part Malema says Mpofu proposed disbanding EFF to merge with MK party By mg.co.za Published On :: Fri, 08 Nov 2024 17:00:00 +0000 During an in-house podcast interview, the Economic Freedom Fighters leader said he had been surprised by the suggestion Full Article Politics Dali Mpofu Economic Freedom Fighters Eff Controversy EFF Leadership Floyd Shivambu Jacob Zuma Julius Malema Left-Wing Coalition Mk Party Alliance Party Dissolution political defections South African Politics uMkhonto weSizwe party
part Madonna part ways with Akeem Morris over silly reason By www.thenews.com.pk Published On :: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 19:39:00 +0500 Madonna's close friend reveals she dated Tupac Shakur but never publicised about himPop singer, Madonna silently steps into her single era again, as she reportedly parted ways with her boyfriend, Akeem Morris.A close source revealed that the duo separated in the month of October and their bond had... Full Article
part Contract signed to demolish apartments under Ktizo housing plan By cyprus-mail.com Published On :: 2024-11-12T19:51:38+02:00 The town planning department on Tuesday signed a contract for the demolition of two apartment buildings in the government housing settlement of Platy in Aglandja, Nicosia, as part of the government’s Ktizo plan, which aims atimproving living conditions in refugee estates. According to a statement released by the interior ministry, the agreed cost for the […] Full Article Cyprus housing plan Ktizo town planning department
part Kombos in first-time meeting with Azeri counterpart By cyprus-mail.com Published On :: 2024-11-13T08:26:52+02:00 Foreign Minister Constantinos Kombos met his Azeri counterpart on the sidelines of COP29, the first such contact from the state. Kombos had a bilateral meeting with Azeri Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov, in Baku, Government Spokesman Konstantinos Letymbiotis posted on X. Letymbiotis said the two ministers had discussed issues of mutual interest in a frank exchange […] Full Article Cyprus Azerbaijan COP29 Foreign Minister Constantinos Kombos Jeyhun Bayramov
part ADB Launches Country Partnership Strategy for Bhutan for 2024-2028 By www.adb.org Published On :: 2024-09-18 ADB’s Country Partnership Strategy for Bhutan for 2024-2028 aims to enable inclusive, sustainable, resilient, and job-creating growth. Full Article
part People's Republic of China and Its Neighbors: Partners or Competitors for Trade and Investment? By www.adb.org Published On :: How has the recent dramatic growth of PRC's exports affected its neighbors? Have they lost export markets and seen foreign investment diverted to PRC? This paper surveys the empirical evidence on these important questions. Full Article Publications/Papers and Briefs
part Infrastructure Challenges in South Asia: The Role of Public-Private Partnerships By www.adb.org Published On :: South Asian private sector participation in infrastructure development is examined, and recommendations are made for future development. Full Article Publications/Papers and Briefs
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part The Kyrgyz Republic and ADB: 30 Years of Partnership (1994–2024) By www.adb.org Published On :: 2024-11-11 This brochure explores the 30-year partnership between the Asian Development Bank and the Kyrgyz Republic, sharing highlights from key sectors. Full Article
part 2940-PRC: Hubei Huangshi Urban Pollution Control and Environmental Management Project[LR-C01-1 Ci lake dredging part 1 Bid No.: 0703-1520CIC1J602] By www.adb.org Published On :: Full Article
part Loan No. 2542-BAN (SF): Participatory Small Scale Water Resources Sector Project [LGED/PSSW/PD/Ukhia/Cox/R-4/2013] By www.adb.org Published On :: Full Article
part Operationalizing the Bangladesh Climate Development Partnership By www.adb.org Published On :: 2024-11-03 The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has recently launched the Bangladesh Climate and Development Partnership to drive climate actions at scale and with urgency. The BCDP is an example of country-led climate platform established to scale up implementation of climate actions and is being recognized as an important modality by the global community to deliver climate actions at scale. Full Article
part Motor made from bacteria parts is one of the smallest ever built By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Thu, 17 Oct 2024 13:00:11 +0100 The natural motors that power tail-like appendages in bacteria seem to have a single evolutionary origin, allowing parts from different species to be combined to create a tiny new engine Full Article
part Quantum time travel: The experiment to 'send a particle into the past' By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Wed, 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0100 Time loops have long been the stuff of science fiction. Now, using the rules of quantum mechanics, we have a way to effectively transport a particle back in time – here’s how Full Article
part Particle physicists may have solved a strange mystery about the muon By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 12:00:20 +0100 A subatomic particle called the muon caused waves when its experimental behaviour didn't align with a prediction based on the standard model. A new calculation might resolve the discrepancy – but some particle physicists are sceptical Full Article
part We've seen particles that are massless only when moving one direction By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Fri, 01 Nov 2024 20:08:49 +0000 Inside a hunk of a material called a semimetal, scientists have uncovered signatures of bizarre particles that sometimes move like they have no mass, but at other times move just like a very massive particle Full Article
part Heat can flow backwards in a gas so thin its particles never touch By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Mon, 04 Nov 2024 21:45:20 +0000 A surprising reversal of our usual understanding of the second law of thermodynamics shows that it may be possible for heat to move in the “wrong” direction, flowing from a cold area to a warm one Full Article
part Part of the Atlantic is cooling at record speed and nobody knows why By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Mon, 19 Aug 2024 23:24:41 +0100 After over a year of record-high global sea temperatures, the equatorial Atlantic is cooling off more quickly than ever recorded, which could impact weather around the world Full Article
part We've seen particles that are massless only when moving one direction By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Fri, 01 Nov 2024 20:08:49 +0000 Inside a hunk of a material called a semimetal, scientists have uncovered signatures of bizarre particles that sometimes move like they have no mass, but at other times move just like a very massive particle Full Article
part Heat can flow backwards in a gas so thin its particles never touch By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Mon, 04 Nov 2024 21:45:20 +0000 A surprising reversal of our usual understanding of the second law of thermodynamics shows that it may be possible for heat to move in the “wrong” direction, flowing from a cold area to a warm one Full Article
part Spraying rice with sunscreen particles during heatwaves boosts growth By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Mon, 04 Nov 2024 22:15:29 +0000 Zinc nanoparticles, a common sunscreen ingredient, can make plants more resilient to climate change – in a surprising way Full Article
part Ukraine may have been first part of Europe colonised by early humans By www.newscientist.com Published On :: Wed, 06 Mar 2024 16:00:56 +0000 Korolevo, a site in Ukraine where early humans made stone tools, has been dated to 1.4 million years ago, suggesting early humans moved from Ukraine into the rest of Europe Full Article
part High Cholesterol May Be Particularly Bad for Middle-Aged Men By www.medicinenet.com Published On :: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 00:00:00 PDT Title: High Cholesterol May Be Particularly Bad for Middle-Aged MenCategory: Health NewsCreated: 8/27/2013 9:35:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 8/27/2013 12:00:00 AM Full Article
part What Parents Need to Know About Sports Participation By www.medicinenet.com Published On :: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 00:00:00 PDT Title: What Parents Need to Know About Sports ParticipationCategory: Health NewsCreated: 8/24/2014 9:35:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 8/25/2014 12:00:00 AM Full Article
part One Part of the Brain Doesn't Age, Study Suggests By www.medicinenet.com Published On :: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 00:00:00 PDT Title: One Part of the Brain Doesn't Age, Study SuggestsCategory: Health NewsCreated: 8/22/2014 4:36:00 PMLast Editorial Review: 8/25/2014 12:00:00 AM Full Article
part Is Compromise More Likely When Women Are Part of the Decision? By www.medicinenet.com Published On :: Mon, 29 Aug 2022 00:00:00 PDT Title: Is Compromise More Likely When Women Are Part of the Decision?Category: Health NewsCreated: 8/19/2016 12:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 8/22/2016 12:00:00 AM Full Article
part Family History of Mental Illness Ups Odds for Postpartum Depression By www.medicinenet.com Published On :: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 00:00:00 PDT Title: Family History of Mental Illness Ups Odds for Postpartum DepressionCategory: Health NewsCreated: 8/22/2022 12:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 8/23/2022 12:00:00 AM Full Article
part What Are the Main Parts of the Male Reproductive System? By www.medicinenet.com Published On :: Thu, 7 Jul 2022 00:00:00 PDT Title: What Are the Main Parts of the Male Reproductive System?Category: Diseases and ConditionsCreated: 7/7/2022 12:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 7/7/2022 12:00:00 AM Full Article
part Postpartum Depression Can Hit Both Mom & Dad, Sometimes at Same Time By www.medicinenet.com Published On :: Tue, 28 Jun 2022 00:00:00 PDT Title: Postpartum Depression Can Hit Both Mom & Dad, Sometimes at Same TimeCategory: Health NewsCreated: 6/27/2022 12:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 6/28/2022 12:00:00 AM Full Article
part Treating central sleep apnoea in heart failure: is positive airway pressure and adaptive servo-ventilation in particular the gold standard? By err.ersjournals.com Published On :: 2024-10-30T01:30:15-07:00 Extract We read with great interest the review article by Randerath et al. [1] recently published in the European Respiratory Review. We would like to congratulate the authors on this clearly structured review, which emphasises the urgent need for an increasingly differentiated view of central sleep apnoea (CSA) in the context of precision medicine. Full Article
part Impact of COVID-19 on Chronic Ambulatory-Care-Sensitive Condition Emergency Department Use Among Older Adults By www.jabfm.org Published On :: 2024-10-25T09:26:14-07:00 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic social distancing requirements encouraged patients to avoid public spaces including in-office health care visits. Ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions (ACSCs) represent conditions that can be managed with quality primary care and when access is limited, these conditions can lead to avoidable emergency department (ED) visits. Methods: Using national data on ED visits from 2019 to 2021 in the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey, we examined the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on ACSC ED visits among older adults (aged ≥65). Results: The proportion of ED visits among older adults that were for ACSCs increased between 2019 (17.4%) and 2021 (18.5%). The trend in both rural (26.4%–28.6%) and urban areas (15.4%–16.8%) shows a significant jump from 2019 to 2021 (P < .001). Conclusions: This rise in ACSC ED use is consistent with a delay in normal primary care during the pandemic. Full Article
part A Qualitative Analysis of a Primary Care Medical-Legal Partnership: Impact, Barriers, and Facilitators By www.jabfm.org Published On :: 2024-10-25T09:26:14-07:00 Background: Certain health-related risk factors require legal interventions. Medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) are collaborations between clinics and lawyers that address these health-harming legal needs (HHLNs) and have been shown to improve health and reduce utilization. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the impact, barriers, and facilitators of MLP implementation in primary care clinics. Methods: A qualitative design using a semistructured interview assessed the perceived impact, barriers, and facilitators of an MLP, among clinicians, clinic and MLP staff, and clinic patients. Open AI software (otter.ai) was used to transcribe interviews, and NVivo was used to code the data. Braun & Clarke’s framework was used to identify themes and subthemes. Results: Sixteen (n = 16) participants were included in this study. Most respondents were women (81%) and white (56%). Four respondents were clinic staff, and 4 were MLP staff while 8 were clinic patients. Several primary themes emerged including: Patients experienced legal issues that were pernicious, pervasive, and complex; through trusting relationships, the MLP was able to improve health and resolve legal issues, for some; mistrust, communication gaps, and inconsistent staffing limited the impact of the MLP; and, the MLP identified coordination and communication strategies to enhance trust and amplify its impact. Conclusion: HHLNs can have a significant, negative impact on the physical and mental health of patients. Respondents perceived that MLPs improved health and resolved these needs, for some. Despite perceived successes, integration between the clinical and legal organizations was elusive. Full Article
part Using Primary Health Care Electronic Medical Records to Predict Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Mortality: A Systematic Review By www.jabfm.org Published On :: 2024-10-25T09:26:14-07:00 Introduction: High-quality primary care can reduce avoidable emergency department visits and emergency hospitalizations. The availability of electronic medical record (EMR) data and capacities for data storage and processing have created opportunities for predictive analytics. This systematic review examines studies which predict emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and mortality using EMR data from primary care. Methods: Six databases (Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, EBM Reviews (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Methodology Register, Health Technology Assessment, NHS Economic Evaluation Database), Scopus, CINAHL) were searched to identify primary peer-reviewed studies in English from inception to February 5, 2020. The search was initially conducted on January 18, 2019, and updated on February 5, 2020. Results: A total of 9456 citations were double-reviewed, and 31 studies met the inclusion criteria. The predictive ability measured by C-statistics (ROC) of the best performing models from each study ranged from 0.57 to 0.95. Less than half of the included studies used artificial intelligence methods and only 7 (23%) were externally validated. Age, medical diagnoses, sex, medication use, and prior health service use were the most common predictor variables. Few studies discussed or examined the clinical utility of models. Conclusions: This review helps address critical gaps in the literature regarding the potential of primary care EMR data. Despite further work required to address bias and improve the quality and reporting of prediction models, the use of primary care EMR data for predictive analytics holds promise. Full Article
part Prevalence of Dental Caries and Utilization of Dental Services among WIC-participating Children: A scoping review By jdh.adha.org Published On :: 2024-10-15T09:18:41-07:00 Purpose Low-income children experience disproportionately high rates of dental caries and challenges in accessing dental care compared to their higher-income peers. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the prevalence of dental caries and dental service utilization among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) enrolled children.Methods The literature search and review were conducted between September 2023 and February 2024. The review followed the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines and included three databases: PubMed, CINAHL, and Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source. The study focused on children aged one to five participating in WIC within the United States (US) and aimed to determine the prevalence of dental service utilization and dental caries in the targeted population.Results This review includes twelve articles that are quantitative observational studies conducted from February 2001 to February 2023. Most of the studies were conducted in WIC programs in the Southern and Midwest regions of the US. Dental caries rates decreased by 61.8% from 2004 to 2016, with the highest prevalence in 2004, and the lowest prevalence in 2016. Dental service utilization among WIC children increased by 56.9% from 1992 to 2020.Conclusion There has been an increase in dental service utilization among WIC-enrolled children, with an overall decrease in dental caries over the last two decades. However, the prevalence of dental caries remains disproportionately high for children enrolled in WIC when compared to non-participants. To develop effective dental interventions for children enrolled in WIC, it is fundamental to identify the unique determinants of dental caries in this population. Full Article
part Identification and Root Cause Analysis of the Visible Particles Commonly Encountered in the Biopharmaceutical Industry By journal.pda.org Published On :: 2024-10-22T08:20:35-07:00 Visible particle is an important issue in the biopharmaceutical industry, and it may occur across all the stages in the life cycle of biologics. Upon the occurrence of visible particles, it is often necessary to conduct chemical identification and root cause analysis to safeguard the safety and efficacy of the biotherapeutic products. In this article, we present a number of typical particles and relevant root cause analysis in the categories of extrinsic, intrinsic, and inherent particles that are commonly encountered in the biopharma industry. In particular, the optical images of particles obtained both in situ and after isolation are provided, along with spectral and elemental information. The particle identification was carried out with multiple microscopic and microspectroscopic techniques, including stereo optical microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Both commercial and in-house spectral databases were used for comparison and identification. In addition to particle identification, we placed significant efforts on the root cause analysis of the addressed particles with the intention to provide a relatively whole picture of the particle-related issues and practical references to particle mitigation for our peers in the biopharmaceutical industry. Full Article
part Roles of the ABCG2 Transporter in Protoporphyrin IX Distribution and Toxicity [Special Section on New and Emerging Areas and Technologies in Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Part II-Minireview] By dmd.aspetjournals.org Published On :: 2024-10-16T09:02:03-07:00 ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is a membrane-bound transporter responsible for the efflux of various xenobiotics and endobiotics, including protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an intermediate in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Certain genetic mutations and chemicals impair the conversion of PPIX to heme and/or increase PPIX production, leading to PPIX accumulation and toxicity. In mice, deficiency of ABCG2 protects against PPIX-mediated phototoxicity and hepatotoxicity by modulating PPIX distribution. In addition, in vitro studies revealed that ABCG2 inhibition increases the efficacy of PPIX-based photodynamic therapy by retaining PPIX inside target cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of ABCG2 in modulating the tissue distribution of PPIX, PPIX-mediated toxicity, and PPIX-based photodynamic therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This review summarized the roles of ABCG2 in modulating PPIX distribution and highlighted the therapeutic potential of ABCG2 inhibitors for the management of PPIX-mediated toxicity. Full Article
part Assessing Trends in Cytokine-CYP Drug Interactions and Relevance to Drug Dosing [Special Section on New and Emerging Areas and Technologies in Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Part II-Minireview] By dmd.aspetjournals.org Published On :: 2024-10-16T09:02:03-07:00 The regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters by cytokines has been extensively studied in vitro and in clinic. Cytokine-mediated suppression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) or drug transporters may increase or decrease the systemic clearance of drug substrates that are primarily cleared via these pathways; neutralization of cytokines by therapeutic proteins may thereby alter systemic exposures of such drug substrates. The Food and Drug Administration recommends evaluating such clinical drug interactions during clinical development and has provided labeling recommendations for therapeutic proteins. To determine the clinical relevance of these drug interactions to dose adjustments, trends in steady-state exposures of CYP-sensitive substrates coadministered with cytokine modulators as reported in the University of Washington Drug Interaction Database were extracted and examined for each of the CYPs. Coadministration of cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A (CYP3A) (midazolam/simvastatin), cytochrome P450 subfamily 2C19 (omeprazole), or cytochrome P450 subfamily 1A2 (caffeine/tizanidine) substrates with anti-interleukin-6 and with anti-interleukin-23 therapeutics led to changes in systemic exposures of CYP substrates ranging from ~ –58% to ~35%; no significant trends were observed for cytochrome P450 subfamily 2D6 (dextromethorphan) and cytochrome P450 subfamily 2C9 (warfarin) substrates. Although none of these changes in systemic exposures have been reported as clinically meaningful, dose adjustment of midazolam for optimal sedation in acute care settings has been reported. Simulated concentration-time profiles of midazolam under conditions of elevated cytokine levels when coadministered with tocilizumab, suggest a ~six- to sevenfold increase in midazolam clearance, suggesting potential implications of cytokine–CYP drug interactions on dose adjustments of sensitive CYP3A substrates in acute care settings. Additionally, this article also provides a brief overview of nonclinical and clinical assessments of cytokine–CYP drug interactions in drug discovery and development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There has been significant progress in understanding cytokine-mediated drug interactions for CYP-sensitive substrates. This article provides an overview of the progress in this field, including a trend analysis of systemic exposures of CYP-sensitive substrates coadministered with anti-interleukin therapeutics. In addition, the review also provides a perspective of current methods used to assess these drug interactions during drug development and a focus on individualized medicine, particularly in acute care settings. Full Article
part Pharmacometabolomics in Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Precision Medicine [Special Section on New and Emerging Areas and Technologies in Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Part II-Minireview] By dmd.aspetjournals.org Published On :: 2024-10-16T09:02:03-07:00 The precision medicine initiative has driven a substantial change in the way scientists and health care practitioners think about diagnosing and treating disease. While it has long been recognized that drug response is determined by the intersection of genetic, environmental, and disease factors, improvements in technology have afforded precision medicine guided dosing of drugs to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity. Pharmacometabolomics aims to evaluate small molecule metabolites in plasma and/or urine to help evaluate mechanisms that predict and/or reflect drug efficacy and toxicity. In this mini review, we provide an overview of pharmacometabolomic approaches and methodologies. Relevant examples where metabolomic techniques have been used to better understand drug efficacy and toxicity in major depressive disorder and cancer chemotherapy are discussed. In addition, the utility of metabolomics in drug development and understanding drug metabolism, transport, and pharmacokinetics is reviewed. Pharmacometabolomic approaches can help describe factors mediating drug disposition, efficacy, and toxicity. While important advancements in this area have been made, there remain several challenges that must be overcome before this approach can be fully implemented into clinical drug therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pharmacometabolomics has emerged as an approach to identify metabolites that allow for implementation of precision medicine approaches to pharmacotherapy. This review article provides an overview of pharmacometabolomics including highlights of important examples. Full Article
part Evaluating Drug-Drug Interaction Risk Associated with Peptide Analogs Using advanced In Vitro Systems [Special Section on New and Emerging Areas and Technologies in Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Part II] By dmd.aspetjournals.org Published On :: 2024-10-16T09:02:03-07:00 Drug–drug interaction (DDI) assessment of therapeutic peptides is an evolving area. The industry generally follows DDI guidelines for small molecules, but the translation of data generated with commonly used in vitro systems to in vivo is sparse. In the current study, we investigated the ability of advanced human hepatocyte in vitro systems, namely HepatoPac, spheroids, and Liver-on-a-chip, to assess potential changes in regulation of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, SLCO1B1, and ABCC2 in the presence of selected therapeutic peptides, proteins, and small molecules. The peptide NN1177, a glucagon and GLP-1 receptor co-agonist, did not suppress mRNA expression or activity of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 in HepatoPac, spheroids, or Liver-on-a-chip; these findings were in contrast to the data obtained in sandwich cultured hepatocytes. No effect of NN1177 on SLCO1B1 and ABCC2 mRNA was observed in any of the complex systems. The induction magnitude differed across the systems (e.g., rifampicin induction of CYP3A4 mRNA ranged from 2.8-fold in spheroids to 81.2-fold in Liver-on-a-chip). Small molecules, obeticholic acid and abemaciclib, showed varying responses in HepatoPac, spheroids, and Liver-on-a-chip, indicating a need for EC50 determinations to fully assess translatability data. HepatoPac, the most extensively investigated in this study (3 donors), showed high potential to investigate DDIs associated with CYP regulation by therapeutic peptides. Spheroids and Liver-on-a-chip were only assessed in one hepatocyte donor and further evaluations are required to confirm their potential. This study establishes an excellent foundation toward the establishment of more clinically-relevant in vitro tools for evaluation of potential DDIs with therapeutic peptides. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT At present, there are no guidelines for drug–drug interaction (DDI) assessment of therapeutic peptides. Existing in vitro methods recommended for assessing small molecule DDIs do not appear to translate well for peptide drugs, complicating drug development for these moieties. Here, we establish evidence that complex cellular systems have potential to be used as more clinically-relevant tools for the in vitro DDI evaluation of therapeutic peptides. Full Article
part Exogenous Pregnane X Receptor Does Not Undergo Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Nucleus under Cell-Based In Vitro Conditions [Special Section on New and Emerging Areas and Technologies in Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Part II] By dmd.aspetjournals.org Published On :: 2024-10-16T09:02:03-07:00 Pregnane X receptor (PXR) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily that plays a crucial role in hepatic physiologic and pathologic conditions. Phase separation is a process in which biomacromolecules aggregate and condense into a dense phase as liquid condensates and coexist with a dilute phase, contributing to various cellular and biologic functions. Until now, whether PXR could undergo phase separation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether PXR undergoes phase separation. Analysis of the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) using algorithm tools indicated a low propensity of PXR to undergo phase separation. Experimental assays such as hyperosmotic stress, agonist treatment, and optoDroplets assay demonstrated the absence of phase separation for PXR. OptoDroplets assay revealed the inability of the fusion protein of Cry2 with PXR to form condensates upon blue light stimulation. Moreover, phase separation of PXR did not occur even though the mRNA and protein expression levels of PXR target, cytochrome P450 3A4, changed after sorbitol treatment. In conclusion, for the first time, these findings suggested that exogenous PXR does not undergo phase separation following activation or under hyperosmotic stress in nucleus of cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT PXR plays a critical role in hepatic physiological and pathological processes. The present study clearly demonstrated that exogenous PXR does not undergo phase separation after activation by agonist or under hyperosmotic stress in nucleus. These findings may help understand PXR biology. Full Article