A Tallahassee, Fla., K-8 school is mourning two staff members and a former employee. All of them recently died from the virus.

Legislators in New Hampshire turned down $46 million in federal charter school grants, concerned about continued costs once the money ran out.

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The Winnipeg Jets claimed Kaapo Kahkonen off waivers from the Avalanche on Tuesday afternoon

86 Sergei Bobrovsky, 85 Cole Perfetti, and 85 Alexandar Goergiev among new cards

The Pittsburgh Penguins traded Lars Eller to the Washington Capitals for two draft picks after a blowout loss dropped them to 6-9-2 on the season.

In Kodiak, Alaska, a school district with deep ties to the U.S. Coast Guard has been walloped by the government shutdown with hundreds of families going without paychecks. And news of a deal to temporarily reopen the government was doing little to allay the community's anxieties.

Enrollment snags, head-count problems, and more home schooling could end up costing districts millions in funding based on the annual tally of how many students actually show up.

While Tuesday is exciting because college hoops fans get to take in the Champions Classic, the College Football Playoff results after this past week were released after the first of two basketball games on ESPN. Ohio State football, as expected, stay

One more teacher was elected to state legislature in a closely contested race.

A union lobbyist who worked just one day as a substitute teacher is entitled to a pension worth potentially tens of thousands of dollars annually, the Illinois supreme court has ruled.

Lauren M. Hablitz
Sep 15, 2021; 41:7698-7711
Review

Hannah Grotzinger
May 29, 2024; 44:e1856232024-e1856232024
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Harmonics are an integral part of music, speech, and vocalizations of animals. Since the rest of the auditory environment is primarily made up of nonharmonic sounds, the auditory system needs to perceptually separate the above two kinds of sounds. In mice, harmonics, generally with two-tone components (two-tone harmonic complexes, TTHCs), form an important component of vocal communication. Communication by pups during isolation from the mother and by adult males during courtship elicits typical behaviors in female mice—dams and adult courting females, respectively. Our study shows that the processing of TTHC is specialized in mice providing neural basis for perceptual differences between tones and TTHCs and also nonharmonic sounds. Investigation of responses in the primary auditory cortex (Au1) from in vivo extracellular recordings and two-photon Ca²⁺ imaging of excitatory and inhibitory neurons to TTHCs exhibit enhancement, suppression, or no-effect with respect to tones. Irrespective of neuron type, harmonic enhancement is maximized, and suppression is minimized when the fundamental frequencies (F₀) match the neuron's best fundamental frequency (BF₀). Sex-specific processing of TTHC is evident from differences in the distributions of neurons’ best frequency (BF) and best fundamental frequency (BF₀) in single units, differences in harmonic suppressed cases re-BF₀, independent of neuron types, and from pairwise noise correlations among excitatory and parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons. Furthermore, TTHCs elicit a higher response compared with two-tone nonharmonics in females, but not in males. Thus, our study shows specialized neural processing of TTHCs over tones and nonharmonics, highlighting local network specialization among different neuronal types.

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