The various deficiencies of the labour market and the educational system have resulted in high unemployment, low labour force participation, low skills levels and high skill mismatch.

This paper provides an overview of labour market resilience in the wake of the Great Recession of 2008-09 and the role played by macroeconomic and structural policies.

Changing labour market demand and moving up the global value chain requires high-skilled workers.

Technological change is increasing the productivity of highly skilled workers but creating more challenging labour-market conditions for their low-skilled counterparts.

Digitalisation is one of the megatrends affecting societies and labour markets, alongside demographic change and globalisation.

Assuming that immigrants select destinations according to absolute returns to their observable and unobservable human capital, I present a human capital model of migration accounting for taxes, transfers and limited portability of skills.

Iceland has high living standards, low poverty, high inclusiveness and one of the most sustainable pension systems.

This paper estimates and quantifies the impact of structural reforms on per capita income for a large set of OECD and non-OECD countries.

Economic performance in The Netherlands is vibrant and growth is expected to remain robust, underpinned by sound public finances, healthy job creation and high levels of confidence. The current economic expansion should be used to speed up implementation of reforms to ensure future stability and support more inclusive labour markets, according to a new report from the OECD.

Canada is one of the OECD economies delivering the best outcomes for its citizens, especially in regards to self-reported well-being, personal security and health status. Canada is also undertaking several programmes to foster inclusive growth – with respect to childcare benefits, gender equality and social housing.

Canada has long taken in more immigrants relative to its population than most other countries. Immigration policy in Canada aims to promote economic development by selecting immigrants with high levels of human capital, to reunite families and to respond to foreign crises and offer protection to endangered people.

This paper reviews empirical research on finance and labour markets.

Stronger cross-border economic and financial integration implies that macroeconomic shocks in one country are increasingly likely to spill over into other economies.

This paper investigates if tax planning by large multinationals distorts competition in their favour and allows them to crowd out other firms. The competitive implications of tax planning are frequently mentioned in the tax policy debate, but not yet documented empirically to our knowledge. This paper aims to fill this gap.

Forum on competition and regulation: In pursuit of market efficiency

This paper charts the key changes in equity markets over the last decade or so which may affect the conditions for corporate governance. It also provides a brief overview of related policy discussions and selected national initiatives that have been taken as a response to equity market developments.

This study provides critical observations on the state of key global equity markets as recent developments have put into question their efficiency and effectiveness in facilitating capital formation. It covers the top 26 initial public offering (IPO) producing nations, with a particular focus on stock markets in the United States.

This article provides both an analytical framework for the role of public policy in corporate governance and a description of the empirical context that influences the conditions for that policy.

The G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance provide recommendations for national policymakers on shareholder rights, executive remuneration, financial disclosure, the behaviour of institutional investors and how stock markets should function.

As part of continuing efforts to support market confidence and business integrity, the OECD has launched in Asia a new set of corporate governance principles that were endorsed at the G20 Finance Ministers meeting in September 2015.

This report reviews structural changes in the stock exchange industry and provides data on M&A changes in the aggregate revenue structure of major stock exchanges. It describes the fragmentation of the stock market resulting from an increase in stock exchange-like trading venues, such as alternative trading systems (ATSs) and multilateral trading facilities (MTFs), and a split between dark (non-displayed) and lit (displayed) trading.

19/10/2017 - Stock exchanges in Asia have emerged as the world's fastest growing trading venues for listed stocks and several domestic investment banks in the region are becoming global actors. This new annual review follows and analyses trends in Asian public equity markets.

Households Debt in Canada decreased to 173.68 percent of gross income in 2019 from 174.01 percent in 2019. Households Debt To Income in Canada averaged 127.52 percent from 1990 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 174.05 percent in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 83.56 percent in the first quarter of 1990. This page provides - Canada Households Debt To Income- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Shanghai Composite added 23.82 points or 0.83% to 2895.34 on Friday as China finalised rules that would scrap quotas under two major inbound investment schemes, aiming to facilitate foreign investment in the country. Meantime, US and China trade negotiators agreed that 'good progress' is being made on creating governmental infrastructures to make phase one agreement a success, with both parties expecting to meet obligations under the agreement in a timely manner. Investors also welcomed news that China's foreign exchange reserves increased unexpectedly to $3.091 trillion in April, amid easing strict coronavirus restrictions and a gradual recovery in the economy. The Shanghai Composite finished the holiday-shortened week 1.2% higher. Historically, the China Shanghai Composite Stock Market Index reached an all time high of 6124.04 in October of 2007. The Shanghai SE Composite is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of all A-shares and B-shares listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, in China. It is a capitalization-weighted index. The SSE Composite Index has a base value of CNY100 as of December 19, 1990.

The Euro Stoxx 50 decreased 887 points or 23.40% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Euro Area. Historically, the EURO STOXX 50 Stock Market Index reached an all time high of 5522.42 in March of 2000. The EURO STOXX 50 is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of 50 Blue-chip companies based in twelve Euro Area countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.

The Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX gained 133 points, or 0.9% to close at 14,967 on Friday, boosted by a rise in oil prices and amid signs of easing tensions between the US and China. Prime Minister Trudeau announced on Friday an extension of the emergency wage subsidy program beyond its originally scheduled date in June, aiming to encourage more employers to re-hire staff. Meantime, latest data showed the Canadian economy shed a record 1.99 million jobs in April, less than market expectations of a 4 million drop. For the week, the S&P/TSX rose 2.4%. Historically, the Canada S&P/TSX Toronto Stock Market Index reached an all time high of 17970.51 in February of 2020. The S&P/TSX is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of largest companies by market capitalization on the Toronto Stock Exchange in Canada. It is a free float market capitalization weighted index. The index covers approximately 95 percent of the Canadian equities market. The S&P/Toronto Stock Exchange Composite Index has a base value of CAD1000 as of January 1, 1975. .

The S&P BSE SENSEX advanced 199 points or 0.6% to close at 31,643 on Friday as investor mood was lifted by news that Washington and Beijing had a phone call to discuss the Phase 1 trade deal, with both parties agreeing on improving the atmosphere for its implementation and meeting their obligations. Still, investors remained concerned about the negative impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the economy after the government announced an extension to the nationwide lockdown by two weeks, in an attempt to halt the spread of COVID-19. For the week, the S&P BSE SENSEX lost 6.2%. Historically, the India SENSEX Stock Market Index reached an all time high of 42273.87 in January of 2020. The SENSEX (BSE30) is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of 30 major companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The companies are chosen based on the liquidity, trading volume and industry representation. The SENSEX, is a free-float market capitalization-weighted index. The Index has a base value of 100 as of 1978-79.

The TEDPIX increased 593824 or 154.60% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Iran. Historically, the Iran TEDPIX Stock Market Index reached an all time high of 980571 in May of 2020. The TEDPIX is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of the major companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The OMX Vilnius decreased 25 points or 3.43% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Lithuania. Historically, the Lithuania Stock Market OMX Vilnius Index reached an all time high of 750.56 in February of 2020. Lithuania Stock Market OMX Vilnius Index is a total return index which includes all the shares listed on the main and secondary lists on the Vilnius Stock Exchange. Base date is December 31, 1999, with value 100.

The TA-100 decreased 212 points or 13.09% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Israel. Historically, the Israel Stock Market (TA-100) reached an all time high of 1684.78 in January of 2020. The Tel Aviv 100 Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of 100 companies with highest market capitalization listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. It is a capitalization-weighted, total return index. The TA-100 has a base value of 100 as of December 31, 1991.

The SAX decreased 21 points or 5.92% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Slovakia. Historically, the Slovakia Stock Market (SAX) reached an all time high of 512.71 in March of 2005. The Slovakia SAX Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of large companies listed on the Bratislava Stock Exchange. It is a capitalization weighted total return index. The index has a base value of 100 as of September 14, 1993.

The SBITOP decreased 130 points or 13.95% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Slovenia. Historically, the Slovenia Stock Market (SBITOP) reached an all time high of 2675.70 in September of 2007. Slovenian Blue Chip Index SBI Top is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of the most liquid shares traded on the Ljubljana Stock Exchange. It is a free float, capitalization weighted index. The index has a base value of 1000 as of 31 March, 2006. .

The SET 50 decreased 233 points or 21.53% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Thailand. Historically, the Thailand Stock Market (SET50) reached an all time high of 1223.67 in February of 2018. The Bangkok SET50 Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of all common stocks listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. It is a capitalization-weighted. The index has a base value of 100 as of April 30, 1975.

The TUN decreased 745 points or 10.59% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Tunisia. Historically, the Tunisia Stock Market (TUNINDEX) reached an all time high of 8457.82 in August of 2018. The Tunis Stock Exchange TUNINDEX Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of all companies listed on the Tunis Stock Exchange. It is a free-float, capitalization-weighted index. The TUNINDEX index has a base value of 1000 as of December 31, 1997.

The BIST 100 decreased 18087 points or 15.60% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Turkey. Historically, the Turkey Stock Market (XU100) reached an all time high of 124536.63 in January of 2020. The Istanbul Stock Exchange National 100 Index XU100 is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of 100 companies selected from the National Market, real estate investment trusts and venture capital investment trusts listed on The Istanbul Stock Exchange. It is a capitalization-weighted index. The XU100 has a base value of 1 as of January 1986.

The USE All Share Index decreased 352 points or 19.35% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Uganda. The Ugandan's USE All Share Index (ALSI) is the benchmark index for the Ugandan equity market which tracks the performance of 16 listed security equities, of which half are local companies and the other half are cross-listed Kenyan companies. It is a market capitalization weighted average index, calculated on a daily basis. The USE All Share Index has a base value of 100 as of December 31st, 2001.

The PFTS decreased 9 points or 1.84% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Ukraine. Historically, the Ukraine Stock Market (PFTS) reached an all time high of 1208.61 in January of 2008. The Ukraine PFTS Index is a benchmark stock market index which tracks the performance of major companies listed on the PFTS Stock Exchange. It is a capitalization-weighted. The PFTS index has a base value of 1 as of October 1, 1997.

The ADX General decreased 1039 points or 20.36% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from United Arab Emirates. Historically, the United Arab Emirates Stock Market (ADX General) reached an all time high of 5426.25 in April of 2019. The ADX General Index is a benchmark stock market index which tracks the performance of stocks listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. It is a capitalization weighted index. The ADX General Index has a base value of 1000 as of June, 2001.

The FTSE 100 added 82 points or 1.4% to finish at 5,934 on Thursday, as global market sentiment was supported by an unexpected rebound in Chinese exports as factories resumed operations after the Covid-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the pound touched a two-week low on news that Prime Minister Boris Johnson is due to announce a very limited easing of coronavirus-related lockdown next week amid concerns about a second peak of infections. Earlier, the Bank of England left interest rates at record lows and its target for bond-buying at £645 billion. Still, policymakers signaled willingness to increase its asset purchase programme as soon as next month to support the economy severely hit by the coronavirus crisis. The BoE sees the economy shrinking by 25% in the April-June period and by 14% in full 2020, before rebounding by 15% in 2021. UK markets will be closed on Friday for a holiday. Historically, the UK FTSE 100 Stock Market Index reached an all time high of 7903.50 in May of 2018. The FTSE 100 Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of 100 most capitalized companies traded on the London Stock Exchange. FTSE 100 companies represent about 80 percent of the entire market capitalization of the London Stock Exchange. It is a free-float index. The FTSE 100 has a base value of 1000 as of January 3, 1984.

The BELEX 15 decreased 137 points or 17.11% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Serbia. Historically, the Serbia Stock Market (BELEX15) reached an all time high of 3335.20 in May of 2007. The Belgrade BELEX15 Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of 15 biggest companies listed on the Belgrade Stock Exchange in Serbia. It is a free-float, capitalization-weighted index. The BELEX15 Index has a base value of 1000 as of October 1, 2005.

The ASPI decreased 1537 points or 25.16% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Sri Lanka. Historically, the Sri Lanka Stock Market (CSE All Share) reached an all time high of 7863.74 in February of 2011. The Colombo All-Share Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of all companies listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange in Sri Lanka. It is a capitalization weighted index. The Colombo All-Share Index has a base value of 100 as of 1985. .

The SMI decreased 1034 points or 9.67% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Switzerland. Historically, the Switzerland Stock Market (SMI) reached an all time high of 11270 in February of 2020. The Swiss Market Index SMI is a major stock market index which tracks the performance 20 largest and most liquid stocks based in the Swiss Exchange. It is a free-float, capitalization-weighted index. The SMI companies represent about 85 percent of the Swiss equity market. The SMI has a base value of 1500 as of June 30, 1988.

The TAIEX decreased 1199 points or 9.91% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Taiwan. Historically, the Taiwan Stock Market (TWSE) reached an all time high of 12424.53 in February of 1990. The Taiwan Stock Exchange TAIEX Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of all listed common shares traded on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. It is a capitalization-weighted index. The TAIEX has a base value of 100 as of January 1, 1966.

The Zimbabwe Industrial Index increased 876 Points or 112.46% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Zimbabwe. Historically, the Zimbabwe Stock Market reached an all time high of 1757.62 in February of 2020.

The OMXS 30 decreased 245 points or 13.57% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Sweden. Historically, the Sweden Stock Market (OMX 30) reached an all time high of 3009.03 in April of 1998. The OMX Stockholm 30 Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of 30 stocks that have the largest volume of the trading on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. It is a free float, capitalization weighted index. The OMX 30 index has a base value of 125 as of September 30, 1986. The index has been split by 4 on April 27, 1998.

The STI finished near the flat line at 2,592 on Friday as downbeat corporate earnings results overshadowed easing tensions between the US and China as both countries had a phone call to discuss the Phase 1 trade deal and pledged to fulfill their commitments. Southeast Asia's second-largest lender Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp posted its lowest quarterly profit in seven years and flagged a weak outlook due to the coronavirus pandemic, while Singapore Airlines said it would report a sharp operating loss in the latest quarter also due to a collapse in fuel prices. For the week, the STI lost 1.2%. Historically, the Singapore Stock Market (STI) reached an all time high of 3906.16 in October of 2007. The Straits Times Index STI is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of the top 30 companies listed on the Singapore Exchange. It is a capitalization weighted index. The STI Index dates back to 1966. Yet, it was recalculated twice in 1998 and in 2008 according to the FTSE methodology.

The IBC increased 234335 points or 251.84% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Venezuela. Historically, the Venezuela Stock Market (IBVC) reached an all time high of 504835.44 in November of 2018. Venezuela Stock Exchange General Index is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of most liquid stocks traded on the Caracas Stock Exchange (Bolsa de Valores de Caracas). It is a capitalization-weighted index.

The South Africa FTSE/JSE Africa All Shares Index rose more than 1.9% on Friday, the third consecutive day of gains, buoyed by global risk appetite on the back of loosening restrictions and lockdowns in several countries and an easing in tensions between the US and China. . Historically, the South Africa Stock Market reached an all time high of 61776.68 in January of 2018. South Africa's FTSE/JSE Africa All Shares Index is a market capitalisation weighted index. Companies included in this index make up the top 99% of the market capitalisation of all listed companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

The KOSPI gained 17.21 points or 0.89% to 1945.82 on Friday, tracking its Asian peers as China finalised rules that would scrap quotas under two major inbound investment schemes, giving qualified foreign institutions unlimited access to Chinese stocks and bonds in the latest step to open the country’s financial industry. Meantime, US and China trade negotiators agreed that 'good progress' is being made on creating governmental infrastructures to make phase one agreement a success, with both parties expecting to meet obligations under the agreement in a timely manner. Finally, South Korea reported 12 new coronavirus cases on Friday, bringing the national tally to 10,822. For the week, the KOSPI lost 0.1%. Historically, the South Korea Stock Market (KOSPI) reached an all time high of 2607.10 in January of 2018. The Korea Stock Exchange Composite KOSPI is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of all common shares listed on the Korean Stock Exchange. It is a capitalization-weighted index. The KOSPI Index has a base value of 100 as of January 4, 1980. The KOSPI is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of large companies based in South Korea.

The IBEX 35 added 52 points, or 0.8% to 6,783 on Friday, following its European peers amid a general improvement in risk appetite as investors continue to welcome reopening efforts and easing trade tensions between the US and China. Still, recent data showed industrial output slid 12.2% in March, the most since September of 2009, as many factories were forced to shut down operations due to the Covid-19 crisis. The bank sector was among the best performers with Santander rising nearly 2%, the BBVA over 1.2% and Caixabank more than 0.5%. For the week, the IBEX 35 declined 2%. Historically, the Spain Stock Market (IBEX 35) reached an all time high of 16040.40 in November of 2007. The IBEX 35 Index is a benchmark stock market index which tracks the performance of 35 most liquid stocks traded on the Continuous market on the Bolsa de Madrid. It is a free-float, capitalization-weighted index. The IBEX 35 index has base value of 3000 as of December 29, 1989.