Most investment treaties do not expressly address joint interpretations and thus leave the issue to more general rules. This paper addresses the general legal framework applicable to joint agreements by treaty parties about the interpretation of treaties. It outlines key concepts and distinctions, and considers effects on third parties.

Foreign direct investment can play an important role in financing development, with multinational enterprises also providing employment, technology transfer and access to international markets. This chapter from the 2016 Development Co-operation report examines these trends, the main factors shaping them and their implications.

Some 16 years after joining the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, Argentina remains in serious non-compliance.

The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes (the Global Forum) published today the first 10 outcomes of a new and enhanced peer review process aimed at assessing compliance with international standards for the exchange of information on request between tax authorities.

Imports: Machinery Mechanical & Electrical Appliances in South Africa decreased to 18160.81 ZAR Million in March from 18707.38 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports: Machinery Mechanical & Electrical Applian in South Africa averaged 21974.09 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 28234.18 ZAR Million in October of 2015 and a record low of 17037.78 ZAR Million in February of 2017. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Machinery Mechanical & Electrical Appl.

Imports - Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (Cmlv) in South Africa increased to 58464.29 ZAR Million in March from 40305.11 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports - Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (Cmlv) in South Africa averaged 139524.15 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 281087.47 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 20988.93 ZAR Million in January of 2017. South Africa accounts for Imports of Machinery & Mechanical Appliances using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (cml.

This report concludes that actual application of bail-ins, involving bondholders in loss sharing, could effectively reign in perceptions of implicit guarantees for bank debt. However, bail-ins are rare owing to concerns about contagion risks and depositor and investor protection, so implicit guarantees persist.

The management of operational risk is at the heart of efficient government, but countries often fail to apply good or even routine operational risk management practices and have difficulty in understanding how to put the processes in place. This paper sets out a widely-applicable and relevant policy approach and management framework and illustrates its practical application in Turkey.

The value of implicit guarantees has declined from its peak at the height of the financial crisis, which is consistent with progress made regarding the bank regulatory reform agenda, as one would expect that many of the reform measures imply a more limited value of implicit guarantees for bank debt. Implicit guarantees persist however and their value continues to be significant.

This report describes the key findings from responses by 35 countries to a survey on implicit guarantees. Policy makers have announced their intention to rein in the values of implicit guarantees so it is important to measure their value to help facilitate the task of assessing progress in reducing their value.

Bank regulatory reform measures are expected to limit the value of implicit bank debt guarantees, even if not plainly targeting such values. These survey results, covering 35 countries, show that no single policy is considered capable of fully eliminating the market perception that bank debt is “special”. A mixture of different and complementary measures is seen to hold greater promise.

What are the economic effects of implicit bank debt guarantees and who ultimately benefits? This report sheds light on these questions

Behavioural insights have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of financial literacy and investor education initiatives. This IOSCO/OECD report explores the extent to which they are being used, reviews the available literature and presents various approaches for policy makers and practitioners to consider when seeking to change financial behaviour.

Public debt in the OECD area passed annual GDP in 2011 and is still rising. This paper was prepared for the Reserve Bank of India Second International Research Conference 2012: “Monetary Policy, Sovereign Debt and Financial Stability: The New Trilemma”, 1-2 February, 2012 in Mumbai, India

In several OECD countries, ongoing fiscal consolidation might have a negative impact on the static income distribution. However, this conclusion should be treated only as an approximate first step in the analysis.

Instead of resorting to trade measures such as export restrictions, Chile manages its minerals sector through a combination of balanced taxation, stable investment measures, good management of tax revenue, exchange rate policy and initiatives aimed at producing a multiplier effect of economy-wide development, according to this study.

Over the next 50 years, the world economic landscape will be shaped, among other things, by demographic developments, continuing trade and investment integration, a shift of gravity towards emerging economies, the rising role of knowledge-based capital, global environmental pressures and the correction of fiscal and current account imbalances.

This paper investigates whether OECD countries are facing secular stagnation. Secular stagnation is defined as a situation when policy interest rates bounded at zero fail to stimulate demand sufficiently, due to low or negative neutral real interest rates and low inflation, and when ensuing prolonged and subdued growth undermines potential growth via labour hysteresis and discouraged investment.

Beyond usual determinants of trade such as GDP, distance, contiguity, free trade areas and language, this analysis mainly focuses on the role of product market regulation stringency and heterogeneity, and on the role of employment protection.

What are the economic effects of implicit bank debt guarantees and who ultimately benefits? This report sheds light on these questions

Italy’s low employment rate is associated with adverse labour market dynamics characterised differently across different categories of people.

This paper provides a quantitative description of decoupling in OECD countries over the past two decades, with the results suggesting that it is explained by declines in both labour shares and the ratio of median to average wages (a partial measure of wage inequality).

This paper provides a quantitative description of decoupling in OECD countries over the past two decades, with the results suggesting that it is explained by declines in both labour shares and the ratio of median to average wages (a partial measure of wage inequality).

Financial globalisation has given international capital flows a central role in the functioning of the global economy and has therefore led to considerable economic research over the past 30 years.

La economía de Costa Rica es sólida y continúa convergiendo hacia los niveles de vida de los países miembros de la OCDE.

Stronger cross-border economic and financial integration implies that macroeconomic shocks in one country are increasingly likely to spill over into other economies.

Public debt in the OECD area passed annual GDP in 2011 and is still rising. This paper was prepared for the Reserve Bank of India Second International Research Conference 2012: “Monetary Policy, Sovereign Debt and Financial Stability: The New Trilemma”, 1-2 February, 2012 in Mumbai, India

The objective of this seminar was to facilitate the implementation of administrative simplification strategies in MENA countries and to deepen the knowledge about the use of ICT-tools and consultation processes with stakeholders.

This paper analyses the monetary and fiscal policy implications of output gap estimates in times of crisis. The widening of output gaps observed in major OECD economies in the wake of the recent crisis has been mainly due to total factor productivity gaps, except in the United States where it essentially resulted from a large increase in the unemployment gap.

In several OECD countries, ongoing fiscal consolidation might have a negative impact on the static income distribution. However, this conclusion should be treated only as an approximate first step in the analysis.

The Municipality of Hermosillo in Mexico shows a 12% progress in the implementation of OECD recommendations to simplify formalities to boost entrepreneurship and create employment.

With growing integration via trade and investment, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that have traditionally been oriented towards domestic markets increasingly compete with private firms in the global market place. This paper discusses the extent of state ownership in the global economy, the advantages and disadvantages that SOEs can face, and how potential SOE advantages can generate cross-border effects.

Mortgage Application in the United States increased by 0.10 percent in the week ending May 1 of 2020 over the previous week. Mortgage Applications in the United States averaged 0.57 percent from 2007 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 55.40 percent in March of 2020 and a record low of -38.80 percent in January of 2009. In the US, the MBA Weekly Mortgage Application Survey is a comprehensive overview of the nationwide mortgage market and covers all types of mortgage originators, including commercial banks, thrift institutions and mortgage banking companies. The entire market is represented by the Market Index which covers all mortgage applications during the week, whether for a purchase or to refinance. This page provides - United States MBA Mortgage Applications - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Exports of Kcs - Appliances in South Korea decreased to 423000 USD THO in April from 614000 USD THO in March of 2020. Exports of Kcs - Appliances in South Korea averaged 977808.14 USD THO from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1586000 USD THO in October of 2007 and a record low of 423000 USD THO in April of 2020. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Korea Exports of Kcs - Appliances.

Imports - Photographic Apparatus Equipment & Supplies in Singapore increased to 379.72 SGD Million in March from 365.65 SGD Million in February of 2020. Imports - Photographic Apparatus Equipment & Suppl in Singapore averaged 397.54 SGD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 631.35 SGD Million in November of 2015 and a record low of 323.92 SGD Million in January of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Singapore Imports of Photographic Apparatus Equipment & Sup.

Asylum Applications in Australia decreased to 1724 Persons in July from 1731 Persons in June of 2018. Asylum Applications in Australia averaged 977.72 Persons from 1999 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 5937 Persons in March of 2017 and a record low of 222 Persons in July of 2005. In Australia, asylum applications refer to persons whose application is pending at any stage in the asylum process. It is a monthly estimate based on annual figures. This page provides - Australia Asylum Applications- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Asylum Applications in Canada increased to 5187 Persons in April from 4133 Persons in March of 2018. Asylum Applications in Canada averaged 2342.94 Persons from 1999 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 8695 Persons in August of 2017 and a record low of 661 Persons in February of 2013. In Canada, asylum applications refer to persons whose application is pending at any stage in the asylum process. It is a monthly estimate based on annual figures. This page provides - Canada Asylum Applications- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Asylum Applications in New Zealand increased to 32 Persons in October from 22 Persons in September of 2018. Asylum Applications in New Zealand averaged 39.51 Persons from 2000 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 208 Persons in July of 2000 and a record low of 0 Persons in January of 2016. In New Zealand, asylum applications refer to persons whose application is pending at any stage in the asylum process. It is a monthly estimate based on annual figures. This page provides - New Zealand Asylum Applications- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Asylum Applications in South Korea decreased to 839 Persons in September from 1059 Persons in August of 2018. Asylum Applications in South Korea averaged 205.56 Persons from 1999 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2260 Persons in May of 2018 and a record low of 1 Persons in April of 1999. In South Korea, asylum applications refer to persons whose application is pending at any stage in the asylum process. It is a monthly estimate based on annual figures. This page provides - South Korea Asylum Applications- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Asylum Applications in Germany decreased to 8355 in December from 11160 in November of 2019. Asylum Applications in Germany averaged 14925.07 from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 92105 in August of 2016 and a record low of 1535 in March of 2008. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Belgium decreased to 2070 persons in November from 2480 persons in October of 2019. Asylum Applications in Belgium averaged 1577.73 persons from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 6360 persons in September of 2015 and a record low of 725 persons in April of 2008. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Bulgaria decreased to 95 persons in November from 215 persons in October of 2019. Asylum Applications in Bulgaria averaged 627.05 persons from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3530 persons in October of 2015 and a record low of 25 persons in May of 2011. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Spain decreased to 10490 persons in December from 13850 persons in November of 2019. Asylum Applications in Spain averaged 2072.71 persons from 2010 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 13850 persons in November of 2019 and a record low of 145 persons in April of 2012. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Norway decreased to 160 persons in December from 200 persons in November of 2019. Asylum Applications in Norway averaged 844.34 persons from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 8570 persons in October of 2015 and a record low of 120 persons in May of 2019. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Netherlands decreased to 2075 persons in November from 2100 persons in October of 2019. Asylum Applications in Netherlands averaged 1495.66 persons from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 9965 persons in October of 2015 and a record low of 605 persons in May of 2012. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Hungary increased to 30 persons in November from 25 persons in October of 2019. Asylum Applications in Hungary averaged 3211.87 persons from 2013 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 46720 persons in August of 2015 and a record low of 25 persons in August of 2018. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Poland remained unchanged at 260 persons in November from 260 persons in September of 2019. Asylum Applications in Poland averaged 584.12 persons from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2855 persons in May of 2013 and a record low of 125 persons in January of 2011. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Slovenia decreased to 265 persons in November from 405 persons in October of 2019. Asylum Applications in Slovenia averaged 76.89 persons from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 405 persons in October of 2019 and a record low of 0 persons in October of 2009. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Sweden decreased to 1800 persons in November from 2455 persons in October of 2019. Asylum Applications in Sweden averaged 3617.83 persons from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 38535 persons in October of 2015 and a record low of 1250 persons in April of 2017. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies.

Asylum Applications in Iceland increased to 75 persons in November from 70 persons in October of 2019. Asylum Applications in Iceland averaged 70.27 persons from 2015 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 255 persons in November of 2016 and a record low of 5 persons in May of 2015. Asylum Application in this page refers to first time asylum applicants. Data is supplied to Trading Economics by the Eurostat, National Ministries of Interior and other official agencies. This page provides - Iceland Asylum Applications- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.