the problem of tagging human users in Online Social Networks as credulous users. Specifically, we have considered credulous those users with relatively high number of bot friends when compared to total number of their social friends. We consider this group of users worth of attention because they might have a higher exposure to malicious activities and they may contribute to the spreading of fake information by sharing dubious content. In this work, starting from a dataset of fake news, we investigate the behaviour and the degree of involvement of credulous users in fake news diffusion. The study aims to: (i) fight fake news by considering the content diffused by credulous users; (ii) highlight the relationship between credulous users and fake news spreading; (iii) target fake news detection by focusing on the analysis of specific accounts more exposed to malicious activities of bots. Our first results demonstrate a strong involvement of credulous users in fake news diffusion. This findings are calling for tools that, by performing data streaming on credulous' users actions, enables us to perform targeted fact-checking.




fake news

Pizzagate: A slice of fake news

On this episode of Reveal, we look at #Pizzagate. This story takes us into the world of right-wing Twitter trolls, pro-Trump political operatives and fake-news profiteers from St. Louis to Macedonia. Reveal unravels how this conspiracy theory spread and tries to answer one big question: How did America become a post-truth country?

To explore more reporting, visit revealnews.org or find us on fb.com/ThisIsReveal, Twitter @reveal or Instagram @revealnews.




fake news

Pizzagate: A Slice of Fake News (Rebroadcast)

A journey into the world of right-wing Twitter trolls, pro-Trump political operatives and fake-news profiteers from St. Louis to Macedonia, to answer one big question: How did America become a post-truth country?

Don’t miss out on the next big story. Get the Weekly Reveal newsletter today.




fake news

How Facebook Continues to Spread Fake News

One of the big stories of the 2016 Presidential campaign was the role Facebook played in spreading false and misleading information, from Russia and from inside the United States, about candidates. The company has made some changes, but it is still under attack from the press, activists, users, and Congress for its failure to curb the proliferation of “fake news” on its platform. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s co-founder and chief executive, announced this fall that Facebook will not fact-check political advertisements or other statements made by politicians on the platform. Evan Osnos joins Dorothy Wickenden to discuss social media’s power to shape politics and the likely effects on the 2020 Presidential campaign.




fake news

Italian News Agency ANSA Using Blockchain To Fight Fake News

Italian news agency ANSA is using blockchain technology to fight fake news by enabling readers to check the source of the news with its new ANSAcheck news tracking system developed in collaboration with Ernst & Young (EY). Through the EY blockchain HUB in the EY Mediterranean Region, EY has developed a solution which is based on EY OpsChain Traceability technology.




fake news

Fake news isn't new: Modern disinformation uses centuries-old techniques, author says

Author Heidi Tworek says we can learn from media manipulation's long history to understand how disinformation functions now.




fake news

Police Mannequins, Fake News, Jingle Kings

We check back in with the Yarmouth police chief who is transitioning his force from humans to mannequins, we discuss the impact of fake news on Canada, we speak with our head writer Mike Balazo, and we pay a visit to Canada’s greatest jingle writers.



  • Radio/This is That

fake news

Tech Head: YouTube take the fight to fake news

YouTube are stepping up their fight against fake news by introducing an all new fact checking feature.




fake news

Transport company offers up 'fake news' to help SA Government's rail privatisation push

A transport company seeking lucrative contracts to run Adelaide's public transport networks has shared fake quotes of former Labor ministers in an apparent bid to assist the South Australian Liberal Government press its case for rail privatisation.




fake news

Coronavírus: os sete tipos de pessoas que inventam e disseminam fake news

Investigamos centenas de histórias enganosas durante a pandemia. Isso nos deu uma ideia sobre quem está por trás da desinformação - e o que os motiva. Aqui estão sete tipos de pessoas que iniciam e espalham falsidades.