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Cyanobacterial in vivo solar hydrogen production using a photosystem I–hydrogenase (PsaD-HoxYH) fusion complex




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Clinical and radiographic evaluation of indirect pulp treatment of young permanent molars using photo-activated oral disinfection versus calcium hydroxide: a randomized controlled pilot trial




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The rise of integrated quantum photonics




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Nature Photonics




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Probing nanoscale fluctuation of ferromagnetic meta-atoms with a stochastic photonic spin Hall effect




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SHMT inhibition is effective and synergizes with methotrexate in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia




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Russian Plane Draws Shots from South Korea in First Air Patrol with China: Belfer Experts Weigh In

South Korean fighter jets fired over 300 warning shots at a Russian Air Force A-50 Mainstay Airborne Early Warning aircraft on July 23 after the Russian plane twice violated South Korea’s airspace above the East Sea, according to South Korean authorities cited by The Aviationist. Earlier that day, Russian and Chinese bombers had conducted their first long-range joint air patrol in the Asia-Pacific. Russia’s Defense Ministry said there had been “no violations of airspaces of foreign countries” in its joint patrol with China, according to the New York Times, and Russian diplomats in Seoul reportedly complained of inaccuracies in the official comments from South Korea.

Russia Matters asked some members of the Belfer Center’s Russia team for their take on the developments.




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The geography of poverty hotspots

Since at least Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations in 1776, economists have asked why certain places grow, prosper, and achieve a higher standard of living compared to other places. Ever since growth started to accelerate following the industrial revolution, it has been characterized by, above all, unevenness across places within countries. Appalachia, the Italian “Mezzogiorno,”…

       




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CVE’s relevance and challenges: Central Asia as surprising snapshot

       




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The unreal dichotomy in COVID-19 mortality between high-income and developing countries

Here’s a striking statistic: Low-income and lower-middle income countries (LICs and LMICs) account for almost half of the global population but they make up only 2 percent of the global death toll attributed to COVID-19. We think this difference is unreal. Views about the severity of the pandemic have evolved a lot since its outbreak…

       




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The unreal dichotomy in COVID-19 mortality between high-income and developing countries

Here’s a striking statistic: Low-income and lower-middle income countries (LICs and LMICs) account for almost half of the global population but they make up only 2 percent of the global death toll attributed to COVID-19. We think this difference is unreal. Views about the severity of the pandemic have evolved a lot since its outbreak…

       




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The unreal dichotomy in COVID-19 mortality between high-income and developing countries

Here’s a striking statistic: Low-income and lower-middle income countries (LICs and LMICs) account for almost half of the global population but they make up only 2 percent of the global death toll attributed to COVID-19. We think this difference is unreal. Views about the severity of the pandemic have evolved a lot since its outbreak…

       




hot

The geography of poverty hotspots

Since at least Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations in 1776, economists have asked why certain places grow, prosper, and achieve a higher standard of living compared to other places. Ever since growth started to accelerate following the industrial revolution, it has been characterized by, above all, unevenness across places within countries. Appalachia, the Italian “Mezzogiorno,”…

       




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Paid leave will be a hot issue in the 2016 campaign


The U.S. is the only advanced country without a paid leave policy, enabling workers to take time off to care for a new baby or other family member. At least two Presidential candidates, Hillary Clinton and Marco Rubio, have been talking about it, making it likely that it will get attention in 2016.

The idea has broad appeal now that most two-parent families and almost all one-parent families struggle with balancing work and family. Polls show that it is favored by 81 percent of the public—94 percent of Democrats, 80 percent of Independents and 65 percent of Republicans. Three states, California, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, have each enacted policies that could become models for other states or for the nation.

Paid leave promotes inclusive growth

Overall, paid leave is good for workers, good for children, and possibly even good for employers because of its role in helping to retain workers. It is also a policy that encourages inclusive growth. Studies of European systems suggest that paid leave increases female labor force participation and that the lack of it in the U.S. may be one reason for the decline in female labor force participation since 2000 and the growing female participation gap between the U.S. and other countries, adversely affecting our absolute and relative growth. The policy would make growth more inclusive because it would disproportionately benefit lower-wage workers.

The devil is in the design

The major issues in designing a paid leave policy are:

  1. Eligibility, and especially the extent of work experience required to qualify (often a year);
  2. the amount of leave allowed (Clinton suggests three months; Rubio four weeks);
  3. the wage replacement rate (often two-thirds of regular wages up to a cap), and
  4. financing.

Legislation proposed by Rep. Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) and Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) calls for a 0.2 percent payroll tax on employers and employees. Most states have made paid leave a part of their temporary disability systems. Senator Rubio proposes to finance it through a new tax credit for employers. 

Getting it right on eligibility, length of leave, and size of benefit

My own view is that a significant period of work experience should be required for eligibility to encourage stable employment before the birth of a child. This would not only encourage work but also insure that the subsidy was an earned benefit and not welfare by another name (but see below on financing).   

Leave periods need to be long enough to enable parents to bond with a child during the child’s first year of life but not so long that they lead to skill depreciation and to parents dropping out of the labor force. Three months seems like a good first step although it is far less generous than what many European countries provide (an average of 14 months across the OECD). That said, the Europeans may have gone too far. While there is little evidence that a leave as long as 6 months would have adverse effects on employment, when Canada extended their leave from six months to a year, the proportion of women returning to work declined.

A replacement rate of two-thirds up to a cap also seems reasonable although a higher replacement rate is one way to encourage more parents to take the leave. Among other things, more generous policies would have positive effects on the health and well-being of children. They might also encourage more fathers to take leave.  

How to pay for it

On financing, social insurance is the appropriate way to share the putative burden between employers and employees and avoid the stigma and unpopularity of social welfare. It would, in essence, change the default for employees (who are otherwise unlikely to save for purposes of taking leave). Some may worry that imposing any new costs on employers will lead to fewer employment opportunities. However, many economists believe that the employer portion of the tax is largely borne by workers in the form of lower wages. Moreover, in a study of 253 employers in California, over 90 percent reported either positive or no negative effects on profitability, turnover, and employee morale. Reductions in turnover, in particular, are noteworthy since turnover is a major expense for most employers. 

Will paid leave cause discrimination against women?

Another worry is discrimination against women. Here there is some cause for concern unless efforts are made to insure that leave is equally available to, and also used by, both men and women. This concern has led some countries to establish a use-it-or-lose-it set aside for fathers. In the province of Quebec, the proportion of fathers taking leave after implementation of such a policy increased from 21 to 75 percent and even after the leave period was over, men continued to share more equally in the care of their children.

Will Congress enact a national paid leave policy in the next few years? That’s doubtful in our current political environment but states may continue to take the lead. In the meantime, it can’t hurt if the major candidates are talking about the issue on the campaign trail.       

     
 
 




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Photo: Sunrise turns Grand Tetons electric

Our stunning photo of the day does Wyoming proud.




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Victorian photos of frozen Niagara Falls

Humans have been marveling over this wintry spectacle since long before Instagram.




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Yak wool is the new hot trend in base layers

Made from wool that yaks shed naturally each spring, these base layers are even warmer than merino.




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Winter 'wild swimming' is a hot new trend

Swimmers plunge into frigid lakes and rivers year-round, just for the thrill of it.




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Photo: Red fox shows its true colors

Our photo of the day comes from the vibrant hills of California.




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Photo: White-tailed jackrabbit is a noble being

Our beautiful photo of the day comes from snowy Calgary, Canada.




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Photo: American pika delivers a spring bouquet

Our photo of the day comes from Kananaskis, Canada.




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Photo: Humpback whale feeding with the sheerwaters

Our photo of the day comes from California's Central Coast.




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From Wildlife Photography to Conservation Projects and Beyond, a Look at 2012 According to Jaymi

Looking back on this year, so much happened! I wanted to take a moment to go look back on the articles I had the most fun writing, the issues I had the most fun covering, and the adventures I had the most fun experiencing. Enjoy this look back!




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Gorgeous New Tree House Hotel in Thailand Offers a Green Retreat from Bustling Bangkok

Just a 30-minute ride on public transportation outside the Thai capital, travelers will find a cluster of jungle tree houses where they can breath clean air, explore a lush landscape, and sleep under the stars.




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Photo: Thailand hideaway sparks severe escape fantasy

Our photo of the day comes from beautiful Erawan National Park in Western Thailand.




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Could Cities Benefit from Small-Scale, Local "Urban Acupuncture" Projects Like This? (Photos)

Woven from bamboo, this inviting structure transforms an empty lot in busy Taipei into a haven where neighborhood residents can relax and gather over a fire.




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The hot poop on Taiwan's toilet trauma

Taiwan has the runs on toilet paper as prices rise.




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Are "Green" energy and water savings programs in hotels really about the environment?

Are they good for everyone or just about making money and getting rid of workers?




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A flatpack pot: hot or not?

It does take up a lot less space, but there are issues.




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Photo: Grand Canyon's Havasu Falls are a picture of paradise

Our photo of the day comes from the 15th oldest U.S. national park.




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New Research Shows Baltimore Heatwave Was Worsened by DC's Hot Air

In July of 2007, the East Coast was slammed by a record-setting heat wave. From New York City to Washington, DC, temperatures averaged above 90 degrees Fahrenheit, causing more than 40 deaths.




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Designer's "Roadkill Couture" Is All About Zero-Waste, Sustainable Fur (Photos)

One British designer's fashionable collection of hats, coats and jewelry is made using all parts of animals that have died naturally or accidentally on the road.




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Artist uses the beach as canvas for his ephemeral sand art (Photos)

Andres Amador etches large intricate and organic patterns on beaches along the coast of California, with a rake as his paintbrush.




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Photo: It's blossoms and brutalism time

Who could possibly complain about brutalist architecture especially when it's framed with flowers




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Turkish Fisherman Shot in Head as Fight Against Unsustainable Fishing Gets Ugly in Istanbul

A fisherman who had criticized illegal fishing practices loses an eye in an armed attack as diminishing fish stocks and increased debts create a volatile atmosphere.




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Photographer Discovers Mysterious "Bearded" Antelope

Photo by Paolo Torchio Veteran wildlife photographer Paolo Torchio made a bizarre discovery while visiting Kenya's Masai Mara National Reserve: a mysterious "bearded" antelope. While one expert suggests the animal might only be suffering from




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'Charity: Water' Photo Gifts That Give Back

Ever since we took the kids to Florida, my wife has been saving photo memories in scrapbooks. Our two daughters like making the books, too, and I have to admit, looking at one of these handmade creations beats Flickr any




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Trees are the Winner in UK's Landscape Photography of the Year Prize

An isolated winter scene beats out the competition in the annual awards ceremony.




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Just a hen who thinks she hatched kittens (photos)

This adorably confused hen thinks she hatched a litter of kittens on a farm -- and proves hens and cats can co-exist.




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Photos of New York City Underwater from Hurricane Sandy Flooding

I'm hunkered down in Brooklyn waiting for Hurricane Sandy to pass. Curious about what is happening nearby, I'm looking for photos of the flooding. Here's what I've found so far.




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Bootleg oil refining photographed in Niger Delta

Samuel James captures must-see photos of bootleg oil refining taking place in Nigeria's Niger Delta.




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Why do people share food photos? [Slideshow]

Jared Keller's essay for Aeon Magazine on the significance of "food porn" photos that have become popular on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and other social media sites got me thinking about my Instagram food photos and why I shared them.




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Could photography and the "sharing economy" mindset disrupt trophy hunting?

The sharing economy is all about access instead of ownership. Can this mindset be expanded to help hunters rethink what they value when it comes to trophy hunting?




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Bicyclist takes photos on top of bashed cars and other fun places

Who doesn't love a picture of a bicyclist reading a book on top of a bashed up car?




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Photo: Take a walk through a mossy spruce forest

Our dreamy photo of the day comes from Bohuslän, Sweden.




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This year's Ice Hotel is artier than ever

36 artists from 17 different countries have created 15 totally unique art suites out of ice




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Vintage photos: World War II ‘victory gardens’

Urban farming was way more than a fad in the 1940s.




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7 Hollywood Hotties and Their Hot Green Cars, Round 2 (Slideshow)

From crush-worthy Crash star Thandie Newton's celebrity-favorite Toyota Prius (pictured) to Paris Hilton's GMC Yukon Hybrid, these seven celebrity hotties are




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Eco Reminders; Wall Stickers with a Poetic Message Help You Get Rid of Bad Habits (Photos)

Stickers can be fun, but how eco-friendly is this new craze for decorating walls? We have found two brands that claim their vinyls to be eco-chic, and some even come with decorative eco-reminders; very clever! Hu2 in the UK has just




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Very Cool Bar in a Very Hot Climate Made out of Bamboo and Thatch

It looks more like a temple than a bar.