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Charlotte Watts

Programme Coordinator, Energy, Environment and Resources Programme

Biography

Charlotte joined Chatham House as a programme co-ordinator in the Energy, Environment and Resources (EER) department, contributing to the successful delivery of several projects including the annual Waddesdon club, the IUU fishing forum and the AFRICAP programme.

Prior to joining Chatham House, she worked in project management for an international development consultancy, managing the delivery of the UK government’s Prosperity Fund projects. 

Before this, she programme managed large scale youth programmes across 3 regions for a UK-based charity; delivering and building relationships with top executives at multinational companies. Her voluntary experience has taken her to Nicaragua, where worked on a DFID funded WASH project, assisting fellow Nicaraguan volunteers.

Charlotte has a BA (Hons) in Geography from the University of Sussex, and has completed an MSc in Population and International Development, where she focused particularly on the relationship between people and the environment, specialising in disaster risk reduction, sustainable livelihoods and climate resilience.

Areas of expertise

  • Climate resilience
  • Population growth and environmental pressures
  • Disaster risk reduction (DRR)
  • Social and cultural geographies

Past experience

2018-19Consultant, Project Manager and Prosperity Fund Coordinator, IMC Worldwide
2017-18MSc in Population and International Development, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
2016-17Programme Associate Manager, The Challenge
2011-14Ba (Hons) in Geography with a focus on international development, University of Sussex




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Same Old Politics Will Not Solve Iraq Water Crisis

15 April 2020

Georgia Cooke

Project Manager, Middle East and North Africa Programme

Dr Renad Mansour

Senior Research Fellow, Middle East and North Africa Programme; Project Director, Iraq Initiative

Glada Lahn

Senior Research Fellow, Energy, Environment and Resources Programme
Addressing Iraq’s water crisis should be a priority for any incoming prime minister as it is damaging the country’s attempts to rebuild. But successive governments have allowed the problem to fester.

2020-04-15-Iraq-Water

Punting in the marshes south of the Iraqi city of Ammarah. Photo by Ghaith Abdul-Ahad/Getty Images.

Historically, Iraq lay claim to one of the most abundant water supplies in the Middle East. But the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has reduced by up to 40% since the 1970s, due in part to the actions of neighbouring countries, in particular Turkey, upstream.

Rising temperatures and reduced rainfall due to climate change are also negatively impacting Iraq’s water reserves. Evaporation from dams and reservoirs is estimated to lose the country up to 8 billion cubic metres of water every year.

A threat to peace and stability

Shortages have dried up previously fertile land, increasing poverty in agricultural areas. Shortages have also served to fuel conflict: communities faced with successive droughts and government inertia proved to be easy targets for ISIS recruiters, who lured farmers into joining them by offering money and food to feed their families. Economic hardship for those whose livelihoods relied upon river water has also driven rural to urban migration, putting significant strain on already over-populated towns and cities, exacerbating housing, job and electricity shortages, and widening the gap between haves and have-nots.

But scarcity isn’t the most crucial element of Iraq’s water crisis – contamination is. Decades of local government mismanagement, corrupt practices and a lack of regulation of dumping (it is estimated up to 70% of Iraq’s industrial waste is dumped directly into water) has left approximately three in every five citizens without a reliable source of potable water.

In 2018, 118,000 residents of Basra province were hospitalised with symptoms brought on by drinking contaminated water, which not only put a spotlight on the inadequacies of a crumbling healthcare system but sparked mass protests and a subsequent violent crackdown.

The water crisis is also undermining the stability of the country’s federal governance model, by occasionally sparking disputes between Baghdad and the Kurdistan Regional Government, as well as between governorates in the south.

The crisis is both a symptom and a cause of poor governance. Iraq is stuck in a cycle whereby government inaction causes shortages and contamination, which result in economic losses, reduced food supply, increased prices and widespread poor health. This in turn leads to increasing levels of poverty, higher demand on services and civil unrest, increasing the pressure on a weak, dysfunctional system of government.

What can be done?

The first priority should be modernising existing water-management infrastructure - a relic of a time when the problem was an excess rather than a shortage of water (the last time Iraq’s flood defences were required was 1968). Bureaucratic hurdles, widespread corruption and an endless cycle of other crises taking precedent prevent good initiatives from being implemented or scaled up.

Diversifying energy sources to improve provision is crucial. Baghdad has a sewage treatment plant that originally ran on its own electricity source, but this capacity was destroyed in 1991 and was never replaced. The city continues to suffer from dangerous levels of water pollution because the electricity supply from the grid is insufficient to power the plant. Solar energy has great potential in sun-drenched Iraq to bridge the gaping hole in energy provision, but successive governments have chosen to focus on fossil fuels rather than promoting investment to grow the renewables sector.

Heightened tension with upstream Turkey could turn water into another cause of regional conflict. But, if approached differently, collaboration between Iraq and its neighbour could foster regional harmony.

Turkey’s elevated geography and cooler climate mean its water reserves suffer 75% less evaporation than Iraq’s. Given that Turkey’s top energy priority is the diversification of its supply of imported hydrocarbons, a win-win deal could see Turkey exchange access to its water-management infrastructure for delivery of reduced cost energy supplies from Iraq.

German-French cooperation on coal and steel in the 1950s and the evolution of economic integration that followed might provide a model for how bilateral cooperation over one issue could result in cooperation with other regional players (in this case Iran and Syria) on a range of other issues. This kind of model would need to consider the future of energy, whereby oil and gas would be replaced by solar-power exports.

These solutions have been open to policymakers for years and yet they have taken little tangible action. While there are leaders and bureaucrats with the will to act, effective action is invariably blocked by a complex and opaque political system replete with vested interests in maintaining power and wealth via a weak state and limited services from central government.

Breaking the cycle

To break this cycle, Iraq needs a group of professional and able actors outside of government to work with willing elements of the state bureaucracy as a taskforce to pressure for action and accountability. Publishing the recommendations from a hitherto withheld report produced in the aftermath of Basra’s 2018 heath crisis would be a great start.

In time, this taskforce could champion the prioritisation of water on the national agenda, the implementation of infrastructure upgrades, and hold more productive conversations with neighbour states.

With such a high degree of state fragmentation and dysfunction in Iraq, looking to the central government to provide leadership will not yield results. Engagement with a coalition of non-state actors can begin to address the water crisis and also open a dialogue around new models of governance for other critical issues. This might even be a starting point for rewriting the tattered social contract in Iraq.

This piece is based on insights and discussion at a roundtable event, Conflict and the Water Crisis in Iraq, held at Chatham House on March 9 as part of the Iraq Initiative.




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South Korea Carefully Tests the Waters on Immigration, With a Focus on Temporary Workers

Faced with labor shortages in key sectors of the economy, South Korea has moved carefully in recent decades toward accepting greater numbers of workers—albeit in temporary fashion. Its Employment Permit System, launched in 2003, earned international accolades for bringing order and legality to immigration in the country, although several challenges remain to be addressed as this Country Profile explores.




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Watch: Driver accidentally reverses onto two parked cars outside Florida bank

A Florida sheriff's office said a driver reversing out of a bank parking lot accidentally ended up backing up onto two other cars.




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Watch: Escaped bull goes wandering on Massachusetts highway

A young bull went wandering on a Massachusetts highway after escaping from a trailer and was captured without causing any incidents, police said.




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Watch: Large flock of migrating birds shows up on Florida weather radar

A Florida TV station's weather radar detected a large mass between the state and Cuba that turned out to be something other than an unseasonable storm -- it was a flock of migrating birds.




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Watch: Girl, 14, accepted into eight California universities

A California 14-year-old who graduated high school at the age of 13 said she has now been accepted into the music programs at eight California universities.




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Watch: Monkey enters bank kiosk in India, removes front panel of ATM

Police in India said officers suspecting thieves were behind the damage to an ATM in a bank kiosk reviewed security camera footage and discovered the machine had been partially disassembled by a curious monkey.




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Watch: Rapper attempting to freestyle for more than 33 consecutive hours

A San Francisco rapper is attempting to break a Guinness World Record with a live-streamed performance featuring 33 hours, 30 minutes and 30 seconds of freestyle rapping.




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Watch: Utah man reunited with class ring 38 years after it was lost in Germany

A Utah man who lost his high school class ring in Germany in 1982 was reunited with the ring thanks to a man who found it on a beach in the United States.




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Watch: Bear makes late-night visit to Minnesota mall

A security guard at a Minnesota mall that's currently closed to the COVID-19 pandemic captured photos and video of his encounter with a bear that went window-shopping for pasta.




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Anniversary of community water fluoridation arrives

The ADA National Fluoridation Advisory Committee is inviting dentists and others who promote the adoption and continuation of adding an optimal amount of fluoride to water to celebrate this year.




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ADA standard on treating biofilm in waterlines available for comment

The American Dental Association Standards Committee on Dental Products has approved the document for circulation and comment.




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National Children’s Dental Health Month highlights optimally fluoridated water

This year the February observance of National Children’s Dental Health Month honors the 75th anniversary of community water fluoridation with its theme, “Fluoride in water prevents cavities! Get it from the tap!”




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Watch: Gwyneth Paltrow, Ben Schwartz read texts from their moms on 'Kimmel'

Gwyneth Paltrow, Ben Schwartz and other celebrities read text messages from their mothers on "Jimmy Kimmel Live" in honor of Mother's Day.




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Watch: Ariana Grande, Justin Bieber release at-home video for 'Stuck with U'

Ariana Grande and Justin Bieber released their music video for "Stuck With U."




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Watch: Tinsley Mortimer, Scott Kluth planning 'small' wedding

"Real Housewives of New York" star Tinsley Mortimer gave an update on her wedding plans amid the coronavirus pandemic.




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Watch: Pete Davidson says Bill Hader recommended him for 'SNL'

Pete Davidson discussed on "The Tonight Show" how Bill Hader helped him land a spot on "Saturday Night Live."




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Watch: Kelly Clarkson on 'chaos' of filming 'The Voice' remotely

Kelly Clarkson discussed the challenges of filming "The Voice" at home amid the coronavirus pandemic.




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[ Religion & Spirituality ] Open Question : My mother keeps turning water into wine, walking on water and resurrecting from the dead. Is she a witch?




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[ Politics ] Open Question : Trump supporters: Do you watch Disney and Pixar movies even though they carry hidden liberal agendas?

Do you let your kids watch Disney and Pixar movies? They're all created by liberals.




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Water - the Sea Roads

"Invert the mental map you have of Britain, Ireland, and Western Europe. Turn it inside out. Blank out the land interiors of these countries - consider them featureless, as you might previously have considered the sea. Instead, populate the western and northern waters with paths and tracks:  a travel system that joins port to port, island to island, headland to headland, river mouth to river mouth. The sea has become the land, in that it is now the usual medium of transit: not barrier but corrridor." (p. 93)
 
 
 
Britain as a whole has had a long history of seafaring. Daphne du Maurier decribes in Vanishing Cornwall how Phoenician ships would trade with the earlier inhabitants of Cornwall for tin. The earlier Irish story of Deirdre described how she and her lover fled over the sea to Scotland to escape her unwanted husband, the King Connor Mac Nessa. An Irish monk, St. Brendan, legendarily sailed from Ireland to America on his leather boat. The early Celtic saints frequently sailed on boats to remote islands and founded monasteries. The Vikings invaded Ireland, Scotland, and northern England by boat, and Viking kings ruled England. Even the Norman king, William the Conqueror, was a descendant of the Vikings and invaded using longboats.

In the Water section, Macfarlane sails around the Scottish Hebrides with a seafaring poet named Ian Stephen. Ian, who thinks of and describes himself as a poet, also sails the sea roads in order to support himself and because he genuinely loves doing so. As well as being a good poet (I prefered the excepts of Ian's poems to those of Edward Thomas) he also seems to be a fascinating man. He knows a wide variety of people, is an excellent sailor, and is as knowledgable about the history of the sea roads as he is of sailing on them.

I found this section of the book disappointing as I was more interested in Ian Stephen and his life and writings than I was in Macfarlane's experiences on the boat and on an island. The narrative stalled and became dull when Ian was gone from it. I wished that Macfarlane, who is not a sailor, had focused more on his companion.

To me, the best part of the Water section was when Macfarlane suggested that we look at an atlas in reverse and concentrate only on the parts of the world that are connected by water. As a result, the Hebrides, for example, become no longer remote islands cut off from the rest of the world, but way stations in a busy sea travel hub. Reversing the map shifts the perspective to one that is less land-centric.
 
 
 
 


 





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Grilled calamari, watermelon, olives, goat's curd and crispy vine leaves

This recipe was featured on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment with Raf Epstein on Drive, 774 ABC Melbourne, 3:30 PM, courtesy of George Calombaris. George's new book is called "Greek."




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SLOW-COOKED QUINCES WITH MANDARIN AND ROSEWATER

Once you've peeled and cored the quinces there's really little work to do to make this gorgeous dessert. They just bubble away happily for a few hours while the sugar and long slow cooking cast their spell, transforming the quinces' hard, ivory-coloured flesh until it's meltingly soft and an incredible deep-rose colour.




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Greek calamari with watermelon, goat's cheese and olives

1/4 small watermelon vegetable oil, for deep-frying 50 g vine leaves in brine 1/3 cup plain flour 2 tbsp. extra-virgin olive oil, plus extra to garnish 500 g calamari, cleaned, scored and cut into bite-sized pieces, tentacles reserved salt flakes and cracked pepper 200 g green olives 200 g goat's curd, broken into small pieces




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Stir-fried water spinach with preserved bean curd - fu yu ong choy

This recipe features on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on 774 Drive with Raf Epstein, 3.30PM, courtesy of Tony Tan




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I’m a Cisgender Woman and My Husband Watches Trans Porn: Does That Mean He’s Not Into Me?

A reader submitted the following question: “I recently discovered that my husband is attracted to transsexuals (MTF - non op). This is the only type of porn that he looks at. He also role plays online with men for sexual play and chat. I discovered this after I started snooping because I had some red flags. He is very embarrassed and uncomfortable discussing it. He has apologized for the online chatting (as we had agreed this was out of bounds for our relationship). He says he likes them because they are feminine but his primary attraction is to women (with female parts). However, I just am not sure I believe him. I am terrified that when we are intimate (which I have to pretty much beg for), he can only do it when its dark and I am fearful he is fantasizing that I have a penis. This bothers me deeply on a number of different levels. Are there men who are only interested in transsexuals? Is it possible he is no longer turned on by my female genitalia?” There’s a lot to unpack in this question, but let’s start here: over the years, I’ve received several emails from women describing similar stories and concerns, so you’re not alone in feeling the way that you do.



  • Sex Question Friday
  • Sexual Problems and Solutions

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Federal Watchdog Finds Risk of Head Start Fraud, Ranking Republican Seeks Hearing

Officials have not done enough to prevent fraud in Head Start programs, the GAO said. The findings prompted Rep. Virginia Foxx, R-N.C., the ranking member of the House education and labor committee, to call for a hearing on the federally funded preschool program for low-income children.




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WATCH: What It's Really Like for Homeschooling During Coronavirus

Coronavirus has shut down schools across the country, forcing millions of students to learn at home. In this video, families from Seattle to Maine describe how they are adjusting to this new reality.




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What You Should Know About the Supreme Court Case the Education World Is Watching

The U.S. Supreme Court will arguments in Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, a case that's been closely watched by both friends and opponent of private school vouchers and tax-credit scholarship programs.




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Utah Inflated Its High School Graduation Rate, Federal Watchdog Finds

Federal watchdogs find that Utah inflated its high school graduation rate in the last of a series of reports warning states not to make end runs around the rules for calculating graduation rates.




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Theatricals / John Watson.




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Basin-wide environmental watering strategy / Murray‒Darling Basin Authority.




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Review of the Basin-wide environmental watering strategy : Office of Science and Knowledge / Murray‒Darling Basin Authority.




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First Nations people participation in environmental watering 2018-19.




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Recommendation on the accreditation of the proposed Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges Water Resource Plan.




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Water resource plan assessment report : proposed Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges Water Resource Plan.




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Recommendation on the accreditation of the proposed South Australian River Murray Water Resource Plan.




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Water resource plan assessment report : proposed South Australian River Murray Water Resource Plan.




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Bonnard again / John Watson.




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Minister's performance assessment report Water plan (Mary Basin) 2006 / compiled by Water Policy and Water Services (South Region) - Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy.

This report provides an overview of the implementation of the Water plan (Mary Basin) 2006 and summarises the findings of the assessments undertaken for the last five years. The plan supports urban water supply and a variety of industries including significant agricultural production, a growing tourism industry and fisheries.




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In Musgravia / John Watson.




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A new Musgrave ritual / John Watson.




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Drastic Fabric : Elizabeth Jenner, Carly Snoswell, Henry Jock Walker and Sera Waters / [text by] Andrew Purvis.




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Set texts / John Watson.




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Water quality risk assessment of carp biocontrol for Australian waterways / edited by Justin D. Brookes & Matthew R. Hipsey.




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Olivia by Olivia / John Watson..




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A library in the roof / John Watson.




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Notes on cinematography / John Watson.




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The missing pages : the modern life of a medieval manuscript from genocide to justice / Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh.

Tʻoros Ṛoslin, active 13th century.